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Charlesworth D, Harkess A. Why should we study plant sex chromosomes? THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1242-1256. [PMID: 38163640 PMCID: PMC11062472 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding plant sex chromosomes involves studying interactions between developmental and physiological genetics, genome evolution, and evolutionary ecology. We focus on areas of overlap between these. Ideas about how species with separate sexes (dioecious species, in plant terminology) can evolve are even more relevant to plants than to most animal taxa because dioecy has evolved many times from ancestral functionally hermaphroditic populations, often recently. One aim of studying plant sex chromosomes is to discover how separate males and females evolved from ancestors with no such genetic sex-determining polymorphism, and the diversity in the genetic control of maleness vs femaleness. Different systems share some interesting features, and their differences help to understand why completely sex-linked regions may evolve. In some dioecious plants, the sex-determining genome regions are physically small. In others, regions without crossing over have evolved sometimes extensive regions with properties very similar to those of the familiar animal sex chromosomes. The differences also affect the evolutionary changes possible when the environment (or pollination environment, for angiosperms) changes, as dioecy is an ecologically risky strategy for sessile organisms. Dioecious plants have repeatedly reverted to cosexuality, and hermaphroditic strains of fruit crops such as papaya and grapes are desired by plant breeders. Sex-linked regions are predicted to become enriched in genes with sex differences in expression, especially when higher expression benefits one sex function but harms the other. Such trade-offs may be important for understanding other plant developmental and physiological processes and have direct applications in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Alex Harkess
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
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2
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Jay P, Jeffries D, Hartmann FE, Véber A, Giraud T. Why do sex chromosomes progressively lose recombination? Trends Genet 2024:S0168-9525(24)00067-2. [PMID: 38677904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Progressive recombination loss is a common feature of sex chromosomes. Yet, the evolutionary drivers of this phenomenon remain a mystery. For decades, differences in trait optima between sexes (sexual antagonism) have been the favoured hypothesis, but convincing evidence is lacking. Recent years have seen a surge of alternative hypotheses to explain progressive extensions and maintenance of recombination suppression: neutral accumulation of sequence divergence, selection of nonrecombining fragments with fewer deleterious mutations than average, sheltering of recessive deleterious mutations by linkage to heterozygous alleles, early evolution of dosage compensation, and constraints on recombination restoration. Here, we explain these recent hypotheses and dissect their assumptions, mechanisms, and predictions. We also review empirical studies that have brought support to the various hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jay
- Center for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Bâtiment 680, 12 route RD128, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Daniel Jeffries
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fanny E Hartmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Bâtiment 680, 12 route RD128, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amandine Véber
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, MAP5, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Bâtiment 680, 12 route RD128, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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3
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Guo L, Malara D, Battaglia P, Waiho K, Davis DA, Deng Y, Shen Z, Rao K. Turnovers of Sex-Determining Mutation in the Golden Pompano and Related Species Provide Insights into Microevolution of Undifferentiated Sex Chromosome. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae037. [PMID: 38408866 PMCID: PMC10919887 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The suppression of recombination is considered a hallmark of sex chromosome evolution. However, previous research has identified undifferentiated sex chromosomes and sex determination by single SNP in the greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). We observed the same phenomena in the golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) of the same family Carangidae and discovered a different sex-determining SNP within the same gene Hsd17b1. We propose an evolutionary model elucidating the turnover of sex-determining mutations by highlighting the contrasting dynamics between purifying selection, responsible for maintaining W-linked Hsd17b1, and neutral evolution, which drives Z-linked Hsd17b1. Additionally, sporadic loss-of-function mutations in W-linked Hsd17b1 contribute to the conversion of W chromosomes into Z chromosomes. This model was directly supported by simulations, closely related species, and indirectly by zebrafish mutants. These findings shed new light on the early stages of sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410081, China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510300, China
| | - Danilo Malara
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Integrated Marine Ecology Department, CRIMAC, Calabria Marine Centre, Amendolara 87071, Italy
| | - Pietro Battaglia
- Integrated Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Khor Waiho
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11900, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - D Allen Davis
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA
| | - Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410081, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410081, China
| | - Ke Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410081, China
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4
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Rovatsos M, Mazzoleni S, Augstenová B, Altmanová M, Velenský P, Glaw F, Sanchez A, Kratochvíl L. Heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes sharing gene content with mammalian XX/XY are conserved in Madagascan chameleons of the genus Furcifer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4898. [PMID: 38418601 PMCID: PMC10901801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Chameleons are well-known lizards with unique morphology and physiology, but their sex determination has remained poorly studied. Madagascan chameleons of the genus Furcifer have cytogenetically distinct Z and W sex chromosomes and occasionally Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W multiple neo-sex chromosomes. To identify the gene content of their sex chromosomes, we microdissected and sequenced the sex chromosomes of F. oustaleti (ZZ/ZW) and F. pardalis (Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W). In addition, we sequenced the genomes of a male and a female of F. lateralis (ZZ/ZW) and F. pardalis and performed a comparative coverage analysis between the sexes. Despite the notable heteromorphy and distinctiveness in heterochromatin content, the Z and W sex chromosomes share approximately 90% of their gene content. This finding demonstrates poor correlation of the degree of differentiation of sex chromosomes at the cytogenetic and gene level. The test of homology based on the comparison of gene copy number variation revealed that female heterogamety with differentiated sex chromosomes remained stable in the genus Furcifer for at least 20 million years. These chameleons co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes the same genomic region as viviparous mammals, lacertids and geckos of the genus Paroedura, which makes these groups excellent model for studies of convergent and divergent evolution of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Sofia Mazzoleni
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Augstenová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | | | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Sanchez
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Kitano J, Ansai S, Takehana Y, Yamamoto Y. Diversity and Convergence of Sex-Determination Mechanisms in Teleost Fish. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:233-259. [PMID: 37863090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is prevalent across diverse taxa. However, sex-determination mechanisms are so diverse that even closely related species often differ in sex-determination systems. Teleost fish is a taxonomic group with frequent turnovers of sex-determining mechanisms and thus provides us with great opportunities to investigate the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the turnover of sex-determining systems. Here, we compile recent studies on the diversity of sex-determination mechanisms in fish. We demonstrate that genes in the TGF-β signaling pathway are frequently used for master sex-determining (MSD) genes. MSD genes arise via two main mechanisms, duplication-and-transposition and allelic mutations, with a few exceptions. We also demonstrate that temperature influences sex determination in many fish species, even those with sex chromosomes, with higher temperatures inducing differentiation into males in most cases. Finally, we review theoretical models for the turnover of sex-determining mechanisms and discuss what questions remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan;
| | - Yoji Yamamoto
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan;
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6
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Filatov DA. Evolution of a plant sex chromosome driven by expanding pericentromeric recombination suppression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1373. [PMID: 38228625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombination suppression around sex-determining gene(s) is a key step in evolution of sex chromosomes, but it is not well understood how it evolves. Recently evolved sex-linked regions offer an opportunity to understand the mechanisms of recombination cessation. This paper analyses such a region on Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) sex chromosomes, where recombination was suppressed in the last 120 thousand years ("stratum 3"). Locating the boundaries of the stratum 3 in S. latifolia genome sequence revealed that this region is far larger than assumed previously-it is about 14 Mb long and includes 202 annotated genes. A gradient of X:Y divergence detected in the stratum 3, with divergence increasing proximally, indicates gradual recombination cessation, possibly caused by expansion of pericentromeric recombination suppression (PRS) into the pseudoautosomal region. Expansion of PRS was also the likely cause for the formation of the older stratum 2 on S. latifolia sex chromosomes. The role of PRS in sex chromosome evolution has been underappreciated, but it may be a significant factor, especially in the species with large chromosomes where PRS is often extensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Filatov
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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7
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Yang J, Xue H, Li Z, Zhang Y, Shi T, He X, Barrett SCH, Wang Q, Chen J. Haplotype-resolved genome assembly provides insights into the evolution of S-locus supergene in distylous Nymphoides indica. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2058-2071. [PMID: 37717220 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Distyly has evolved independently in numerous animal-pollinated angiosperm lineages. Understanding of its molecular basis has been restricted to a few species, primarily Primula. Here, we investigate the genetic architecture of the single diallelic locus (S-locus) supergene, a linkage group of functionally associated genes, and explore how it may have evolved in distylous Nymphoides indica, a lineage of flowering plants not previously investigated. We assembled haplotype-resolved genomes, used read-coverage-based genome-wide association study (rb-GWAS) to locate the S-locus supergene, co-expression network analysis to explore gene networks underpinning the development of distyly, and comparative genomic analyses to investigate the origins of the S-locus supergene. We identified three linked candidate S-locus genes - NinBAS1, NinKHZ2, and NinS1 - that were only evident in the short-styled morph and were hemizygous. Co-expression network analysis suggested that brassinosteroids contribute to dimorphic sex organs in the short-styled morph. Comparative genomic analyses indicated that the S-locus supergene likely evolved via stepwise duplications and has been affected by transposable element activities. Our study provides novel insight into the structure, regulation, and evolution of the supergene governing distyly in N. indica. It also provides high-quality genomic resources for future research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the striking evolutionary convergence in form and function across heterostylous taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haoran Xue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiangyan He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jinming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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8
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Cauret CMS, Jordan DC, Kukoly LM, Burton SR, Anele EU, Kwiecien JM, Gansauge MT, Senthillmohan S, Greenbaum E, Meyer M, Horb ME, Evans BJ. Functional dissection and assembly of a small, newly evolved, W chromosome-specific genomic region of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010990. [PMID: 37792893 PMCID: PMC10578606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic triggers for sex determination are frequently co-inherited with other linked genes that may also influence one or more sex-specific phenotypes. To better understand how sex-limited regions evolve and function, we studied a small W chromosome-specific region of the frog Xenopus laevis that contains only three genes (dm-w, scan-w, ccdc69-w) and that drives female differentiation. Using gene editing, we found that the sex-determining function of this region requires dm-w but that scan-w and ccdc69-w are not essential for viability, female development, or fertility. Analysis of mesonephros+gonad transcriptomes during sexual differentiation illustrates masculinization of the dm-w knockout transcriptome, and identifies mostly non-overlapping sets of differentially expressed genes in separate knockout lines for each of these three W-specific gene compared to wildtype sisters. Capture sequencing of almost all Xenopus species and PCR surveys indicate that the female-determining function of dm-w is present in only a subset of species that carry this gene. These findings map out a dynamic evolutionary history of a newly evolved W chromosome-specific genomic region, whose components have distinctive functions that frequently degraded during Xenopus diversification, and evidence the evolutionary consequences of recombination suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. S. Cauret
- Biology Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Danielle C. Jordan
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts United States of America
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah R. Burton
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts United States of America
| | - Emmanuela U. Anele
- Biology Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Theres Gansauge
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Eli Greenbaum
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marko E. Horb
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts United States of America
| | - Ben J. Evans
- Biology Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Lisachov A, Tishakova K, Romanenko S, Lisachova L, Davletshina G, Prokopov D, Kratochvíl L, O Brien P, Ferguson-Smith M, Borodin P, Trifonov V. Robertsonian fusion triggers recombination suppression on sex chromosomes in Coleonyx geckos. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15502. [PMID: 37726346 PMCID: PMC10509250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical hypothesis proposes that the lack of recombination on sex chromosomes arises due to selection for linkage between a sex-determining locus and sexually antagonistic loci, primarily facilitated by inversions. However, cessation of recombination on sex chromosomes could be attributed also to neutral processes, connected with other chromosome rearrangements or can reflect sex-specific recombination patterns existing already before sex chromosome differentiation. Three Coleonyx gecko species share a complex X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y system of sex chromosomes evolved via a fusion of the Y chromosome with an autosome. We analyzed synaptonemal complexes and sequenced flow-sorted sex chromosomes to investigate the effect of chromosomal rearrangement on recombination and differentiation of these sex chromosomes. The gecko sex chromosomes evolved from syntenic regions that were also co-opted also for sex chromosomes in other reptiles. We showed that in male geckos, recombination is less prevalent in the proximal regions of chromosomes and is even further drastically reduced around the centromere of the neo-Y chromosome. We highlight that pre-existing recombination patterns and Robertsonian fusions can be responsible for the cessation of recombination on sex chromosomes and that such processes can be largely neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Lisachov
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), University of Tyumen, Tyumen, 625003, Russia.
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Katerina Tishakova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana Romanenko
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Lada Lisachova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Guzel Davletshina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Prokopov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia O Brien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Malcolm Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Pavel Borodin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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10
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Charlesworth D, Hastings A, Graham C. Can a Y Chromosome Degenerate in an Evolutionary Instant? A Commentary on Fong et al. 2023. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad105. [PMID: 37290043 PMCID: PMC10480580 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the Y chromosomes of Drosophila and mammals and the W chromosomes of birds carry only small fractions of the genes carried by the homologous X or Z chromosomes, and this "genetic degeneration" is associated with loss of recombination between the sex chromosome pair. However, it is still not known how much evolutionary time is needed to reach such nearly complete degeneration. The XY pair of species in a group of closely related poecilid fish is homologous but has been found to have either nondegenerated or completely degenerated Y chromosomes. We evaluate evidence described in a recent paper and show that the available data cast doubt on the view that degeneration has been extraordinarily rapid in the latter (Micropoecilia species).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Hastings
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chay Graham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Smith SH, Hsiung K, Böhne A. Evaluating the role of sexual antagonism in the evolution of sex chromosomes: new data from fish. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 81:102078. [PMID: 37379742 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in available molecular and genomic data for diverse taxa helps to shed new light on long-standing theories. Research into sex chromosome evolution has particularly benefited from a growing number of studies of fish, motivated by their highly diverse mechanisms of sex determination. Sexual antagonism is regularly cited as an influential force in sex chromosome emergence; however, this so far proves difficult to demonstrate. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the investigation of sexual antagonism in sex chromosome research in fish. We find strong emphasis placed on study-organism specific genomic features and patterns of recombination, rather than evidence for a comprehensive role of sexual antagonism. In this light, we discuss the alternative models of sex chromosome evolution. We conclude that fish represents a key resource for further research, provided attention is given to species-specific effects while simultaneously integrating comparative studies across taxa for a vital and comprehensive understanding of sex chromosome evolution and investigation of proposed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Helen Smith
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany. https://twitter.com/@shg_smith
| | - Kevin Hsiung
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany. https://twitter.com/@KevinKHsiung
| | - Astrid Böhne
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Yue J, Krasovec M, Kazama Y, Zhang X, Xie W, Zhang S, Xu X, Kan B, Ming R, Filatov DA. The origin and evolution of sex chromosomes, revealed by sequencing of the Silene latifolia female genome. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00678-4. [PMID: 37290443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
White campion (Silene latifolia, Caryophyllaceae) was the first vascular plant where sex chromosomes were discovered. This species is a classic model for studies on plant sex chromosomes due to presence of large, clearly distinguishable X and Y chromosomes that originated de novo about 11 million years ago (mya), but lack of genomic resources for this relatively large genome (∼2.8 Gb) remains a significant hurdle. Here we report S. latifolia female genome assembly integrated with sex-specific genetic maps of this species, focusing on sex chromosomes and their evolution. The analysis reveals a highly heterogeneous recombination landscape with strong reduction in recombination rate in the central parts of all chromosomes. Recombination on the X chromosome in female meiosis primarily occurs at the very ends, and over 85% of the X chromosome length is located in a massive (∼330 Mb) gene-poor, rarely recombining pericentromeric region (Xpr). The results indicate that the non-recombining region on the Y chromosome (NRY) initially evolved in a relatively small (∼15 Mb), actively recombining region at the end of the q-arm, possibly as a result of inversion on the nascent X chromosome. The NRY expanded about 6 mya via linkage between the Xpr and the sex-determining region, which may have been caused by expanding pericentromeric recombination suppression on the X chromosome. These findings shed light on the origin of sex chromosomes in S. latifolia and yield genomic resources to assist ongoing and future investigations into sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yue
- Centre for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Marc Krasovec
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7232 Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Centre for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Wangyang Xie
- Centre for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shencheng Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Xiuming Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Baolin Kan
- Centre for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ray Ming
- Centre for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Dmitry A Filatov
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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13
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Charlesworth D. Why and how do Y chromosome stop recombining? J Evol Biol 2023; 36:632-636. [PMID: 36683363 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Heterochiasmy and Sex Chromosome Evolution in Silene. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030543. [PMID: 36980816 PMCID: PMC10048291 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of a non-recombining sex-specific region is a key step in sex chromosome evolution. Suppression of recombination between the (proto-) X- and Y-chromosomes in male meiosis creates a non-recombining Y-linked region (NRY), while the X-chromosome continues to recombine in females. Lack of recombination in the NRY defines its main properties—genetic degeneration and accumulation of repetitive DNA, making X and Y chromosomes very different from each other. How and why recombination suppression on sex chromosomes evolves remains controversial. A strong difference in recombination rates between the sexes (heterochiasmy) can facilitate or even cause recombination suppression. In the extreme case—complete lack of recombination in the heterogametic sex (achiasmy)—the entire sex-specific chromosome is automatically non-recombining. In this study, I analyse sex-specific recombination rates in a dioecious plant Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae), which evolved separate sexes and sex chromosomes ~11 million years ago. I reconstruct high-density RNAseq-based genetic maps including over five thousand genic markers for the two sexes separately. The comparison of the male and female maps reveals only modest heterochiasmy across the genome, with the exception of the sex chromosomes, where recombination is suppressed in males. This indicates that heterochiasmy likely played only a minor, if any, role in NRY evolution in S. latifolia, as recombination suppression is specific to NRY rather than to the entire genome in males. Other mechanisms such as structural rearrangements and/or epigenetic modifications were likely involved, and comparative genome analysis and genetic mapping in multiple Silene species will help to shed light on the mechanism(s) of recombination suppression that led to the evolution of sex chromosomes.
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15
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Mrnjavac A, Khudiakova KA, Barton NH, Vicoso B. Slower-X: reduced efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution. Evol Lett 2023; 7:4-12. [PMID: 37065438 PMCID: PMC10091493 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Differentiated X chromosomes are expected to have higher rates of adaptive divergence than autosomes, if new beneficial mutations are recessive (the “faster-X effect”), largely because these mutations are immediately exposed to selection in males. The evolution of X chromosomes after they stop recombining in males, but before they become hemizygous, has not been well explored theoretically. We use the diffusion approximation to infer substitution rates of beneficial and deleterious mutations under such a scenario. Our results show that selection is less efficient on diploid X loci than on autosomal and hemizygous X loci under a wide range of parameters. This “slower-X” effect is stronger for genes affecting primarily (or only) male fitness, and for sexually antagonistic genes. These unusual dynamics suggest that some of the peculiar features of X chromosomes, such as the differential accumulation of genes with sex-specific functions, may start arising earlier than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mrnjavac
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg , Austria
| | - Ksenia A Khudiakova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg , Austria
| | - Nicholas H Barton
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg , Austria
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg , Austria
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16
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Sex chromosome differentiation via changes in the Y chromosome repeat landscape in African annual killifishes Nothobranchius furzeri and N. kadleci. Chromosome Res 2022; 30:309-333. [PMID: 36208359 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-022-09707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Homomorphic sex chromosomes and their turnover are common in teleosts. We investigated the evolution of nascent sex chromosomes in several populations of two sister species of African annual killifishes, Nothobranchius furzeri and N. kadleci, focusing on their under-studied repetitive landscape. We combined bioinformatic analyses of the repeatome with molecular cytogenetic techniques, including comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization with satellite sequences, ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), and immunostaining of SYCP3 and MLH1 proteins to mark lateral elements of synaptonemal complexes and recombination sites, respectively. Both species share the same heteromorphic XY sex chromosome system, which thus evolved prior to their divergence. This was corroborated by sequence analysis of a putative master sex determining (MSD) gene gdf6Y in both species. Based on their divergence, differentiation of the XY sex chromosome pair started approximately 2 million years ago. In all populations, the gdf6Y gene mapped within a region rich in satellite DNA on the Y chromosome long arms. Despite their heteromorphism, X and Y chromosomes mostly pair regularly in meiosis, implying synaptic adjustment. In N. kadleci, Y-linked paracentric inversions like those previously reported in N. furzeri were detected. An inversion involving the MSD gene may suppress occasional recombination in the region, which we otherwise evidenced in the N. furzeri population MZCS-121 of the Limpopo clade lacking this inversion. Y chromosome centromeric repeats were reduced compared with the X chromosome and autosomes, which points to a role of relaxed meiotic drive in shaping the Y chromosome repeat landscape. We speculate that the recombination rate between sex chromosomes was reduced due to heterochiasmy. The observed differences between the repeat accumulations on the X and Y chromosomes probably result from high repeat turnover and may not relate closely to the divergence inferred from earlier SNP analyses.
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17
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Evans BJ, Mudd AB, Bredeson JV, Furman BLS, Wasonga DV, Lyons JB, Harland RM, Rokhsar DS. New insights into Xenopus sex chromosome genomics from the Marsabit clawed frog X. borealis. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1777-1790. [PMID: 36054077 PMCID: PMC9722552 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In many groups, sex chromosomes change frequently but the drivers of their rapid evolution are varied and often poorly characterized. With an aim of further understanding sex chromosome turnover, we investigated the polymorphic sex chromosomes of the Marsabit clawed frog, Xenopus borealis, using genomic data and a new chromosome-scale genome assembly. We confirmed previous findings that 54.1 Mb of chromosome 8L is sex-linked in animals from east Kenya and a laboratory strain, but most (or all) of this region is not sex-linked in natural populations from west Kenya. Previous work suggests possible degeneration of the Z chromosomes in the east population because many sex-linked transcripts of this female heterogametic population have female-biased expression, and we therefore expected this chromosome to not be present in the west population. In contrast, our simulations support a model where most or all of the sex-linked portion of the Z chromosome from the east acquired autosomal segregation in the west, and where much genetic variation specific to the large sex-linked portion of the W chromosome from the east is not present in the west. These recent changes are consistent with the hot-potato model, wherein sex chromosome turnover is favoured by natural selection if it purges a (minimally) degenerate sex-specific sex chromosome, but counterintuitively suggest natural selection failed to purge a Z chromosome that has signs of more advanced and possibly more ancient regulatory degeneration. These findings highlight complex evolutionary dynamics of young, rapidly evolving Xenopus sex chromosomes and set the stage for mechanistic work aimed at pinpointing additional sex-determining genes in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Evans
- Biology Department, Life Sciences Building Room 328, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Austin B Mudd
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jessen V Bredeson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Benjamin L S Furman
- Biology Department, Life Sciences Building Room 328, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Canexia Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jessica B Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Dan S Rokhsar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
- Chan-Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Wang D, Li Y, Li M, Yang W, Ma X, Zhang L, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Zhou R, Sanderson BJ, Keefover-Ring K, Yin T, Smart LB, DiFazio SP, Liu J, Olson M, Ma T. Repeated turnovers keep sex chromosomes young in willows. Genome Biol 2022; 23:200. [PMID: 36151581 PMCID: PMC9502649 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salicaceae species have diverse sex determination systems and frequent sex chromosome turnovers. However, compared with poplars, the diversity of sex determination in willows is poorly understood, and little is known about the evolutionary forces driving their turnover. Here, we characterized the sex determination in two Salix species, S. chaenomeloides and S. arbutifolia, which have an XY system on chromosome 7 and 15, respectively. Results Based on the assemblies of their sex determination regions, we found that the sex determination mechanism of willows may have underlying similarities with poplars, both involving intact and/or partial homologs of a type A cytokinin response regulator (RR) gene. Comparative analyses suggested that at least two sex turnover events have occurred in Salix, one preserving the ancestral pattern of male heterogamety, and the other changing heterogametic sex from XY to ZW, which could be partly explained by the “deleterious mutation load” and “sexually antagonistic selection” theoretical models. We hypothesize that these repeated turnovers keep sex chromosomes of willow species in a perpetually young state, leading to limited degeneration. Conclusions Our findings further improve the evolutionary trajectory of sex chromosomes in Salicaceae species, explore the evolutionary forces driving the repeated turnovers of their sex chromosomes, and provide a valuable reference for the study of sex chromosomes in other species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-022-02769-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenlu Yang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinzhi Ma
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Zhou
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brian J Sanderson
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tongming Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Stephen P DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Matthew Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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19
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He L, Hörandl E. Does polyploidy inhibit sex chromosome evolution in angiosperms? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:976765. [PMID: 36212292 PMCID: PMC9541106 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.976765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dioecy is rare in flowering plants (5-6% of species), but is often controlled genetically by sex-linked regions (SLRs). It has so far been unclear whether, polyploidy affects sex chromosome evolution, as it does in animals, though polyploidy is quite common in angiosperms, including in dioecious species. Plants could be different, as, unlike many animal systems, degenerated sex chromosomes, are uncommon in plants. Here we consider sex determination in plants and plant-specific factors, and propose that constraints created at the origin of polyploids limit successful polyploidization of species with SLRs. We consider the most likely case of a polyploid of a dioecious diploid with an established SLR, and discuss the outcome in autopolyploids and allopolyploids. The most stable system possibly has an SLR on just one chromosome, with a strongly dominant genetic factor in the heterogametic sex (e.g., xxxY male in a tetraploid). If recombination occurs with its homolog, this will prevent Y chromosome degeneration. Polyploidy may also allow for reversibility of multiplied Z or X chromosomes into autosomes. Otherwise, low dosage of Y-linked SLRs compared to their multiple homologous x copies may cause loss of reliable sex-determination at higher ploidy levels. We discuss some questions that can be studied using genome sequencing, chromosome level-assemblies, gene expression studies and analysis of loci under selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Ansai S, Montenegro J, Masengi KWA, Nagano AJ, Yamahira K, Kitano J. Diversity of sex chromosomes in Sulawesian medaka fishes. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1751-1764. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Nishihara Japan
| | | | - Atsushi J. Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture Ryukoku University Otsu Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences Keio University Tsuruoka Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamahira
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Nishihara Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory National Institute of Genetics Shizuoka Japan
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21
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Meisel RP. Ecology and the evolution of sex chromosomes. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1601-1618. [PMID: 35950939 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are common features of animal genomes, often carrying a sex determination gene responsible for initiating the development of sexually dimorphic traits. The specific chromosome that serves as the sex chromosome differs across taxa as a result of fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes, along with sex chromosome turnover-autosomes becoming sex chromosomes and sex chromosomes 'reverting' back to autosomes. In addition, the types of genes on sex chromosomes frequently differ from the autosomes, and genes on sex chromosomes often evolve faster than autosomal genes. Sex-specific selection pressures, such as sexual antagonism and sexual selection, are hypothesized to be responsible for sex chromosome turnovers, the unique gene content of sex chromosomes and the accelerated evolutionary rates of genes on sex chromosomes. Sex-specific selection has pronounced effects on sex chromosomes because their sex-biased inheritance can tilt the balance of selection in favour of one sex. Despite the general consensus that sex-specific selection affects sex chromosome evolution, most population genetic models are agnostic as to the specific sources of these sex-specific selection pressures, and many of the details about the effects of sex-specific selection remain unresolved. Here, I review the evidence that ecological factors, including variable selection across heterogeneous environments and conflicts between sexual and natural selection, can be important determinants of sex-specific selection pressures that shape sex chromosome evolution. I also explain how studying the ecology of sex chromosome evolution can help us understand important and unresolved aspects of both sex chromosome evolution and sex-specific selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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22
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Dagilis AJ, Sardell JM, Josephson MP, Su Y, Kirkpatrick M, Peichel CL. Searching for signatures of sexually antagonistic selection on stickleback sex chromosomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210205. [PMID: 35694749 PMCID: PMC9189504 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intralocus sexually antagonistic selection occurs when an allele is beneficial to one sex but detrimental to the other. This form of selection is thought to be key to the evolution of sex chromosomes but is hard to detect. Here we perform an analysis of phased young sex chromosomes to look for signals of sexually antagonistic selection in the Japan Sea stickleback (Gasterosteus nipponicus). Phasing allows us to date the suppression of recombination on the sex chromosome and provides unprecedented resolution to identify sexually antagonistic selection in the recombining region of the chromosome. We identify four windows with elevated divergence between the X and Y in the recombining region, all in or very near genes associated with phenotypes potentially under sexually antagonistic selection in humans. We are unable, however, to rule out the alternative hypothesis that the peaks of divergence result from demographic effects. Thus, although sexually antagonistic selection is a key hypothesis for the formation of supergenes on sex chromosomes, it remains challenging to detect. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Genomic architecture of supergenes: causes and evolutionary consequences’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius J Dagilis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin TX 78712, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason M Sardell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Matthew P Josephson
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yiheng Su
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas, Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Mark Kirkpatrick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Dufresnes C, Crochet PA. Sex chromosomes as supergenes of speciation: why amphibians defy the rules? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210202. [PMID: 35694748 PMCID: PMC9189495 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As reflected by the two rules of speciation (Haldane's rule and the large X-/Z-effect), sex chromosomes are expected to behave like supergenes of speciation: they recombine only in one sex (XX females or ZZ males), supposedly recruit sexually antagonistic genes and evolve faster than autosomes, which can all contribute to pre-zygotic and post-zygotic isolation. While this has been mainly studied in organisms with conserved sex-determining systems and highly differentiated (heteromorphic) sex chromosomes like mammals, birds and some insects, these expectations are less clear in organismal groups where sex chromosomes repeatedly change and remain mostly homomorphic, like amphibians. In this article, we review the proposed roles of sex-linked genes in isolating nascent lineages throughout the speciation continuum and discuss their support in amphibians given current knowledge of sex chromosome evolution and speciation modes. Given their frequent recombination and lack of differentiation, we argue that amphibian sex chromosomes are not expected to become supergenes of speciation, which is reflected by the rarity of empirical studies consistent with a 'large sex chromosome effect' in frogs and toads. The diversity of sex chromosome systems in amphibians has a high potential to disentangle the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the emergence of sex-linked speciation genes in other organisms. This article is part of the theme issue 'Genomic architecture of supergenes: causes and evolutionary consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dufresnes
- LASER, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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24
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Filatov DA. Recent expansion of the non-recombining sex-linked region on Silene latifolia sex chromosomes. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1696-1708. [PMID: 35834179 PMCID: PMC10083954 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of a non-recombining sex-specific region on the Y (or W) chromosome (NRY) is a key step in sex chromosome evolution, but how recombination suppression evolves is not well understood. Studies in many different organisms indicated that NRY evolution often involves several expansion steps. Why such NRY expansions occur remains unclear, although it is though that they are likely driven by sexually antagonistic selection. This paper describes a recent NRY expansion due to shift of the pseudoautosomal boundary on the sex chromosomes of a dioecious plant Silene latifolia. The shift resulted in inclusion of at least 16 pseudoautosomal genes into the NRY. This region is pseudoautosomal in closely related Silene dioica and Silene diclinis, indicating that the NRY expansion occurred in S. latifolia after it speciated from the other species ~120 thousand years ago. As S. latifolia and S. dioica actively hybridise across Europe, interspecific gene flow could blur the PAR boundary in these species. The pseudoautosomal genes have significantly elevated genetic diversity (π ~ 3% at synonymous sites), which is consistent with balancing selection maintaining diversity in this region. The recent shift of the PAR boundary in S. latifolia offers an opportunity to study the process of on-going NRY expansion.
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25
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Jay P, Tezenas E, Véber A, Giraud T. Sheltering of deleterious mutations explains the stepwise extension of recombination suppression on sex chromosomes and other supergenes. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001698. [PMID: 35853091 PMCID: PMC9295944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms have sex chromosomes with large nonrecombining regions that have expanded stepwise, generating "evolutionary strata" of differentiation. The reasons for this remain poorly understood, but the principal hypotheses proposed to date are based on antagonistic selection due to differences between sexes. However, it has proved difficult to obtain empirical evidence of a role for sexually antagonistic selection in extending recombination suppression, and antagonistic selection has been shown to be unlikely to account for the evolutionary strata observed on fungal mating-type chromosomes. We show here, by mathematical modeling and stochastic simulation, that recombination suppression on sex chromosomes and around supergenes can expand under a wide range of parameter values simply because it shelters recessive deleterious mutations, which are ubiquitous in genomes. Permanently heterozygous alleles, such as the male-determining allele in XY systems, protect linked chromosomal inversions against the expression of their recessive mutation load, leading to the successive accumulation of inversions around these alleles without antagonistic selection. Similar results were obtained with models assuming recombination-suppressing mechanisms other than chromosomal inversions and for supergenes other than sex chromosomes, including those without XY-like asymmetry, such as fungal mating-type chromosomes. However, inversions capturing a permanently heterozygous allele were found to be less likely to spread when the mutation load segregating in populations was lower (e.g., under large effective population sizes or low mutation rates). This may explain why sex chromosomes remain homomorphic in some organisms but are highly divergent in others. Here, we model a simple and testable hypothesis explaining the stepwise extensions of recombination suppression on sex chromosomes, mating-type chromosomes, and supergenes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jay
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Emilie Tezenas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 –Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, MAP 5, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Amandine Véber
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, MAP 5, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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26
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Keating SE, Greenbaum E, Johnson JD, Gamble T. Identification of a cis-sex chromosome transition in banded geckos (Coleonyx, Eublepharidae, Gekkota). J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1675-1682. [PMID: 35665979 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sex-determination systems are highly variable amongst vertebrate groups, and the prevalence of genomic data has greatly expanded our knowledge of how diverse some groups truly are. Gecko lizards are known to possess a variety of sex-determination systems, and each new study increases our knowledge of this diversity. Here, we used RADseq to identify male-specific markers in the banded gecko Coleonyx brevis, indicating this species has a XX/XY sex-determination system. Furthermore, we show that these sex-linked regions are not homologous to the XX/XY sex chromosomes of two related Coleonyx species, C. elegans and C. mitratus, suggesting that a cis-sex chromosome turnover-a change in sex chromosomes without a concomitant change in heterogamety-has occurred within the genus. These findings demonstrate the utility of genome-scale data to uncover novel sex chromosomes and further highlight the diversity of gecko sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eli Greenbaum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jerry D Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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27
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Olito C, Ponnikas S, Hansson B, Abbott JK. Consequences of partially recessive deleterious genetic variation for the evolution of inversions suppressing recombination between sex chromosomes. Evolution 2022; 76:1320-1330. [PMID: 35482933 PMCID: PMC9324078 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of suppressed recombination between sex chromosomes is widely hypothesized to be driven by sexually antagonistic selection (SA), where tighter linkage between the sex-determining gene(s) and nearby SA loci is favored when it couples male-beneficial alleles to the proto-Y chromosome, and female-beneficial alleles to the proto-X. Despite limited empirical evidence, the SA selection hypothesis overshadows several alternatives, including an incomplete but often-repeated "sheltering hypothesis" that suggests that expansion of the sex-linked region (SLR) reduces homozygous expression of partially recessive deleterious mutations at selected loci. Here, we use population genetic models to evaluate the consequences of deleterious mutational variation for the evolution of neutral chromosomal inversions expanding the SLR on proto-Y chromosomes. We find that SLR-expanding inversions face a race against time: lightly loaded inversions are initially beneficial, but eventually become deleterious as they accumulate new mutations, and must fix before this window of opportunity closes. The outcome of this race is strongly influenced by inversion size, the mutation rate, and the dominance coefficient of deleterious mutations. Yet, small inversions have elevated fixation probabilities relative to neutral expectations for biologically plausible parameter values. Our results demonstrate that deleterious genetic variation can plausibly drive recombination suppression in small steps and would be most consistent with empirical patterns of small evolutionary strata or gradual recombination arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Olito
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLund22362Sweden
| | - Suvi Ponnikas
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLund22362Sweden,Current address: Ecology and Genetics Research UnitUniversity of OuluOulu90014Finland
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28
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Nemesházi E, Bókony V. Asymmetrical sex reversal: Does the type of heterogamety predict propensity for sex reversal? Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200039. [PMID: 35543235 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sex reversal, a mismatch between phenotypic and genetic sex, can be induced by chemical and thermal insults in ectotherms. Therefore, climate change and environmental pollution may increase sex-reversal frequency in wild populations, with wide-ranging implications for sex ratios, population dynamics, and the evolution of sex determination. We propose that reconsidering the half-century old theory "Witschi's rule" should facilitate understanding the differences between species in sex-reversal propensity and thereby predicting their vulnerability to anthropogenic environmental change. The idea is that sex reversal should be asymmetrical: more likely to occur in the homogametic sex, assuming that sex-reversed heterogametic individuals would produce new genotypes with reduced fitness. A review of the existing evidence shows that while sex reversal can be induced in both homogametic and heterogametic individuals, the latter seem to require stronger stimuli in several cases. We provide guidelines for future studies on sex reversal to facilitate data comparability and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Nemesházi
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.,Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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29
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Rifkin JL, Hnatovska S, Yuan M, Sacchi BM, Choudhury BI, Gong Y, Rastas P, Barrett SCH, Wright SI. Recombination landscape dimorphism and sex chromosome evolution in the dioecious plant Rumex hastatulus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210226. [PMID: 35306892 PMCID: PMC8935318 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence from diverse taxa for sex differences in the genomic landscape of recombination, but the causes and consequences of these differences remain poorly understood. Strong recombination landscape dimorphism between the sexes could have important implications for the dynamics of sex chromosome evolution because low recombination in the heterogametic sex can favour the spread of sexually antagonistic alleles. Here, we present a sex-specific linkage map and revised genome assembly of Rumex hastatulus and provide the first evidence and characterization of sex differences in recombination landscape in a dioecious plant. We present data on significant sex differences in recombination, with regions of very low recombination in males covering over half of the genome. This pattern is evident on both sex chromosomes and autosomes, suggesting that pre-existing differences in recombination may have contributed to sex chromosome formation and divergence. Our analysis of segregation distortion suggests that haploid selection due to pollen competition occurs disproportionately in regions with low male recombination. We hypothesize that sex differences in the recombination landscape have contributed to the formation of a large heteromorphic pair of sex chromosomes in R. hastatulus, but more comparative analyses of recombination will be important to investigate this hypothesis further. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Rifkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Solomiya Hnatovska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Bianca M Sacchi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Baharul I Choudhury
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2.,Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 396
| | - Yunchen Gong
- Centre for Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2.,Centre for Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
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30
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Mank JE. Are plant and animal sex chromosomes really all that different? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210218. [PMID: 35306885 PMCID: PMC8935310 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes in plants have often been contrasted with those in animals with the goal of identifying key differences that can be used to elucidate fundamental evolutionary properties. For example, the often homomorphic sex chromosomes in plants have been compared to the highly divergent systems in some animal model systems, such as birds, Drosophila and therian mammals, with many hypotheses offered to explain the apparent dissimilarities, including the younger age of plant sex chromosomes, the lesser prevalence of sexual dimorphism, or the greater extent of haploid selection. Furthermore, many plant sex chromosomes lack complete sex chromosome dosage compensation observed in some animals, including therian mammals, Drosophila, some poeciliids, and Anolis, and plant dosage compensation, where it exists, appears to be incomplete. Even the canonical theoretical models of sex chromosome formation differ somewhat between plants and animals. However, the highly divergent sex chromosomes observed in some animal groups are actually the exception, not the norm, and many animal clades are far more similar to plants in their sex chromosome patterns. This begs the question of how different are plant and animal sex chromosomes, and which of the many unique properties of plants would be expected to affect sex chromosome evolution differently than animals? In fact, plant and animal sex chromosomes exhibit more similarities than differences, and it is not at all clear that they differ in terms of sexual conflict, dosage compensation, or even degree of divergence. Overall, the largest difference between these two groups is the greater potential for haploid selection in plants compared to animals. This may act to accelerate the expansion of the non-recombining region at the same time that it maintains gene function within it. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Mank
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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31
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Käfer J, Méndez M, Mousset S. Labile sex expression in angiosperm species with sex chromosomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210216. [PMID: 35306891 PMCID: PMC8935303 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the literature on sexual lability in dioecious angiosperm species with well-studied sex chromosomes. We distinguish three types of departures from strict dioecy, concerning either a minority of flowers in some individuals (leakiness) or the entire individual, which can constantly be bisexual or change sex. We found that for only four of the 22 species studied, reports of lability are lacking. The occurrence of lability is only weakly related to sex chromosome characteristics (number of sex-linked genes, age of the non-recombining region). These results contradict the naive idea that lability is an indication of the absence or the recent evolution of sex chromosomes, and thereby contribute to a growing consensus that sex chromosomes do not necessarily fix sex determination once and for all. We discuss some implications of these findings for the evolution of sex chromosomes, and suggest that more species with well-characterized lability should be studied with genomic data and tools. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Käfer
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.,CESAB-FRB, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Marcos Méndez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sylvain Mousset
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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32
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Ruiz-Herrera A, Waters PD. Fragile, unfaithful and persistent Ys-on how meiosis can shape sex chromosome evolution. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:22-30. [PMID: 35459933 PMCID: PMC9273583 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-linked inheritance is a stark exception to Mendel's Laws of Heredity. Here we discuss how the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes (mainly the Y) has been shaped by the intricacies of the meiotic programme. We propose that persistence of Y chromosomes in distantly related mammalian phylogroups can be explained in the context of pseudoautosomal region (PAR) size, meiotic pairing strategies, and the presence of Y-borne executioner genes that regulate meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. We hypothesise that variation in PAR size can be an important driver for the evolution of recombination frequencies genome wide, imposing constraints on Y fate. If small PAR size compromises XY segregation during male meiosis, the stress of producing aneuploid gametes could drive function away from the Y (i.e., a fragile Y). The Y chromosome can avoid fragility either by acquiring an achiasmatic meiotic XY pairing strategy to reduce aneuploid gamete production, or gain meiotic executioner protection (a persistent Y). Persistent Ys will then be under strong pressure to maintain high recombination rates in the PAR (and subsequently genome wide), as improper segregation has fatal consequences for germ cells. In the event that executioner protection is lost, the Y chromosome can be maintained in the population by either PAR rejuvenation (extension by addition of autosome material) or gaining achiasmatic meiotic pairing, the alternative is Y loss. Under this dynamic cyclic evolutionary scenario, understanding the meiotic programme in vertebrate and invertebrate species will be crucial to further understand the plasticity of the rise and fall of heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Ruiz-Herrera
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain. .,Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
| | - Paul D Waters
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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33
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Dynamic Patterns of Sex Chromosome Evolution in Neognath Birds: Many Independent Barriers to Recombination at the ATP5F1A Locus. BIRDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/birds3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian sex chromosomes evolved after the divergence of birds and crocodilians from their common ancestor, so they are younger than the better-studied chromosomes of mammals. It has long been recognized that there may have been several stages to the evolution of avian sex chromosomes. For example, the CHD1 undergoes recombination in paleognaths but not neognaths. Genome assemblies have suggested that there may be variation in the timing of barriers to recombination among Neognathae, but there remains little understanding of the extent of this variability. Here, we look at partial sequences of ATP5F1A, which is on the avian Z and W chromosomes. It is known that recombination of this gene has independently ceased in Galliformes, Anseriformes, and at least five neoavian orders, but whether there are other independent cessations of recombination among Neoaves is not understood. We analyzed a combination of data extracted from published chromosomal-level genomes with data collected using PCR and cloning to identify Z and W copies in 22 orders. Our results suggest that there may be at least 19 independent cessations of recombination within Neognathae, and 3 clades that may still be undergoing recombination (or have only recently ceased recombination). Analyses of ATP5F1A protein sequences revealed an increased amino acid substitution rate for W chromosome gametologs, suggesting relaxed purifying selection on the W chromosome. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that the increased substitution rate was particularly pronounced for buried residues, which are expected to be more strongly constrained by purifying selection. This highlights the dynamic nature of avian sex chromosomes, and that this level of variation among clades means they should be a good system to understand sex chromosome evolution.
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34
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Ramos L, Antunes A. Decoding sex: Elucidating sex determination and how high-quality genome assemblies are untangling the evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes. Genomics 2022; 114:110277. [PMID: 35104609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a diverse and widespread process. In gonochoristic species, the differentiation of sexes occurs through diverse mechanisms, influenced by environmental and genetic factors. In most vertebrates, a master-switch gene is responsible for triggering a sex determination network. However, only a few genes have acquired master-switch functions, and this process is associated with the evolution of sex-chromosomes, which have a significant influence in evolution. Additionally, their highly repetitive regions impose challenges for high-quality sequencing, even using high-throughput, state-of-the-art techniques. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in sex determination and their role in the evolution of species, particularly vertebrates, focusing on sex chromosomes and the challenges involved in sequencing these genomic elements. We also address the improvements provided by the growth of sequencing projects, by generating a massive number of near-gapless, telomere-to-telomere, chromosome-level, phased assemblies, increasing the number and quality of sex-chromosome sequences available for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Ramos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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35
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Fan B, Xie D, Li Y, Wang X, Qi X, Li S, Meng Z, Chen X, Peng J, Yang Y, Li Y, Wang L. A single intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in splicing site of steroidogenic enzyme hsd17b1 is associated with phenotypic sex in oyster pompano, Trachinotus anak. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212245. [PMID: 34784765 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleosts show varied master sex determining (MSD) genes and sex determination (SD) mechanisms, with frequent turnovers of sex chromosomes. Tracing the origins of MSD genes and turnovers of sex chromosomes in a taxonomic group is of particular interest in evolutionary biology. Oyster pompano (Trachinotus anak), a marine fish, belongs to the family Carangidae, in which 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (hsd17b1) has repeatedly evolved to an MSD gene. Whole-genome resequencing identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at chromosome 24 to be strictly associated with phenotypic sex, with females being the heterozygous sex. This SNP is located in a splicing site at the first exon/intron boundary of hsd17b1. The Z-linked SNP results in malfunction of all spliced isoforms, whereas the W-linked isoforms were predicted to have open reading frames that are conserved among vertebrates, suggesting that hsd17b1 is a female-determining gene. The differential alternative splicing patterns of ZZ and ZW genotypes were consistently observed both in undifferentiated stages and differentiated gonads. We observed elevated recombination around the SD locus and no differentiation between Z and W chromosomes. The extreme diversity of mutational mechanisms that hsd17b1 evolves to an MSD gene highlights frequent in situ turnovers between sex chromosomes in the Carangidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,Yangjiang Haina Fisheries Co., Ltd., Yangjiang 529500, People's Republic of China.,Yangjiang Polytechnic, Yangjiang 529500, People's Republic of China
| | - Dizhi Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xulei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zining Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghan Chen
- Yangjiang Polytechnic, Yangjiang 529500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyao Peng
- Yangjiang Hongyun Marine Fish Seed Breeding Co., Ltd., Yangjiang 529500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Yangjiang Haina Fisheries Co., Ltd., Yangjiang 529500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyou Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Wang
- Molecular Population Genetics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
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36
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Yano CF, Sember A, Kretschmer R, Bertollo LAC, Ezaz T, Hatanaka T, Liehr T, Ráb P, Al-Rikabi A, Viana PF, Feldberg E, de Oliveira EA, Toma GA, de Bello Cioffi M. Against the mainstream: exceptional evolutionary stability of ZW sex chromosomes across the fish families Triportheidae and Gasteropelecidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Chromosome Res 2021; 29:391-416. [PMID: 34694531 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-021-09674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fishes exhibit a breath-taking diversity of sex determination and differentiation mechanisms. They encompass at least nine sex chromosome systems with often low degree of differentiation, high rate of inter- and intra-specific variability, and frequent turnovers. Nevertheless, several mainly female heterogametic systems at an advanced stage of genetic differentiation and high evolutionary stability have been also found across teleosts, especially among Neotropical characiforms. In this study, we aim to characterize the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in representatives of the Triportheidae family (Triportheus auritus, Agoniates halecinus, and the basal-most species Lignobrycon myersi) and its sister clade Gasteropelecidae (Carnegiella strigata, Gasteropelecus levis, and Thoracocharax stellatus). We applied both conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches including chromosomal mapping of 5S and 18S ribosomal DNA clusters, cross-species chromosome painting (Zoo-FISH) with sex chromosome-derived probes and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). We identified the ZW sex chromosome system for the first time in A. halecinus and G. levis and also in C. strigata formerly reported to lack sex chromosomes. We also brought evidence for possible mechanisms underlying the sex chromosome differentiation, including inversions, repetitive DNA accumulation, and exchange of genetic material. Our Zoo-FISH experiments further strongly indicated that the ZW sex chromosomes of Triportheidae and Gasteropelecidae are homeologous, suggesting their origin before the split of these lineages (approx. 40-70 million years ago). Such extent of sex chromosome stability is almost exceptional in teleosts, and hence, these lineages afford a special opportunity to scrutinize unique evolutionary forces and pressures shaping sex chromosome evolution in fishes and vertebrates in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Fernanda Yano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Libechov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Carlos Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Libechov, 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrik Ferreira Viana
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel Aguiar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Akira Toma
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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Kratochvíl L, Stöck M, Rovatsos M, Bullejos M, Herpin A, Jeffries DL, Peichel CL, Perrin N, Valenzuela N, Pokorná MJ. Expanding the classical paradigm: what we have learnt from vertebrates about sex chromosome evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200097. [PMID: 34304593 PMCID: PMC8310716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the field of sex chromosome evolution has been dominated by the canonical unidirectional scenario, first developed by Muller in 1918. This model postulates that sex chromosomes emerge from autosomes by acquiring a sex-determining locus. Recombination reduction then expands outwards from this locus, to maintain its linkage with sexually antagonistic/advantageous alleles, resulting in Y or W degeneration and potentially culminating in their disappearance. Based mostly on empirical vertebrate research, we challenge and expand each conceptual step of this canonical model and present observations by numerous experts in two parts of a theme issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. We suggest that greater theoretical and empirical insights into the events at the origins of sex-determining genes (rewiring of the gonadal differentiation networks), and a better understanding of the evolutionary forces responsible for recombination suppression are required. Among others, crucial questions are: Why do sex chromosome differentiation rates and the evolution of gene dose regulatory mechanisms between male versus female heterogametic systems not follow earlier theory? Why do several lineages not have sex chromosomes? And: What are the consequences of the presence of (differentiated) sex chromosomes for individual fitness, evolvability, hybridization and diversification? We conclude that the classical scenario appears too reductionistic. Instead of being unidirectional, we show that sex chromosome evolution is more complex than previously anticipated and principally forms networks, interconnected to potentially endless outcomes with restarts, deletions and additions of new genomic material. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mónica Bullejos
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Las Lagunillas Campus S/N, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Amaury Herpin
- INRAE, LPGP, 35000 Rennes, France
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel L. Jeffries
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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Sember A, Nguyen P, Perez MF, Altmanová M, Ráb P, Cioffi MDB. Multiple sex chromosomes in teleost fishes from a cytogenetic perspective: state of the art and future challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200098. [PMID: 34304595 PMCID: PMC8310710 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of cytogenetic and genomic research of dynamic sex chromosome evolution in teleost fishes, multiple sex chromosomes have been largely neglected. In this review, we compiled available data on teleost multiple sex chromosomes, identified major trends in their evolution and suggest further trajectories in their investigation. In a compiled dataset of 440 verified records of fish sex chromosomes, we counted 75 multiple sex chromosome systems with 60 estimated independent origins. We showed that male-heterogametic systems created by Y-autosome fusion predominate and that multiple sex chromosomes are over-represented in the order Perciformes. We documented a striking difference in patterns of differentiation of sex chromosomes between male and female heterogamety and hypothesize that faster W sex chromosome differentiation may constrain sex chromosome turnover in female-heterogametic systems. We also found no significant association between the mechanism of multiple sex chromosome formation and percentage of uni-armed chromosomes in teleost karyotypes. Last but not least, we hypothesized that interaction between fish populations, which differ in their sex chromosomes, can drive the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes in fishes. This underlines the importance of broader inter-population sampling in studies of fish sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Manolo F. Perez
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235 cep, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235 cep, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
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Abstract
This preface introduces the two parts of a theme issue on vertebrate sex chromosome evolution (title below). We invited and edited 22 articles concerning the following main topics (Part 1): sex determination without sex chromosomes and/or governed by epigenetics; origin of sex-determining genes; reasons for differentiation of sex chromosomes and differences in their rates of differentiation as well as (Part 2): co-option of the same linkage groups into sex chromosomes; is differentiation of sex chromosomes a unidirectional pathway?; consequences of differentiated sex chromosomes; differences in differentiation of sex chromosomes under male versus female heterogamety; evolution of sex chromosomes under hybridization and polyploidy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries—IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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