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Huber ED, Hintz LL, Wilmoth B, McKenna JR, Hintz WD. Coping with stress: Salt type, concentration, and exposure history limit life history tradeoffs in response to road salt salinization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174998. [PMID: 39053528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Substantial increases in the salinity of freshwater ecosystems has occurred around the globe from causes such as climate change, industrial operations, and the application of road deicing salts. We know very little about how plastic responses in life history traits or rapid evolution of new traits among freshwater organisms could promote stability in ecological communities affected by salinization. We performed a cohort life history analysis from birth to death with 180 individuals of a ubiquitous freshwater zooplankter to understand how life history traits are affected by exposure to two common salt types causing salinization-sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2)-across two environmentally relevant concentrations. We also tested if a multi-generational exposure history to high salinity altered life-history responses. We tracked and measured lifespan, time to maturation, brood size, brood interval, and body size. We found smaller brood sizes but slightly longer lifespans occurred at a low concentration of NaCl (230 mg Cl-/L). The longer lifespans led to more, albeit smaller broods, which generated a similar lifetime reproductive output compared to the no-salt control populations. At higher concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2, we found lifetime reproductive output was reduced by 23 % to 83 % relative to control populations because no tradeoff among life history traits occurred. In CaCl2, we observed shorter life spans, longer time intervals between smaller broods, and smaller body sizes leading to reduced lifetime reproductive output. We also found that a multi-generational exposure to the salt types did not convey any advantages for lifetime reproductive output. In some cases, the exposure history worsened the life history trait responses suggesting maladaptation. Our findings suggest that life history tradeoffs for freshwater species can occur in response to salinization, but these tradeoffs will largely depend on salt type and concentration, which will have implications for biodiversity and ecological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Huber
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA
| | - Leslie L Hintz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA
| | - Bayley Wilmoth
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA
| | - Jorden R McKenna
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA
| | - William D Hintz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, 6200 Bay Shore Rd., Oregon, OH, USA.
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2
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Duan C, Hu L, Lin X, Xue J, Zou J, Wu H. Impacts of salinity stress induced by ballast water discharge on the ecosystem of shanghai port, China. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 200:106629. [PMID: 39008941 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Large quantities of marine ballast water discharged by ocean-going vessels can cause salinity increases in freshwater ports, which in turn negatively affects indigenous plankton in the ports. In this study, we investigated the impacts of marine ballast water discharge on the plankton community in a freshwater wharf through field surveys. It was found that salinity stress caused reductions in community indicators such as plankton community composition, abundance and diversity, thus threatening the structure and function of the plankton community in the wharf. In terms of the impact range, the salinity stress had a significant effect on all plankton in the waters near the discharge point and the phytoplankton in the waters 50 m from the discharge point, but had no significant effect on the plankton in the waters further away. Ballast water discharge also caused a significant decrease in the alpha diversity and richness of the plankton community but had no significant effect on the evenness of the plankton community. Moreover, phytoplankton were more tolerant of salinity changes than zooplankton in our study. This study provides an ecological reference for the scientific management of marine ballast water discharge and the risk of exogenous nutrient inputs to freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Duan
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lei Hu
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiangbin Lin
- Pudong Maritime Safety Administration, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Junzeng Xue
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jin Zou
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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Conner LM, Goedert D, Fitzpatrick SW, Fearnley A, Gallagher EL, Peterman JD, Forgione ME, Kokosinska S, Hamilton M, Masala LA, Merola N, Rico H, Samma E, Brady SP. Population origin and heritable effects mediate road salt toxicity and thermal stress in an amphibian. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141978. [PMID: 38608774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Human impacts on wild populations are numerous and extensive, degrading habitats and causing population declines across taxa. Though these impacts are often studied individually, wild populations typically face suites of stressors acting concomitantly, compromising the fitness of individuals and populations in ways poorly understood and not easily predicted by the effects of any single stressor. Developing understanding of the effects of multiple stressors and their potential interactions remains a critical challenge in environmental biology. Here, we focus on assessing the impacts of two prominent stressors associated with anthropogenic activities that affect many organisms across the planet - elevated salinity (e.g., from road de-icing salt) and temperature (e.g. from climate change). We examined a suite of physiological traits and components of fitness across populations of wood frogs originating from ponds that differ in their proximity to roads and thus their legacy of exposure to pollution from road salt. When experimentally exposed to road salt, wood frogs showed reduced survival (especially those from ponds adjacent to roads), divergent developmental rates, and reduced longevity. Family-level effects mediated these outcomes, but high salinity generally eroded family-level variance. When combined, exposure to both temperature and salt resulted in very low survival, and this effect was strongest in roadside populations. Taken together, these results suggest that temperature is an important stressor capable of exacerbating impacts from a prominent contaminant confronting many freshwater organisms in salinized habitats. More broadly, it appears likely that toxicity might often be underestimated in the absence of multi-stressor approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Conner
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Debora Goedert
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah W Fitzpatrick
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Amber Fearnley
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emma L Gallagher
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jessica D Peterman
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mia E Forgione
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophia Kokosinska
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Malik Hamilton
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lydia A Masala
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Neil Merola
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hennesy Rico
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eman Samma
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steven P Brady
- Southern Connecticut State University, Biology Department, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Lares BA, Vignatti AM, Echaniz SA, Cabrera GC, Jofré FC, Gutierrez MF. Sensitivity of Daphnia spinulata Birabén, 1917 to glyphosate at different salinity levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35308-35319. [PMID: 38727975 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Daphnia spinulata Birabén, 1917 is an endemic cladoceran species, frequent in the zooplankton communities of the shallow lakes of the Pampean region of Argentina. These lakes have varying salinity levels and, being located in agricultural areas, are frequently subject to pesticide pollution. This study aimed to determine the effects of the herbicide glyphosate (Panzer Gold®) in combination with different salinity levels on the biological parameters of D. spinulata and its recovery ability after a short exposure. Three types of assays were performed: an acute toxicity test, a chronic assessment to determine survival, growth and reproduction, and recovery assays under optimal salinity conditions (1 g L-1). The LC50-48 h of glyphosate was 7.5 mg L-1 (CL 3.15 to 11.72). Longevity and the number of offspring and clutches were significantly reduced due to the combined exposure of glyphosate and increased salinity. The timing of the first offspring did not recover after glyphosate exposure. Our results reveal that D. spinulata is sensitive to the herbicide Panzer Gold® at concentrations well below those indicated in the safety data sheet of this commercial formulation, which causes stronger negative effects in conditions of higher salinity. Further research is needed to shed light on the sensitivity of this cladoceran to glyphosate and its variability under other interactive stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsabé Ailén Lares
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
| | - Alicia María Vignatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Santiago Andrés Echaniz
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Cecilia Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Florencia Cora Jofré
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (CONICET-UNLPam), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Gutierrez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Escuela Superior de Sanidad "Dr. Ramón Carrillo" (FBCB-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
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5
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López-Valcárcel ME, Del Arco A, Parra G. Zooplankton vulnerability to glyphosate exacerbated by global change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169806. [PMID: 38181966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities generate a severe footprint at a global scale. Intensive agriculture is a global change driver that affects aquatic systems due to the discharge of pollutants. This situation can be modified or aggravated by other aspects, such as the disturbance history and other global change factors. Following our study line, it is necessary to evaluate how the disturbance history combined with temperature changes can affect the functioning of aquatic systems. The objectives of this study were divided into two phases. The objectives of phase 1 were to induce vulnerability in Daphnia magna populations through a disturbance history based on sublethal glyphosate concentration exposure under different temperature conditions (20 °C and 25 °C). In phase 2, vulnerability was assessed through the exposure to subsequent stressors (starvation, increased salinity and paracetamol) combined with changes in temperature. During the glyphosate exposure period in phase 1, differences were observed in the D. magna populations with respect to temperature, with lower abundance at 25 °C than at 20 °C. However, no differences were observed in abundance regarding glyphosate treatment. The results obtained in phase 2 with the new stressors combined with temperature changes in both directions, revealed stronger effects in vulnerable populations than in control populations. In addition, the temperature changes modulated the effects in the starvation and increased salinity tests. Agrochemical sublethal concentrations induce vulnerability in D. magna populations and inflicted temperature changes can act as a modulating factor for this vulnerability, showing the complexity in assessing the responses under the multiple scenarios associated with global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia López-Valcárcel
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Ana Del Arco
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustraße 252, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Gema Parra
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Brans KI, Vad CF, Horváth Z, Santy L, Cuypers K, Ptacnik R, De Meester L. Regional and fine-scale local adaptation in salinity tolerance in Daphnia inhabiting contrasting clusters of inland saline waters. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231917. [PMID: 38320606 PMCID: PMC10846942 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the spatial scales at which organisms can adapt to strong natural and human-induced environmental gradients is important. Salinization is a key threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services of freshwater systems. Clusters of naturally saline habitats represent ideal test cases to study the extent and scale of local adaptation to salinization. We studied local adaptation of the water flea Daphnia magna, a key component of pond food webs, to salinity in two contrasting landscapes-a dense cluster of sodic bomb crater ponds and a larger-scale cluster of soda pans. We show regional differentiation in salinity tolerance reflecting the higher salinity levels of soda pans versus bomb crater ponds. We found local adaptation to differences in salinity levels at the scale of tens of metres among bomb crater pond populations but not among geographically more distant soda pan populations. More saline bomb crater ponds showed an upward shift of the minimum salt tolerance observed across clones and a consequent gradual loss of less tolerant clones in a nested pattern. Our results show evolutionary adaptation to salinity gradients at different spatial scales, including fine-tuned local adaptation in neighbouring habitat patches in a natural landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien I. Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Etterbeek Brussels, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Csaba F. Vad
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest H-1113, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Horváth
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest H-1113, Hungary
| | - Luca Santy
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kiani Cuypers
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Ptacnik
- WasserCluster Lunz, Biologische Station GmbH, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), D-12587 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Kaushal SS, Likens GE, Mayer PM, Shatkay RR, Shelton SA, Grant SB, Utz RM, Yaculak AM, Maas CM, Reimer JE, Bhide SV, Malin JT, Rippy MA. The Anthropogenic Salt Cycle. NATURE REVIEWS. EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 4:770-784. [PMID: 38515734 PMCID: PMC10953805 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-023-00485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Increasing salt production and use is shifting the natural balances of salt ions across Earth systems, causing interrelated effects across biophysical systems collectively known as freshwater salinization syndrome. In this Review, we conceptualize the natural salt cycle and synthesize increasing global trends of salt production and riverine salt concentrations and fluxes. The natural salt cycle is primarily driven by relatively slow geologic and hydrologic processes that bring different salts to the surface of the Earth. Anthropogenic activities have accelerated the processes, timescales and magnitudes of salt fluxes and altered their directionality, creating an anthropogenic salt cycle. Global salt production has increased rapidly over the past century for different salts, with approximately 300 Mt of NaCl produced per year. A salt budget for the USA suggests that salt fluxes in rivers can be within similar orders of magnitude as anthropogenic salt fluxes, and there can be substantial accumulation of salt in watersheds. Excess salt propagates along the anthropogenic salt cycle, causing freshwater salinization syndrome to extend beyond freshwater supplies and affect food and energy production, air quality, human health and infrastructure. There is a need to identify environmental limits and thresholds for salt ions and reduce salinization before planetary boundaries are exceeded, causing serious or irreversible damage across Earth systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gene E Likens
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Paul M Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, OR, USA
| | - Ruth R Shatkay
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sydney A Shelton
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, USA
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Alexis M Yaculak
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Carly M Maas
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jenna E Reimer
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shantanu V Bhide
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Joseph T Malin
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, USA
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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8
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Jasperse L, Di Giulio RT, Jayasundara N. Bioenergetic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resistance Manifest Later in Life in Offspring of Fundulus heteroclitus from the Elizabeth River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15806-15815. [PMID: 37818763 PMCID: PMC10733968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in key physiological processes can confer resistance to chemical pollutants. However, these adaptations may come with certain trade-offs, such as altered energy metabolic processes, as evident in Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) in Virginia's Elizabeth River (ER) that have evolved resistance to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We seek to understand the bioenergetic costs of PAH resistance among subpopulations of Atlantic killifish with differing contamination levels in order to examine how these changes manifest across multiple life stages and how these costs might be exacerbated by additional stressors. Bioenergetics data revealed differences in metabolic rates between offspring of PAH-resistant fish and reference fish were absent or minimal in both the embryo and larval stages but pronounced at the juvenile life stage, suggesting that bioenergetic changes in pollution-adapted killifish manifest later in life. We also provide evidence that killifish from remediated sites are more sensitive to PAH exposure than killifish from nonremediated sites, suggesting loss of PAH tolerance following relaxed selection. Collectively, our data suggest that the fitness consequences associated with evolved resistance to anthropogenic stressors may manifest differently over time and depend on the magnitude of the selection pressure. This information can be valuable in effective risk and remediation assessments as well as in broadening our understanding of species responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Jasperse
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Richard T Di Giulio
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nishad Jayasundara
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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9
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Venâncio C, Ribeiro R, Lopes I. Pre-exposure to seawater or chloride salts influences the avoidance-selection behavior of zebrafish larvae in a conductivity gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122126. [PMID: 37390916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of freshwater salinization is constructed around standard assays and using sodium chloride (NaCl), neglecting that the stressor is most likely a complex mixture of ions and the possibility of prior contact with it, triggering acclimation mechanisms in the freshwater biota. To date, as far as we are aware of, no information has been generated integrating both acclimation and avoidance behavior in the context of salinization, that may allow these risk assessments upgrading. Accordingly, 6-days-old Danio rerio larvae were selected to perform 12-h avoidance assays in a non-confined 6-compartment linear system to simulate conductivity gradients using seawater (SW) and the chloride salts MgCl2, KCl, and CaCl2. Salinity gradients were established from conductivities known to cause 50% egg mortality in a 96-h exposure (LC50,96h,embryo). The triggering of acclimation processes, which could influence organisms' avoidance-selection under the conductivity gradients, was also studied using larvae pre-exposed to lethal levels of each salt or SW. Median avoidance conductivities after a 12-h of exposure (AC50,12h), and the Population Immediate Decline (PID) were computed. All non-pre-exposed larvae were able to detect and flee from conductivities corresponding to the LC50,96h,embryo, selecting compartments with lower conductivities, except for KCl. The AC50,12h and LC50,96h overlapped for MgCl2 and CaCl2, though the former is considered as more sensitive as it was obtained in 12 h of exposure. The AC50,12h for SW was 1.83-fold lower than the LC50,96h, thus, reinforcing the higher sensitivity of the parameter ACx and its adequacy for risk assessment frameworks. The PID, at low conductivities, was solely explained by the avoidance behavior of non-pre-exposed larvae. Larvae pre-exposed to lethal levels of salt or SW were found to select higher conductivities, except for MgCl2. Results indicated that avoidance-selection assays are ecologically relevant and sensitive tools to be used in risk assessment processes. Stressor pre-exposure influenced organisms' avoidance-selection behavior under conductivity gradients, suggesting that under salinization events organisms may acclimate, remaining in altered habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Venâncio
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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10
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Lopez LK, Gil MA, Crowley PH, Trimmer PC, Munson A, Ligocki IY, Michelangeli M, Sih A. Integrating animal behaviour into research on multiple environmental stressors: a conceptual framework. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1345-1364. [PMID: 37004993 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
While a large body of research has focused on the physiological effects of multiple environmental stressors, how behavioural and life-history plasticity mediate multiple-stressor effects remains underexplored. Behavioural plasticity can not only drive organism-level responses to stressors directly but can also mediate physiological responses. Here, we provide a conceptual framework incorporating four fundamental trade-offs that explicitly link animal behaviour to life-history-based pathways for energy allocation, shaping the impact of multiple stressors on fitness. We first address how small-scale behavioural changes can either mediate or drive conflicts between the effects of multiple stressors and alternative physiological responses. We then discuss how animal behaviour gives rise to three additional understudied and interrelated trade-offs: balancing the benefits and risks of obtaining the energy needed to cope with stressors, allocation of energy between life-history traits and stressor responses, and larger-scale escape from stressors in space or time via large-scale movement or dormancy. Finally, we outline how these trade-offs interactively affect fitness and qualitative ecological outcomes resulting from multiple stressors. Our framework suggests that explicitly considering animal behaviour should enrich our mechanistic understanding of stressor effects, help explain extensive context dependence observed in these effects, and highlight promising avenues for future empirical and theoretical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Lopez
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Corner Hawkesbury Road & Hainsworth Street, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Michael A Gil
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122/Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
| | - Philip H Crowley
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 195 Huguelet Drive, 101 Thomas Hunt Morgan Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA
| | - Pete C Trimmer
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, University Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Amelia Munson
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Isaac Y Ligocki
- Department of Biology, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Roddy Science Hall, PO Box 1002, Millersville, PA, 17551, USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Marcus Michelangeli
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå, SE-907 36, Sweden
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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11
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Zhou L, Wang S. The bright side of ecological stressors. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:568-578. [PMID: 36906435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecological stressors are considered to negatively affect biological systems; however, corresponding responses to stressors can be complex, depending on the ecological functions and the number and duration of the stressors. Mounting evidence indicates potential benefits of stressors. Here, we develop an integrative framework to understand stressor-induced benefits by clarifying three categories of mechanisms: seesaw effects, cross-tolerance, and memory effects. These mechanisms operate across various organizational levels (e.g., individual, population, community) and can be extended to an evolutionary context. One remaining challenge is to develop scaling approaches for linking stressor-induced benefits across organizational levels. Our framework provides a novel platform for predicting the consequences of global environmental changes and informing management strategies in conservation and restoration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhou
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
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12
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López-Valcárcel ME, Del Arco A, Parra G. Sublethal exposure to agrochemicals impairs zooplankton ability to face future global change challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162020. [PMID: 36773907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture is characterized by the application of multiple stressors that damage aquatic systems. Currently, ecotoxicological evaluations are considered insufficient to understand the environmental risks of stressor mixtures and their consequences in ecosystems. In addition, future global change scenarios could alter the predicted effects of agrochemicals in aquatic systems based on single exposures, making it necessary to consider the history of environmental disturbances that may result in vulnerability to subsequent environmental changes. The objectives of this study were to induce disturbance histories by exposure to sublethal glyphosate concentrations in microcosms and to assess whether this disturbance results in vulnerable populations using Daphnia magna as the target species. Populations were considered vulnerable if their sensitivity to new stressors (inanition, temperature and salinity) was higher than that of undisturbed populations. To induce disturbance history, microcosm aquatic communities (two cladocerans and one microalgae) were exposed to two glyphosate sublethal concentrations (below the No Observed Effect Concentration, NOEC values for D. magna, 0.1 and 1 mg L-1) in microcosms under controlled conditions in a culture chamber for 48 days. After this period, no significant differences were observed with respect to the control microcosms in the selected parameters (cladoceran abundance, microalgae cell abundance, microalgae colony formation, pH and dissolved oxygen). To test vulnerability, our target D. magna populations, which were previously exposed to different glyphosate treatments, were subjected to inanition, elevated temperature and salinity. Our results showed that D. magna populations with disturbance history performed worse in all the scenarios compared to the populations from undisturbed conditions. These results underscore the need to study how environmental disturbance history influences population responses to new and future stressors. Moreover, our findings raise concern regarding the sublethal effects of pesticides on aquatic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia López-Valcárcel
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Ana Del Arco
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustraße 252, 78464 Konstanz, Egg, Germany.
| | - Gema Parra
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
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13
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Galella JG, Kaushal SS, Mayer PM, Maas CM, Shatkay RR, Stutzke RA. Stormwater Best Management Practices: Experimental Evaluation of Chemical Cocktails Mobilized by Freshwater Salinization Syndrome. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2023; 11:1-20. [PMID: 37234950 PMCID: PMC10208307 DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1020914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS) refers to the suite of physical, biological, and chemical impacts of salt ions on the degradation of natural, engineered, and social systems. Impacts of FSS on mobilization of chemical cocktails has been documented in streams and groundwater, but little research has focused on the effects of FSS on stormwater best management practices (BMPs) such as: constructed wetlands, bioswales, ponds, and bioretention. However emerging research suggests that stormwater BMPs may be both sources and sinks of contaminants, shifting seasonally with road salt applications. We conducted lab experiments to investigate this premise; replicate water and soil samples were collected from four distinct stormwater feature types (bioretention, bioswale, constructed wetlands and retention ponds) and were used in salt incubation experiments conducted under six different salinities with three different salts (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2). Increased salt concentrations had profound effects on major and trace element mobilization, with all three salts showing significant positive relationships across nearly all elements analyzed. Across all sites, mean salt retention was 34%, 28%, and 26% for Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ respectively, and there were significant differences among stormwater BMPs. Salt type showed preferential mobilization of certain elements. NaCl mobilized Cu, a potent toxicant to aquatic biota, at rates over an order of magnitude greater than both CaCl2 and MgCl2. Stormwater BMP type also had a significant effect on elemental mobilization, with ponds mobilizing significantly more Mn than other sites. However, salt concentration and salt type consistently had significant effects on mean concentrations of elements mobilized across all stormwater BMPs (p<0.05), suggesting that processes such as ion exchange mobilize metals mobilize metals and salt ions regardless of BMP type. Our results suggest that decisions regarding the amounts and types of salts used as deicers can have significant effects on reducing contaminant mobilization to freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Galella
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park, MD 20140
| | - Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park, MD 20140
| | - Paul M Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Carly M Maas
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park, MD 20140
| | - Ruth R Shatkay
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park, MD 20140
| | - Robert A Stutzke
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park, MD 20140
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14
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Response of Prokaryotic Communities to Freshwater Salinization. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Each year, millions of tons of sodium chloride are dumped on roads, contributing to the salinization of freshwater environments. Thus, we sought to understand the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on freshwater lake prokaryotic communities, an important and understudied component of food webs. Using mesocosms with 0.01–2.74 ppt NaCl (0.27–1110.86 mg/L Cl−), we evaluated the effect generated on the diversity and absolute abundance of prokaryotic populations after three and six weeks. A positive relationship between Cl− values and absolute bacterial abundance was found after three weeks. The influence of eukaryotic diversity variation was observed as well. Significant differentiation of bacterial communities starting at 420 mg/L Cl− was observed after three weeks, levels lower than the Canadian and US recommendations for acute chloride exposure. The partial recovery of a “pre-disturbance” community was observed following a drop in salinity at the threshold level of 420 mg/L Cl−. A gradual transition of dominance from Betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria to Bacteroidia and Alphaproteobacteria was observed and is overall similar to the natural transition observed in estuaries.
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15
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Current water quality guidelines across North America and Europe do not protect lakes from salinization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115033119. [PMID: 35193976 PMCID: PMC8892338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115033119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The salinity of freshwater ecosystems is increasing worldwide. Given that most freshwater organisms have no recent evolutionary history with high salinity, we expect them to have a low tolerance to elevated salinity caused by road deicing salts, agricultural practices, mining operations, and climate change. Leveraging the results from a network of experiments conducted across North America and Europe, we showed that salt pollution triggers a massive loss of important zooplankton taxa, which led to increased phytoplankton biomass at many study sites. We conclude that current water quality guidelines established by governments in North America and Europe do not adequately protect lake food webs, indicating an immediate need to establish guidelines where they do not exist and to reassess existing guidelines. Human-induced salinization caused by the use of road deicing salts, agricultural practices, mining operations, and climate change is a major threat to the biodiversity and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Yet, it is unclear if freshwater ecosystems are protected from salinization by current water quality guidelines. Leveraging an experimental network of land-based and in-lake mesocosms across North America and Europe, we tested how salinization—indicated as elevated chloride (Cl−) concentration—will affect lake food webs and if two of the lowest Cl− thresholds found globally are sufficient to protect these food webs. Our results indicated that salinization will cause substantial zooplankton mortality at the lowest Cl− thresholds established in Canada (120 mg Cl−/L) and the United States (230 mg Cl−/L) and throughout Europe where Cl− thresholds are generally higher. For instance, at 73% of our study sites, Cl− concentrations that caused a ≥50% reduction in cladoceran abundance were at or below Cl− thresholds in Canada, in the United States, and throughout Europe. Similar trends occurred for copepod and rotifer zooplankton. The loss of zooplankton triggered a cascading effect causing an increase in phytoplankton biomass at 47% of study sites. Such changes in lake food webs could alter nutrient cycling and water clarity and trigger declines in fish production. Current Cl− thresholds across North America and Europe clearly do not adequately protect lake food webs. Water quality guidelines should be developed where they do not exist, and there is an urgent need to reassess existing guidelines to protect lake ecosystems from human-induced salinization.
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16
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Szklarek S, Górecka A, Wojtal-Frankiewicz A. The effects of road salt on freshwater ecosystems and solutions for mitigating chloride pollution - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150289. [PMID: 34536879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Road salt (mainly NaCl) is commonly used during the winter to ensure road and pavement safety; however, the long-term application of NaCl has negative consequences on soil and the water environment. The aims of the present review were to evaluate the impact of road salt on catchment processes which accelerate the eutrophication of waters, and to identify a possible approach for reducing the impact of winter salt treatments of roads and sidewalks, on water body quality. The objectives were implemented in accordance with the ecohydrological approach, which recommends using hierarchical steps to solve problems. The first step was the monitoring of threats, in which the causes of high chloride (Cl) concentrations in groundwater and surface water were identified. The results indicate that long-term winter application of road salt increases the annual mean concentrations of Cl in rivers and lakes, due to Cl entering groundwater. The second step was a cause-effect analysis of the impact of NaCl on the abiotic processes in soil and water, and on the biotic response to chloride exposure. Chlorides appear to decrease the biodiversity of aquatic animals and plants but favour the growth of phytoplankton, especially cyanobacteria. Moreover, Cl reduces the self-purification processes of water by decreasing nutrient accumulation in macrophytes, decreasing the denitrification rate and reducing organic matter decomposition. The third step was to evaluate possible solutions for reducing the negative impact of NaCl on the environment, and to improve the effectiveness of alternative de-icing agents. An analysis of available literature indicates that a system-based approach integrating engineering knowledge with an understanding of biological and hydrological processes is necessary to indicate solutions for reducing environmental risks from road salt use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Szklarek
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Górecka
- University of Lodz, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, 90-237 Lodz, Banacha 12/16, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wojtal-Frankiewicz
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, 90-237 Lodz, Banacha 12/16, Poland
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17
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Venâncio C, Ribeiro R, Lopes I. Seawater intrusion: an appraisal of taxa at most risk and safe salinity levels. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:361-382. [PMID: 34626061 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seawater intrusion into low-lying coastal ecosystems carries environmental risks. Salinity levels at these coastal ecosystems may vary substantially, causing ecological effects from mortality to several sublethal endpoints, such as depression of rates of feeding, somatic growth, or reproduction. This review attempts to establish safe salinity levels for both terrestrial and freshwater temperate ecosystems by integrating data available in the literature. We have four specific objectives: (i) to identify the most sensitive ecological taxa to seawater intrusion; (ii) to establish maximum acceptable concentrations-environmental quality standards (MAC-EQSs) for sea water (SW) from species sensitivity distributions (SSDs); (iii) to compile from the literature examples of saline intrusion [to be used as predicted environmental concentrations (PECs)] and to compute risk quotients for the temperate zone; and (iv) to assess whether sodium chloride (NaCl) is an appropriate surrogate for SW in ecological risk assessments by comparing SSD-derived values for NaCl and SW and by comparing these with field data. Zooplankton, early life stages of amphibians and freshwater mussels were the most sensitive ecological receptors for the freshwater compartment, while soil invertebrates were the most sensitive ecological receptors for the terrestrial compartment. Hazard concentration 5% (HC5 ) values, defined as the concentration (herein measured as conductivity) that affects (causes lethal or sublethal effects) 5% of the species in a distribution, computed for SW were over 22 and 40 times lower than the conductivity of natural SW (≈ 52 mS/cm) for the freshwater and soil compartment, respectively. This sensitivity of both compartments means that small increments in salinity levels or small SW intrusions might represent severe risks for low-lying coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, the proximity between HC5 values for the soil and freshwater compartments suggests that salinized soils might represent an additional risk for nearby freshwater systems. This sensitivity was corroborated by the derivation of risk quotients using real saline intrusion examples (PECs) collected from the literature: risk was >1 in 34 out of 37 examples. By contrast, comparisons of HC5 values obtained from SSDs in field surveys or mesocosm studies suggest that natural communities are more resilient to salinization than expected. Finally, NaCl was found to be slightly more toxic than SW, at both lethal and sublethal levels, and, thus, is suggested to be an acceptable surrogate for use in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Venâncio
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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18
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Honarvar Nazari M, Mousavi SZ, Potapova A, McIntyre J, Shi X. Toxicological impacts of roadway deicers on aquatic resources and human health: A review. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1855-1881. [PMID: 33978278 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During winter, snow and ice on roads in regions with cold weather can increase traffic crashes and casualties, resulting in travel delays and financial burdens to society. Anti-icing or deicing the roads can serve a cost-effective method to significantly reduce such risks. Although traditionally the main priorities of winter road maintenance (WRM) have been level of service, cost-effectiveness, and corrosion reduction, it is increasingly clear that understanding the environmental impacts of deicers is vital. One of the most important problems in this regard is environmental contamination caused by cumulative use of deicers, which has many detrimental effects on the aquatic systems. Among the deicers, the chloride-based ones raise the most toxicological concerns because they are highly soluble, can migrate quickly in the environment and have cumulative effects over time. In this review, we summarize and organize existing data, including the latest findings about the adverse effects of deicers on surface water and groundwater, aquatic species, and human health, and identify future research priorities. In addition, the data provided can be used to develop a framework for quantifying some of the variables that stakeholders and agencies use when preparing guidelines and standards for WRM programs. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Pollution from the increasing use of roadway deicers may have detrimental effects on the environment. Of particular concern are the acute and cumulative risks that chloride salts pose to aquatic species. Chloride salts are water-soluble, very difficult to remove, highly mobile, and non-degradable. Deicers cause water stratification, change the chemicophysical properties of water, and affect aquatic species and human health. Current guidelines may not be appropriate for environmental protection and need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Honarvar Nazari
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - S Zeinab Mousavi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Anna Potapova
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jenifer McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, USA
| | - Xianming Shi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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19
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Delaune KD, Nesich D, Goos JM, Relyea RA. Impacts of salinization on aquatic communities: Abrupt vs. gradual exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117636. [PMID: 34380226 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing chloride concentrations from road salt applications are an emerging threat to freshwater diversity in cold weather regions. Few studies have focused on how road salt affects freshwater biota and even fewer have focused on how the rate of exposure alters organism responses. We hypothesized that road salt concentrations delivered gradually would result in slower population declines and more rapid rebounds due to evolved tolerance. To test this hypothesis, we examined the responses of freshwater lake organisms to four environmentally relevant salt concentrations (100, 230, 860, and 1600 mg Cl-/L) that differed in application rate (abrupt vs. gradual). We used outdoor aquatic mesocosms containing zooplankton, filamentous algae, phytoplankton, periphyton, and macroinvertebrates. We found negative effects of road salt on zooplankton and macroinvertebrate abundance, but positive effects on phytoplankton and periphyton, likely resulting from reduced grazing. Only rarely did we detect a difference between abrupt vs gradual salt applications and the directions of those differences were not consistent. This affirms the need for additional research on how road salt pollution entering ecosystems at different frequencies and magnitudes will alter freshwater communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelbi D Delaune
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12980, USA
| | - David Nesich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12980, USA
| | - Jared M Goos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12980, USA
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12980, USA.
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20
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Assessing the Impacts of Chloride and Sulfate Ions on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Ohio Streams. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salinization of freshwaters is a growing concern, especially in urban catchments. Existing aquatic life criteria for chloride (230 mg/L; a US standard) or total dissolved solids (1500 mg/L; specific to Ohio) do not protect sensitive species, and standards for sulfate have yet to be promulgated on the national level. To help identify water quality thresholds for protection and restoration, species sensitivity distributions were compiled for chloride and sulfate based on field observations of macroinvertebrate communities co-located with water quality samples obtained from rivers and streams throughout Ohio. Additionally, attainment of biological benchmarks for macroinvertebrate communities found in headwater streams were modeled against chloride and sulfate using Bayesian logistic regression. The hazard concentration based on statewide data for chloride was 52 mg/L. The hazard concentration for sulfate based on data from the Western Allegheny Plateau ecoregion was 152 mg/L. The median effect levels from logistic regression for chloride and sulfate varied by ecoregion. Mayfly taxa were disproportionately represented in taxa comprising the lower 5th percentile of the species sensitivity distributions for chloride. However, logistic regression models of individual taxa response (as presence/absence) revealed that some taxa considered sensitive to pollution in general were highly tolerant of chloride. For 166 taxa showing directional response to chloride, 91 decreased and 75 increased. For the 97 individual taxa showing directional responses to sulfate, 81 decreased. Of the 16 taxa showing an increase, 6 are considered tolerant of pollution, 9 facultative and 1 moderately intolerant, the latter being taxa in the dipteran family Tipulidae. The hazard concentrations are useful as protective thresholds for existing high-quality waters. The logistic regression model of attainment can be used to inform management goals conditional on site-specific information.
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21
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Vilas-Boas JA, Arenas-Sánchez A, Vighi M, Romo S, Van den Brink PJ, Pedroso Dias RJ, Rico A. Multiple stressors in Mediterranean coastal wetland ecosystems: Influence of salinity and an insecticide on zooplankton communities under different temperature conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129381. [PMID: 33383245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temperature increase, salinity intrusion and pesticide pollution have been suggested to be among the main stressors affecting the biodiversity of coastal wetland ecosystems. Here we assessed the single and combined effects of these stressors on zooplankton communities collected from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. An indoor microcosm experiment was designed with temperature variation (20 °C and 30 °C), salinity (no addition, 2.5 g/L NaCl) and the insecticide chlorpyrifos (no addition, 1 μg/L) as treatments. The impact of these stressors was evaluated on water quality variables and on the zooplankton comunity (structure, diversity, abundance and taxa responses) for 28 days. This study shows that temperature is the main driver for zooplankton community change, followed by salinity and chlorpyrifos. The three stressors contributed to a decrease on zooplankton diversity. The increase of temperature contributed to an increase of zooplankton abundance. Salinity generally affected Cladocera, which resulted in a Copepoda increase at 20 °C, and a reduction in the abundance of all major zooplankton groups at 30 °C. The insecticide chlorpyrifos affected primarily Cladocera, altough the magnitude and duration of the direct and indirect effects caused by the insecticide substantially differed between the two temperature scenarios. Chlorpyrifos and salinity resulted in antagonistic effects on sensitive taxa (Cladocera) at 20 °C and 30 °C. This study shows that temperature can influence the direct and indirect effects of salinity and pesticides on zooplankton communities in Mediterranean coastal wetlands, and highlights vulnerable taxa and ecological responses that are expected to dominate under future global change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Andrade Vilas-Boas
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alba Arenas-Sánchez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Romo
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universitat de València, E-46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roberto Júnio Pedroso Dias
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Arnott SE, Celis-Salgado MP, Valleau RE, DeSellas AM, Paterson AM, Yan ND, Smol JP, Rusak JA. Road Salt Impacts Freshwater Zooplankton at Concentrations below Current Water Quality Guidelines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9398-9407. [PMID: 32597171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of NaCl for road deicing has caused increased chloride concentrations in lakes near urban centers and areas of high road density. Chloride can be toxic, and water quality guidelines have been created to regulate it and protect aquatic life. However, these guidelines may not adequately protect organisms in low-nutrient, soft water lakes such as those underlain by the Precambrian Shield. We tested this hypothesis by conducting laboratory experiments on six Daphnia species using a soft water culture medium. We also examined temporal changes in cladoceran assemblages in the sediments of two small lakes on the Canadian Shield: one near a highway and the other >3 km from roads where salt is applied in the winter. Our results showed that Daphnia were sensitive to low chloride concentrations with decreased reproduction and increased mortality occurring between 5 and 40 mg Cl-/L. Analysis of cladoceran remains in lake sediments revealed changes in assemblage composition that coincided with the initial application of road salt in this region. In contrast, there were no changes detected in the remote lake. We found that 22.7% of recreational lakes in Ontario have chloride concentrations between 5 and 40 mg/L suggesting that cladoceran zooplankton in these lakes may already be experiencing negative effects of chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E Arnott
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Martha P Celis-Salgado
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0 Canada
| | - Robin E Valleau
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Anna M DeSellas
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0 Canada
| | - Andrew M Paterson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0 Canada
| | - Norman D Yan
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3 Canada
- Friends of the Muskoka Watershed, P. O. Box 416, Bracebridge, ON, P1L 1T7 Canada
| | - John P Smol
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - James A Rusak
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0 Canada
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23
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Cañedo-Argüelles M, Kefford B, Schäfer R. Salt in freshwaters: causes, effects and prospects - introduction to the theme issue. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:rstb.2018.0002. [PMID: 30509904 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are globally increasing the salt concentration of freshwaters (i.e. freshwater salinization), leading to significant effects at the population, community and ecosystem level. The present theme issue focuses on priority research questions and delivers results that contribute to shaping the future research agenda on freshwater salinization as well as fostering our capacity to manage salinization. The issue is structured along five topics: (i) the estimation of future salinity and evaluation of the relative contribution of the different drivers; (ii) the physiological responses of organisms to alterations in ion concentrations with a specific focus on the osmophysiology of freshwater insects and the responses of different organisims to seawater intrusion; (iii) the impact of salinization on ecosystem functioning, also considering the connections between riparian and stream ecosystems; (iv) the role of context in moderating the response to salinization. The contributions scrutinise the role of additional stressors, biotic interactions, the identify of the ions and their ratios, as well as of the biogeographic and evolutionary context; and (v) the public discourse on salinization and recommendations for management and regulation. In this paper we introduce the general background of salinization, outline research gaps and report key findings from the contributions to this theme issue.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles
- Grup de recerca FEHM (Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management), Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciència Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ben Kefford
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ralf Schäfer
- Department of Quantitative Landscape Ecology, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
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Venâncio C, Castro BB, Ribeiro R, Antunes SC, Abrantes N, Soares AMVM, Lopes I. Sensitivity of freshwater species under single and multigenerational exposure to seawater intrusion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:20180252. [PMID: 30509925 PMCID: PMC6283950 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinization of coastal freshwater ecosystems is already occurring in some regions of the world. This phenomenon raises serious concerns on the protection of coastal freshwater ecosystems, since many of them support and shelter a large number of species and are considered hotspots of biodiversity. This work intended to assess the adverse effects that salinization, caused by the intrusion of seawater (SW), may pose to freshwater organisms. In this study, three specific goals were addressed: (i) to assess if sodium chloride (NaCl) may be used as a surrogate of natural SW at early-stages of risk assessment; (ii) to identify the most sensitive freshwater species to salinity NaCl; and (iii) to determine if increased tolerance to salinity may be acquired after multigenerational exposure to low levels of salinization (induced with NaCl). A total of 12 standard monospecific bioassays were carried out by exposing organisms from different taxonomic groups (Cyanobacteria: one species, Tracheophyta: two species, Rotifera: one species, Arthropoda: two species and Mollusca: one species) to a series of concentrations of NaCl (ranging from 0.95 to 22.8 mS cm-1) or dilutions of SW (ranging from 1.70 to 52.3 mS cm-1). In general, NaCl exerted similar or higher toxicity than SW, both at lethal and sublethal levels, suggesting that it may be proposed as a protective surrogate of SW for first tiers of salinization risk assessment. Among all tested species, the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, the daphnid Daphnia longispina and the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were the most sensitive taxa to salinization (EC50 ≤ 4.38 mS cm-1). Given their position at the basis of the food web, it is suggested that small increments of salinity may be enough to induce structural changes in freshwater communities or induce changes in trophic relations. No clear evidences of increased tolerance after multigenerational exposure to low levels of salinity were found.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Venâncio
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - B B Castro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - R Ribeiro
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S C Antunes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - N Abrantes
- Department of Environment and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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25
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Schuler MS, Cañedo-Argüelles M, Hintz WD, Dyack B, Birk S, Relyea RA. Regulations are needed to protect freshwater ecosystems from salinization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:rstb.2018.0019. [PMID: 30509918 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture and industrial wastes have increased the rate of salinization of freshwater ecosystems around the world. Despite the known and probable consequences of freshwater salinization, few consequential regulatory standards and management procedures exist. Current regulations are generally inadequate because they are regionally inconsistent, lack legal consequences and have few ion-specific standards. The lack of ion-specific standards is problematic, because each anthropogenic source of freshwater salinization is associated with a distinct set of ions that can present unique social and economic costs. Additionally, the environmental and toxicological consequences of freshwater salinization are often dependent on the occurrence, concentration and ratios of specific ions. Therefore, to protect fresh waters from continued salinization, discrete, ion-specific management and regulatory strategies should be considered for each source of freshwater salinization, using data from standardized, ion-specific monitoring practices. To develop comprehensive monitoring, regulatory, and management guidelines, we recommend the use of co-adaptive, multi-stakeholder approaches that balance environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits associated with freshwater salinization.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Schuler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles
- Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM), Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciencies Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - William D Hintz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Brenda Dyack
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Sebastian Birk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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