1
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Lenihan HS, Reed DC, Vigo M, Leiphardt C, Hofmiester JKK, Gallagher JP, Voss C, Moore P, Miller RJ. Regional differences in fishing behavior determine whether a marine reserve network enhances fishery yield. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1242. [PMID: 38216603 PMCID: PMC10786943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A network of marine reserves can enhance yield in depleted fisheries by protecting populations, particularly large, old spawners that supply larvae for interspersed fishing grounds. The ability of marine reserves to enhance sustainable fisheries is much less evident. We report empirical evidence of a marine reserve network improving yield regionally for a sustainable spiny lobster fishery, apparently through the spillover of adult lobsters and behavioral adaptation by the fishing fleet. Results of a Before-After, Control-Impact analysis found catch, effort, and Catch-Per-Unit Effort increased after the establishment of marine reserves in the northern region of the fishery where fishers responded by fishing intensively at reserve borders, but declined in the southern region where they vacated once productive fishing grounds. The adaptation of the northern region of the fishery may have been aided by a history of collaboration between fishers, scientists, and managers, highlighting the value of collaborative research and education programs for preparing fisheries to operate productively within a seascape that includes a large marine reserve network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter S Lenihan
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel C Reed
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Maria Vigo
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Callie Leiphardt
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Jordan P Gallagher
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Chris Voss
- California Lobster and Trap Fishermen's Association, San Marcos, USA
| | - Peyton Moore
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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2
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Lenihan HS, Fitzgerald SP, Reed DC, Hofmeister JKK, Stier AC. Increasing spillover enhances southern California spiny lobster catch along marine reserve borders. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter S. Lenihan
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Sean P. Fitzgerald
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California USA
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - Daniel C. Reed
- Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara California USA
| | | | - Adrian C. Stier
- Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara California USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California USA
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3
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Chen R, Tu C, Liu QX. Transient perturbations reveal distinct strategies for reserve benefits in life history-dependent ecosystems. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Takashina N. Long-Term Conservation Effects of Protected Areas in Stochastic Population Dynamics. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.672608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial and marine protected areas are essential tools in mitigating anthropogenic impacts and promoting population persistence and resource sustainability. Adequately implemented protected areas (PAs) aim to promote conservation by increasing population size and reducing its variability. To resolve how these effects depend on PA features, I develop and analyze new models of stochastic processes that encompass the fluctuations generated by demographic or environmental stochasticity in PAs management. The stochastic model is built upon individual processes. In the model, density-independent mortality, migration between PAs and non-PAs, organism preference for PAs, and size characterize the features of the PA. The effect of PAs size is also examined. The long-term conservation effects are quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV) of population size in PAs, where a lower CV indicates higher robustness in stochastic variations. The results from this study demonstrate that sufficiently reduced density-independent mortality in PAs and high site preference for PAs and immigration rate into PAs are likely to decrease the CV. However, different types of stochasticity induce rather different consequences: under demographic stochasticity, the CV is always reduced because PAs increase the population size therein, but an increased population size by PAs does not always decrease the CV under environmental stochasticity. The deterministic dynamics of the model are investigated, facilitating effective management decisions.
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5
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Marshall DA, Moore SC, Sutor M, La Peyre JF, La Peyre MK. Using reproductive potential to assess oyster population sustainability. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Marshall
- School of Renewable Natural Resources Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803 U.S.A
| | - Samuel C. Moore
- School of Renewable Natural Resources Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803 U.S.A
| | - Malinda Sutor
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University 2179 Energy, Coast, and Environment Bldg Baton Rouge LA 70803 U.S.A
| | - Jerome F. La Peyre
- School of Animal Sciences Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803 U.S.A
| | - Megan K. La Peyre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Renewable Natural Resources Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803 U.S.A
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6
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Takashina N. On the spillover effect and optimal size of marine reserves for sustainable fishing yields. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9798. [PMID: 32904263 PMCID: PMC7453923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine reserves are an essential component of modern fishery management. Marine reserves, which represent a management tradeoff between harvesting and conservation, are fundamental to maintenance of fisheries. Finding optimal reserve sizes that improve fishing yields is not only of theoretical interest, but also of practical importance to facilitate decision making. Also, since the migratory behavior of some species influences the spillover effect of a marine reserve, this is a key consideration when assessing performance of marine reserves. The relationship between optimal reserve size and migration rate/mode has not been well studied, but it is fundamental to management success. Here, I investigate optimal reserve size and its management outcome with different levels of spillover via a simple two-patch mathematical model. In this model, one patch is open to fishing, and the other is closed. The two-patch model is aggregated by single-population dynamics when the migration rate is sufficiently larger than the growth rate of a target species. At this limit, I show that an optimal reserve size exists when pre-reserve fishing occurs at fishing mortality larger than fMSY, the fishing mortality at the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Also, the fishing yield at an optimal reserve size becomes as large as MSY at the limit. Numerical simulations at various migration rates between the two patches suggest that the maximum harvest under management with a marine reserve is achieved at this limit. This contrasts with the conservation benefit which is maximized at an intermediate migration rate. Numerical simulations show that the above-mentioned condition for an optimal reserve size to exist derived from the aggregated model is necessary when the migration rate is not sufficiently large, and that a moderate migration rate is further necessary for an optimal reserve size to exist. However, high fishing mortality reduces this requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Takashina
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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7
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Villaseñor-Derbez JC, Aceves-Bueno E, Fulton S, Suarez A, Hernández-Velasco A, Torre J, Micheli F. An interdisciplinary evaluation of community-based TURF-reserves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221660. [PMID: 31442289 PMCID: PMC6707568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal marine ecosystems provide livelihoods for small-scale fishers and coastal communities around the world. Small-scale fisheries face great challenges since they are difficult to monitor, enforce, and manage, which may lead to overexploitation. Combining territorial use rights for fisheries (TURF) with no-take marine reserves to create TURF-reserves can improve the performance of small-scale fisheries by buffering fisheries from environmental variability and management errors, while ensuring that fishers reap the benefits of conservation investments. Since 2012, 18 old and new community-based Mexican TURF-reserves gained legal recognition thanks to a regulation passed in 2012; their effectiveness has not been formally evaluated. We combine causal inference techniques and the Social-Ecological Systems framework to provide a holistic evaluation of community-based TURF-reserves in three coastal communities in Mexico. We find that, overall, reserves have not yet achieved their stated goals of increasing the density of lobster and other benthic invertebrates, nor increasing lobster catches. A lack of clear ecological and socioeconomic effects likely results from a combination of factors. First, some of these reserves might be too young for the effects to show (reserves were 6-10 years old). Second, the reserves are not large enough to protect mobile species, like lobster. Third, variable and extreme oceanographic conditions have impacted harvested populations. Fourth, local fisheries are already well managed, and while reserves may protect populations within its boundaries, it is unlikely that reserves might have a detectable effect in catches. However, even small reserves are expected to provide benefits for sedentary invertebrates over longer time frames, with continued protection. These reserves may provide a foundation for establishing additional, larger marine reserves needed to effectively conserve mobile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eréndira Aceves-Bueno
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, United States of America
| | - Stuart Fulton
- Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C., Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Alvin Suarez
- Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C., Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Torre
- Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C., Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station and Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, United States of America
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8
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Nickols KJ, White JW, Malone D, Carr MH, Starr RM, Baskett ML, Hastings A, Botsford LW. Setting ecological expectations for adaptive management of marine protected areas. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J. Nickols
- Department of Biology California State University Northridge Northridge California
| | - J. Wilson White
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station Oregon State University Newport Oregon
| | - Dan Malone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California
| | - Mark H. Carr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California
| | - Richard M. Starr
- California Sea Grant Extension Program Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing California
| | - Marissa L. Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Louis W. Botsford
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis Davis California
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9
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Hopf JK, Jones GP, Williamson DH, Connolly SR. Marine reserves stabilize fish populations and fisheries yields in disturbed coral reef systems. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01905. [PMID: 30985954 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine reserve networks are increasingly implemented to conserve biodiversity and enhance the persistence and resilience of exploited species and ecosystems. However, the efficacy of marine reserve networks in frequently disturbed systems, such as coral reefs, has rarely been evaluated. Here we analyze a well-mixed larval pool model and a spatially explicit model based on a well-documented coral trout (Plectropomus spp.) metapopulation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia, to determine the effects of marine reserve coverage and placement (in relation to larval connectivity and disturbance heterogeneity) on the temporal stability of fisheries yields and population biomass in environmentally disturbed systems. We show that marine reserves can contribute to stabilizing fishery yield while increasing metapopulation persistence, irrespective of whether reserves enhance or diminish average fishery yields. However, reserve placement and the level of larval connectivity among subpopulations were important factors affecting the stability and sustainability of fisheries and fish metapopulations. Protecting a mix of disturbed and non-disturbed reefs, rather than focusing on the least-disturbed habitats, was the most consistently beneficial approach across a range of dispersal and reserve coverage scenarios. Placing reserves only in non-disturbed areas was the most beneficial for biomass enhancement, but had variable results for fisheries and could potentially destabilize yields in systems with well-mixed larval or those that are moderately fished. We also found that focusing protection on highly disturbed areas could actually increase variability in yields and biomass, especially when degraded reef reserves were distant and poorly connected to the meta-population. Our findings have implications for the design and implementation of reserve networks in the presence of stochastic, patchy environmental disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess K Hopf
- College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P Jones
- College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - David H Williamson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Sean R Connolly
- College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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10
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Aalto EA, Micheli F, Boch CA, Espinoza Montes JA, Woodson CB, De Leo GA. Catastrophic Mortality, Allee Effects, and Marine Protected Areas. Am Nat 2019; 193:391-408. [DOI: 10.1086/701781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Long-Distance Benefits of Marine Reserves: Myth or Reality? Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:342-354. [PMID: 30777295 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance (>40-km) dispersal from marine reserves is poorly documented; yet, it can provide essential benefits such as seeding fished areas or connecting marine reserves into networks. From a meta-analysis, we suggest that the spatial scale of marine connectivity is underestimated due to the limited geographic extent of sampling designs. We also found that the largest marine reserves (>1000km2) are the most isolated. These findings have important implications for the assessment of evolutionary, ecological, and socio-economic long-distance benefits of marine reserves. We conclude that existing methods to infer dispersal should consider the up-to-date genomic advances and also expand the spatial scale of sampling designs. Incorporating long-distance connectivity in conservation planning will contribute to increase the benefits of marine reserve networks.
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12
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Lambert S, Ezanno P, Garel M, Gilot-Fromont E. Demographic stochasticity drives epidemiological patterns in wildlife with implications for diseases and population management. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16846. [PMID: 30442961 PMCID: PMC6237989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases raise many concerns for wildlife and new insights must be gained to manage infected populations. Wild ungulates provide opportunities to gain such insights as they host many pathogens. Using modelling and data collected from an intensively monitored population of Pyrenean chamois, we investigated the role of stochastic processes in governing epidemiological patterns of pestivirus spread in both protected and hunted populations. We showed that demographic stochasticity led to three epidemiological outcomes: early infection fade-out, epidemic outbreaks with population collapse, either followed by virus extinction or by endemic situations. Without re-introduction, the virus faded out in >50% of replications within 4 years and did not persist >20 years. Test-and-cull of infected animals and vaccination had limited effects relative to the efforts devoted, especially in hunted populations in which only quota reduction somewhat improve population recovery. Success of these strategies also relied on the maintenance of a high level of surveillance of hunter-harvested animals. Our findings suggested that, while surveillance and maintenance of population levels at intermediate densities to avoid large epidemics are useful at any time, a 'do nothing' approach during epidemics could be the 'least bad' management strategy in populations of ungulates species facing pestivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lambert
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558 Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France.
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem - ZI Mayencin, 38610, Gières, France.
| | | | - Mathieu Garel
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem - ZI Mayencin, 38610, Gières, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558 Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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13
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Cornejo-Donoso J, Einarsson B, Birnir B, Gaines SD. Effects of fish movement assumptions on the design of a marine protected area to protect an overfished stock. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186309. [PMID: 29023580 PMCID: PMC5638509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine Protected Areas (MPA) are important management tools shown to protect marine organisms, restore biomass, and increase fisheries yields. While MPAs have been successful in meeting these goals for many relatively sedentary species, highly mobile organisms may get few benefits from this type of spatial protection due to their frequent movement outside the protected area. The use of a large MPA can compensate for extensive movement, but testing this empirically is challenging, as it requires both large areas and sufficient time series to draw conclusions. To overcome this limitation, MPA models have been used to identify designs and predict potential outcomes, but these simulations are highly sensitive to the assumptions describing the organism’s movements. Due to recent improvements in computational simulations, it is now possible to include very complex movement assumptions in MPA models (e.g. Individual Based Model). These have renewed interest in MPA simulations, which implicitly assume that increasing the detail in fish movement overcomes the sensitivity to the movement assumptions. Nevertheless, a systematic comparison of the designs and outcomes obtained under different movement assumptions has not been done. In this paper, we use an individual based model, interconnected to population and fishing fleet models, to explore the value of increasing the detail of the movement assumptions using four scenarios of increasing behavioral complexity: a) random, diffusive movement, b) aggregations, c) aggregations that respond to environmental forcing (e.g. sea surface temperature), and d) aggregations that respond to environmental forcing and are transported by currents. We then compare these models to determine how the assumptions affect MPA design, and therefore the effective protection of the stocks. Our results show that the optimal MPA size to maximize fisheries benefits increases as movement complexity increases from ~10% for the diffusive assumption to ~30% when full environment forcing was used. We also found that in cases of limited understanding of the movement dynamics of a species, simplified assumptions can be used to provide a guide for the minimum MPA size needed to effectively protect the stock. However, using oversimplified assumptions can produce suboptimal designs and lead to a density underestimation of ca. 30%; therefore, the main value of detailed movement dynamics is to provide more reliable MPA design and predicted outcomes. Large MPAs can be effective in recovering overfished stocks, protect pelagic fish and provide significant increases in fisheries yields. Our models provide a means to empirically test this spatial management tool, which theoretical evidence consistently suggests as an effective alternative to managing highly mobile pelagic stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cornejo-Donoso
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science, Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Baldvin Einarsson
- Department of Mathematics, South Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Bjorn Birnir
- Department of Mathematics, South Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Steven D. Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, Bren Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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14
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Andrello M, Guilhaumon F, Albouy C, Parravicini V, Scholtens J, Verley P, Barange M, Sumaila UR, Manel S, Mouillot D. Global mismatch between fishing dependency and larval supply from marine reserves. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16039. [PMID: 28691710 PMCID: PMC5508853 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine reserves are viewed as flagship tools to protect exploited species and to contribute to the effective management of coastal fisheries. Yet, the extent to which marine reserves are globally interconnected and able to effectively seed areas, where fisheries are most critical for food and livelihood security is largely unknown. Using a hydrodynamic model of larval dispersal, we predict that most marine reserves are not interconnected by currents and that their potential benefits to fishing areas are presently limited, since countries with high dependency on coastal fisheries receive very little larval supply from marine reserves. This global mismatch could be reversed, however, by placing new marine reserves in areas sufficiently remote to minimize social and economic costs but sufficiently connected through sea currents to seed the most exploited fisheries and endangered ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Andrello
- EPHE, PSL Research University, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - François Guilhaumon
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-IFREMER-UM, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Albouy
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,IFREMER, Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique, 44300 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Valeriano Parravicini
- CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Labex 'Corail', University of Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Joeri Scholtens
- MARE Centre for Maritime Research, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 14, 1018 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Verley
- IRD, UMR AMAP, TA A51/PS2, Montpellier, 05 34398 Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Barange
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, PL1 3DH Plymouth, UK.,Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - U Rashid Sumaila
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, Institute for Oceans and Fisheries &Liu Institute for Global Studies, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z
| | - Stéphanie Manel
- EPHE, PSL Research University, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - David Mouillot
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-IFREMER-UM, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queens Land, Australia
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15
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Ferraro PJ, Pressey RL. Measuring the difference made by conservation initiatives: protected areas and their environmental and social impacts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0270. [PMID: 26460123 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Success in conservation depends on our ability to reduce human pressures in areas that harbour biological diversity and ecosystem services. Legally protecting some of these areas through the creation of protected areas is a key component of conservation efforts globally. To develop effective protected area networks, practitioners need credible, scientific evidence about the degree to which protected areas affect environmental and social outcomes, and how these effects vary with context. Such evidence has been lacking, but the situation is changing as conservation scientists adopt more sophisticated research designs for evaluating protected areas' past impacts and for predicting their future impacts. Complementing these scientific advances, conservation funders and practitioners are paying increasing attention to evaluating their investments with more scientifically rigorous evaluation designs. This theme issue highlights recent advances in the science of protected area evaluations and explores the challenges to developing a more credible evidence base that can help societies achieve their goals of protecting nature while enhancing human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Ferraro
- Carey School of Business and Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Robert L Pressey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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16
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Marra S, Coppa S, Camedda A, Mazzoldi C, Wrachien F, Massaro G, de Lucia GA. Recovery Trends of Commercial Fish: The Case of an Underperforming Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146391. [PMID: 26741959 PMCID: PMC4704826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal trends in the recovery of exploited species in marine protected areas (MPAs) are useful for a proper assessment of the efficacy of protection measures. The effects of protection on the fish assemblages of the sublittoral rocky reefs in the “Penisola del Sinis-Isola di Mal di Ventre” MPA (W. Sardinia, Italy) were evaluated using a multi-year series of data. Four surveys, conducted 7, 10, 13 and 15 years after the area was designated as an MPA and carried out in the period spanning June and July, were used to estimate the abundance and biomass of commercial species. The surveys were carried out in zones with decreasing levels of fishing restrictions within the MPA (zones A, B, C) and in unprotected zones (OUT1 and OUT2), and underwater video visual census techniques were used. Protected zones only occasionally showed higher levels of abundance or biomass, and the trajectories of those metrics were not consistent across the years. In addition, the zone with the highest level of protection (zone A) never presented levels of abundance and biomass higher than those in zones B and C. This study shows that even 15 years after designation, protection has had no appreciable effect in the MPA studied. It is argued that this is emblematic of several shortcomings in the planning, regulation and enforcement frameworks of the MPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marra
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment-National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Oristano, Italy
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefania Coppa
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment-National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Oristano, Italy
| | - Andrea Camedda
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment-National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Oristano, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Wrachien
- Marine Protected Area “Penisola del Sinis-Isola di Mal di Ventre”, Cabras, Italy
| | - Giorgio Massaro
- Marine Protected Area “Penisola del Sinis-Isola di Mal di Ventre”, Cabras, Italy
| | - G. Andrea de Lucia
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment-National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Oristano, Italy
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