1
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Pinto BJ, Nielsen SV, Sullivan KA, Behere A, Keating SE, van Schingen-Khan M, Nguyen TQ, Ziegler T, Pramuk J, Wilson MA, Gamble T. It's a trap?! Escape from an ancient, ancestral sex chromosome system and implication of Foxl2 as the putative primary sex-determining gene in a lizard (Anguimorpha; Shinisauridae). Evolution 2024; 78:355-363. [PMID: 37952174 PMCID: PMC10834058 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Although sex determination is ubiquitous in vertebrates, mechanisms of sex determination vary from environmentally to genetically influenced. In vertebrates, genetic sex determination is typically accomplished with sex chromosomes. Groups like mammals maintain conserved sex chromosome systems, while sex chromosomes in most vertebrate clades are not conserved across similar evolutionary timescales. One group inferred to have an evolutionarily stable mode of sex determination is Anguimorpha, a clade of charismatic taxa including monitor lizards, Gila monsters, and crocodile lizards. The common ancestor of extant anguimorphs possessed a ZW system that has been retained across the clade. However, the sex chromosome system in the endangered, monotypic family of crocodile lizards (Shinisauridae) has remained elusive. Here, we analyze genomic data to demonstrate that Shinisaurus has replaced the ancestral anguimorph ZW system on LG7 with a novel ZW system on LG3. The linkage group, LG3, corresponds to chromosome 9 in chicken, and this is the first documented use of this syntenic block as a sex chromosome in amniotes. Additionally, this ~1 Mb region harbors approximately 10 genes, including a duplication of the sex-determining transcription factor, Foxl2, critical for the determination and maintenance of sexual differentiation in vertebrates, and thus a putative primary sex-determining gene for Shinisaurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Stuart V Nielsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Museum of Life Sciences, Louisiana State University-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kathryn A Sullivan
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ashmika Behere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Shannon E Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Truong Q Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Cologne Zoo, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jennifer Pramuk
- Former affiliation: Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Melissa A Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
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2
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Pinto BJ, Nielsen SV, Sullivan KA, Behere A, Keating SE, van Schingen-Khan M, Nguyen TQ, Ziegler T, Pramuk J, Wilson MA, Gamble T. It's a Trap?! Escape from an ancient, ancestral sex chromosome system and implication of Foxl2 as the putative primary sex determining gene in a lizard (Anguimorpha; Shinisauridae). bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.05.547803. [PMID: 37461522 PMCID: PMC10349997 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Although sex determination is ubiquitous in vertebrates, mechanisms of sex determination vary from environmentally- to genetically-influenced. In vertebrates, genetic sex determination is typically accomplished with sex chromosomes. Groups like mammals maintain conserved sex chromosome systems, while sex chromosomes in most vertebrate clades aren't conserved across similar evolutionary timescales. One group inferred to have an evolutionarily stable mode of sex determination is Anguimorpha, a clade of charismatic taxa including: monitor lizards, Gila monsters, and crocodile lizards. The common ancestor of extant anguimorphs possessed a ZW system that has been retained across the clade. However, the sex chromosome system in the endangered, monotypic family of crocodile lizards (Shinisauridae) has remained elusive. Here, we analyze genomic data to demonstrate that Shinisaurus has replaced the ancestral anguimorph ZW system on LG7 chromosome with a novel ZW system on LG3. The linkage group LG3 corresponds to chromosome 9 in chicken, and this is the first documented use of this syntenic block as a sex chromosome in amniotes. Additionally, this ~1Mb region harbors approximately 10 genes, including a duplication of the sex-determining transcription factor, Foxl2-critical for the determination and maintenance of sexual differentiation in vertebrates, and thus a putative primary sex determining gene for Shinisaurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Stuart V. Nielsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Museum of Life Sciences, Louisiana State University-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Kathryn A. Sullivan
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Ashmika Behere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Shannon E. Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Mona van Schingen-Khan
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, CITES Scientific Authority, Konstantinstraße 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | - Truong Quang Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Cologne Zoo, Riehler Straße 173, 50735 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Melissa A. Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI USA
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN USA
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3
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Griffing AH, Keating SE, Pinto BJ, Nielsen SV, Gamble T. Clarifying a male color morph of Sphaerodactylus macrolepis Gnther, 1859 and resolving the taxonomic confusion on Saint Croix. Zootaxa 2023; 5343:273-280. [PMID: 38221376 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5343.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Many species of sphaerodactyl gecko exhibit sexual dichromatism. In particular, dichromatism plays an important role in intersexual signaling for Sphaerodactylus. Furthermore, some species exhibit polymorphism in male color and pattern. Here, we describe a regional male color morph of Sphaerodactylus macrolepis from St. Croix. After generating both mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies, we found that individuals with the St. Croix-specific yellow/orange head morph are part of the S. macrolepis clade. This distinct color morph likely contributed to the turbulent taxonomic history of the S. macrolepis species group. Given the documented diversity of the color patterns in this group and that sexual signals evolve rapidly, we suggest S. macrolepis is an excellent group to study the ecological and evolutionary consequences of dichromatism and polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Griffing
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Princeton University; William Street; Princeton; New Jersey 08544; USA; Department of Molecular Biology; Princeton University; Washington Road; Princeton; New Jersey 08544; USA; Milwaukee Public Museum; 800 W. Wells Street; Milwaukee; Wisconsin 53233; USA.
| | - Shannon E Keating
- Molecular and Genomic Pathology Lab; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; 200 Lothrop Street; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; USA.
| | - Brendan J Pinto
- Milwaukee Public Museum; 800 W. Wells Street; Milwaukee; Wisconsin 53233; USA; School of Life Sciences; Arizona State University; 427 E. Tyler Mall; Tempe; Arizona 85281; USA; Center for Evolution and Medicine; Arizona State University; 401 E. Tyler Mall; Tempe; Arizona 85287; USA.
| | - Stuart V Nielsen
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University Shreveport; 1 University Place; Shreveport; Louisiana 71115; USA; Department of Biological Sciences; Marquette University; P.O. Box 1881; Milwaukee; Wisconsin 53233; USA.
| | - Tony Gamble
- Milwaukee Public Museum; 800 W. Wells Street; Milwaukee; Wisconsin 53233; USA.
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4
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Pinto BJ, Gamble T, Smith CH, Keating SE, Havird JC, Chiari Y. The revised reference genome of the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) provides insight into the considerations of genome phasing and assembly. J Hered 2023; 114:513-520. [PMID: 36869788 PMCID: PMC10445513 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic resources across squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) have lagged behind other vertebrate systems and high-quality reference genomes remain scarce. Of the 23 chromosome-scale reference genomes across the order, only 12 of the ~60 squamate families are represented. Within geckos (infraorder Gekkota), a species-rich clade of lizards, chromosome-level genomes are exceptionally sparse representing only two of the seven extant families. Using the latest advances in genome sequencing and assembly methods, we generated one of the highest-quality squamate genomes to date for the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius (Eublepharidae). We compared this assembly to the previous, short-read only, E. macularius reference genome published in 2016 and examined potential factors within the assembly influencing contiguity of genome assemblies using PacBio HiFi data. Briefly, the read N50 of the PacBio HiFi reads generated for this study was equal to the contig N50 of the previous E. macularius reference genome at 20.4 kilobases. The HiFi reads were assembled into a total of 132 contigs, which was further scaffolded using HiC data into 75 total sequences representing all 19 chromosomes. We identified 9 of the 19 chromosomal scaffolds were assembled as a near-single contig, whereas the other 10 chromosomes were each scaffolded together from multiple contigs. We qualitatively identified that the percent repeat content within a chromosome broadly affects its assembly contiguity prior to scaffolding. This genome assembly signifies a new age for squamate genomics where high-quality reference genomes rivaling some of the best vertebrate genome assemblies can be generated for a fraction of previous cost estimates. This new E. macularius reference assembly is available on NCBI at JAOPLA010000000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI, USA
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chase H Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shannon E Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI, USA
| | - Justin C Havird
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ylenia Chiari
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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5
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Heinicke MP, Nielsen SV, Bauer AM, Kelly R, Geneva AJ, Daza JD, Keating SE, Gamble T. Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko, the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti, via high-throughput sequencing of archival DNA. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9141. [PMID: 37336900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hoplodactylus delcourti is a presumably extinct species of diplodactylid gecko known only from a single specimen of unknown provenance. It is by far the largest known gekkotan, approximately 50% longer than the next largest-known species. It has been considered a member of the New Zealand endemic genus Hoplodactylus based on external morphological features including shared toe pad structure. We obtained DNA from a bone sample of the only known specimen to generate high-throughput sequence data suitable for phylogenetic analysis of its evolutionary history. Complementary sequence data were obtained from a broad sample of diplodactylid geckos. Our results indicate that the species is not most closely related to extant Hoplodactylus or any other New Zealand gecko. Instead, it is a member of a clade whose living species are endemic to New Caledonia. Phylogenetic comparative analyses indicate that the New Caledonian diplodactylid clade has evolved significantly more disparate body sizes than either the Australian or New Zealand clades. Toe pad structure has changed repeatedly across diplodactylids, including multiple times in the New Caledonia clade, partially explaining the convergence in form between H. delcourti and New Zealand Hoplodactylus. Based on the phylogenetic results, we place H. delcourti in a new genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart V Nielsen
- Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Ryan Kelly
- University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
| | | | - Juan D Daza
- Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | | | - Tony Gamble
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- The Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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6
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Pinto BJ, Gamble T, Smith CH, Keating SE, Havird JC, Chiari Y. The revised reference genome of the leopard gecko ( Eublepharis macularius ) provides insight into the considerations of genome phasing and assembly. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.20.523807. [PMID: 36712019 PMCID: PMC9882329 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.523807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genomic resources across squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) have lagged behind other vertebrate systems and high-quality reference genomes remain scarce. Of the 23 chromosome-scale reference genomes across the order, only 12 of the ~60 squamate families are represented. Within geckos (infraorder Gekkota), a species-rich clade of lizards, chromosome-level genomes are exceptionally sparse representing only two of the seven extant families. Using the latest advances in genome sequencing and assembly methods, we generated one of the highest quality squamate genomes to date for the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius (Eublepharidae). We compared this assembly to the previous, short-read only, E. macularius reference genome published in 2016 and examined potential factors within the assembly influencing contiguity of genome assemblies using PacBio HiFi data. Briefly, the read N50 of the PacBio HiFi reads generated for this study was equal to the contig N50 of the previous E. macularius reference genome at 20.4 kilobases. The HiFi reads were assembled into a total of 132 contigs, which was further scaffolded using HiC data into 75 total sequences representing all 19 chromosomes. We identified that 9 of the 19 chromosomes were assembled as single contigs, while the other 10 chromosomes were each scaffolded together from two or more contigs. We qualitatively identified that percent repeat content within a chromosome broadly affects its assembly contiguity prior to scaffolding. This genome assembly signifies a new age for squamate genomics where high-quality reference genomes rivaling some of the best vertebrate genome assemblies can be generated for a fraction previous cost estimates. This new E. macularius reference assembly is available on NCBI at JAOPLA010000000. The genome version and its associated annotations are also available via this Figshare repository https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20069273 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI USA
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN USA
| | - Chase H. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shannon E. Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Justin C. Havird
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ylenia Chiari
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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7
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Keating SE, Greenbaum E, Johnson JD, Gamble T. Identification of a cis-sex chromosome transition in banded geckos (Coleonyx, Eublepharidae, Gekkota). J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1675-1682. [PMID: 35665979 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sex-determination systems are highly variable amongst vertebrate groups, and the prevalence of genomic data has greatly expanded our knowledge of how diverse some groups truly are. Gecko lizards are known to possess a variety of sex-determination systems, and each new study increases our knowledge of this diversity. Here, we used RADseq to identify male-specific markers in the banded gecko Coleonyx brevis, indicating this species has a XX/XY sex-determination system. Furthermore, we show that these sex-linked regions are not homologous to the XX/XY sex chromosomes of two related Coleonyx species, C. elegans and C. mitratus, suggesting that a cis-sex chromosome turnover-a change in sex chromosomes without a concomitant change in heterogamety-has occurred within the genus. These findings demonstrate the utility of genome-scale data to uncover novel sex chromosomes and further highlight the diversity of gecko sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eli Greenbaum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jerry D Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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8
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Keating SE, Fenelon JC, Pyne M, Pinto BJ, Guzmán-Méndez IA, Johnston SD, Renfree MB, Gamble T. Correction to: Genetic sex test for the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-022-01277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Keating SE, Fenelon JC, Pyne M, Pinto BJ, Guzmán-Méndez IA, Johnston SD, Renfree MB, Gamble T. Research Article Genetic sex test for the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-022-01258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Pinto BJ, Keating SE, Nielsen SV, Scantlebury DP, Daza JD, Gamble T. Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly Reveals Dynamic Sex Chromosomes in Neotropical Leaf-Litter Geckos (Sphaerodactylidae: Sphaerodactylus). J Hered 2022; 113:272-287. [PMID: 35363859 PMCID: PMC9270867 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is a critical element of successful vertebrate development, suggesting that sex chromosome systems might be evolutionarily stable across lineages. For example, mammals and birds have maintained conserved sex chromosome systems over long evolutionary time periods. Other vertebrates, in contrast, have undergone frequent sex chromosome transitions, which is even more amazing considering we still know comparatively little across large swaths of their respective phylogenies. One reptile group in particular, the gecko lizards (infraorder Gekkota), shows an exceptional lability with regard to sex chromosome transitions and may possess the majority of transitions within squamates (lizards and snakes). However, detailed genomic and cytogenetic information about sex chromosomes is lacking for most gecko species, leaving large gaps in our understanding of the evolutionary processes at play. To address this, we assembled a chromosome-level genome for a gecko (Sphaerodactylidae: Sphaerodactylus) and used this assembly to search for sex chromosomes among six closely related species using a variety of genomic data, including whole-genome re-sequencing, RADseq, and RNAseq. Previous work has identified XY systems in two species of Sphaerodactylus geckos. We expand upon that work to identify between two and four sex chromosome cis-transitions (XY to a new XY) within the genus. Interestingly, we confirmed two different linkage groups as XY sex chromosome systems that were previously unknown to act as sex chromosomes in tetrapods (syntenic with Gallus chromosome 3 and Gallus chromosomes 18/30/33), further highlighting a unique and fascinating trend that most linkage groups have the potential to act as sex chromosomes in squamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Pinto
- Address correspondence to B. J. Pinto at the address above, or e-mail:
| | - Shannon E Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Stuart V Nielsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA,Division of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Juan D Daza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA,Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55455, USA
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11
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Torquati L, Gajanand T, Cox ER, Willis C, Zaugg J, Keating SE, Coombes JS. Effects of exercise intensity on gut microbiome composition and function in people with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:530-541. [PMID: 35107058 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2035436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is positively associated with higher microbial diversity, but there is limited information on exercise intensity's effect on gut microbiome composition and function in clinical populations. This study examines whether different intensities of exercise exert differential effects on gut microbiome composition and function in low active people with type 2 diabetes.This is a sub-study of the Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Study, a single centre, prospective, randomised controlled trial. Participants (n=12) completed 8-weeks of combined aerobic and resistance moderate intensity continuous training (C-MICT) or combined aerobic and resistance high-intensity interval training (C-HIIT). Faecal samples were collected before and after intervention to measure gut microbiome composition and metabolic pathways (metagenome shotgun sequencing) and short-chain fatty acids.Post-exercise α-diversity was different between groups as was the relative abundance of specific taxa was (p<0.05). Post-exercise relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, A. municiphila, and butyrate-producers Lachnospira eligens, Enterococcus spp., and Clostridium Cluster IV were higher at lower exercise intensity. Other butyrate-producers (from Eryspelothrichales and Oscillospirales), and methane producer Methanobrevibacter smithii were higher at higher exercise intensity. Pyruvate metabolism (ko00620),COG 'Cell wall membrane envelope biogenesis' and 'Unknown function' pathways were significantly different between groups and higher in C-MICT post-exercise. Differential abundance analysis on KO showed higher expression of Two-component system in C-HIIT. Transcription factors and 'unknown metabolism' related pathways decreased in both groups. There were no significant between group changes in faecal short chain fatty acids.Exercise intensity had a distinct effect on gut microbiome abundance and metabolic function, without impacting short-chain fatty acid outputTrial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry identifier: ACTRN12615000475549..
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Affiliation(s)
- L Torquati
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | - T Gajanand
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia campus 4072, Australia
| | - E R Cox
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia campus 4072, Australia
| | - Crg Willis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | - J Zaugg
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia campus 4072, Australia
| | - S E Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia campus 4072, Australia
| | - J S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia campus 4072, Australia
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12
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Keating SE, Blumer M, Grismer LL, Lin A, Nielsen SV, Thura MK, Wood PL, Quah ESH, Gamble T. Sex Chromosome Turnover in Bent-Toed Geckos ( Cyrtodactylus). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010116. [PMID: 33477871 PMCID: PMC7832896 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lizards and snakes (squamates) are known for their varied sex determining systems, and gecko lizards are especially diverse, having evolved sex chromosomes independently multiple times. While sex chromosomes frequently turnover among gecko genera, intrageneric turnovers are known only from Gekko and Hemidactylus. Here, we used RADseq to identify sex-specific markers in two species of Burmese bent-toed geckos. We uncovered XX/XY sex chromosomes in Cyrtodactylus chaunghanakwaensis and ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in Cyrtodactylus pharbaungensis. This is the third instance of intrageneric turnover of sex chromosomes in geckos. Additionally, Cyrtodactylus are closely related to another genus with intrageneric turnover, Hemidactylus. Together, these data suggest that sex chromosome turnover may be common in this clade, setting them apart as exceptionally diverse in a group already known for diverse sex determination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; (S.V.N.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-414-288-6551
| | - Madison Blumer
- Keck Science Department, Scripps College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA;
| | - L. Lee Grismer
- Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92515, USA;
| | - Aung Lin
- Fauna and Flora International, No (35), 3rd Floor, Shan Gone Condo, Myay Ni Gone Market Street, Sanchaung Township, Yangon 11111, Myanmar;
| | - Stuart V. Nielsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; (S.V.N.); (T.G.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
- Department of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL 31611, USA
| | - Myint Kyaw Thura
- Myanmar Environment Sustainable Conservation, Yangon 11181, Myanmar;
| | - Perry L. Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Evan S. H. Quah
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia;
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; (S.V.N.); (T.G.)
- Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 W. Wells St., Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 2088 Larpenteur Ave. W., St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
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13
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Keating SE, Griffing AH, Nielsen SV, Scantlebury DP, Gamble T. Conserved ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in Caribbean croaking geckos (
Aristelliger
: Sphaerodactylidae). J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1316-1326. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron H. Griffing
- Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Stuart V. Nielsen
- Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee WI USA
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | | | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee WI USA
- Milwaukee Public Museum Milwaukee WI USA
- Bell Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
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14
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Wallen MP, Hall A, Dias KA, Ramos JS, Keating SE, Woodward AJ, Skinner TL, Macdonald GA, Arena R, Coombes JS. Impact of beta-blockers on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with advanced liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:741-747. [PMID: 28805258 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced liver disease may develop portal hypertension that can result in variceal haemorrhage. Beta-blockers reduce portal pressure and minimise haemorrhage risk. These medications may attenuate measures of cardiopulmonary performance, such as the ventilatory threshold and peak oxygen uptake measured via cardiopulmonary exercise testing. AIM To determine the effect of beta-blockers on cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables in patients with advanced liver disease. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of 72 participants who completed a cardiopulmonary exercise test before liver transplantation. All participants remained on their usual beta-blocker dose and timing prior to the test. Variables measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing included the ventilatory threshold, peak oxygen uptake, heart rate, oxygen pulse, the oxygen uptake efficiency slope and the ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide slope. RESULTS Participants taking beta-blockers (n = 28) had a lower ventilatory threshold (P <.01) and peak oxygen uptake (P = .02), compared to participants not taking beta-blockers. After adjusting for age, the model of end-stage liver-disease score, liver-disease aetiology, presence of refractory ascites and ventilatory threshold remained significantly lower in the beta-blocker group (P = .04). The oxygen uptake efficiency slope was not impacted by beta-blocker use. CONCLUSIONS Ventilatory threshold is reduced in patients with advanced liver disease taking beta-blockers compared to those not taking the medication. This may incorrectly risk stratify patients on beta-blockers and has implications for patient management before and after liver transplantation. The oxygen uptake efficiency slope was not influenced by beta-blockers and may therefore be a better measure of cardiopulmonary performance in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wallen
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health(CRExPAH), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - A Hall
- Department of Anaesthesia, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - K A Dias
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health(CRExPAH), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - J S Ramos
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health(CRExPAH), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - S E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health(CRExPAH), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - A J Woodward
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - T L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health(CRExPAH), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - G A Macdonald
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Arena
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - J S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health(CRExPAH), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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15
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Keating SE, Johnson NA, Mielke GI, Coombes JS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on body adiposity. Obes Rev 2017; 18:943-964. [PMID: 28513103 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interval training (including high-intensity interval training [HIIT] and sprint interval training [SIT]) is promoted in both scientific and lay media as being a superior and time-efficient method for fat loss compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). We evaluated the efficacy of HIIT/SIT when directly compared with MICT for the modulation of body adiposity. Databases were searched to 31 August 2016 for studies with exercise training interventions with minimum 4-week duration. Meta-analyses were conducted for within-group and between-group comparisons for total body fat percentage (%) and fat mass (kg). To investigate heterogeneity, we conducted sensitivity and meta-regression analyses. Of the 6,074 studies netted, 31 were included. Within-group analyses demonstrated reductions in total body fat (%) (HIIT/SIT: -1.26 [95% CI: -1.80; -0.72] and MICT: -1.48 [95% CI: -1.89; -1.06]) and fat mass (kg) (HIIT/SIT: -1.38 [95% CI: -1.99; -0.77] and MICT: -0.91 [95% CI: -1.45; -0.37]). There were no differences between HIIT/SIT and MICT for any body fat outcome. Analyses comparing MICT with HIIT/SIT protocols of lower time commitment and/or energy expenditure tended to favour MICT for total body fat reduction (p = 0.09). HIIT/SIT appears to provide similar benefits to MICT for body fat reduction, although not necessarily in a more time-efficient manner. However, neither short-term HIIT/SIT nor MICT produced clinically meaningful reductions in body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Keating
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - N A Johnson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G I Mielke
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - J S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Sabag A, Way KL, Keating SE, Sultana RN, O'Connor HT, Baker MK, Chuter VH, George J, Johnson NA. Exercise and ectopic fat in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab 2017; 43:195-210. [PMID: 28162956 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic adipose tissue surrounding the intra-abdominal organs (visceral fat) and located in the liver, heart, pancreas and muscle, is linked to cardio-metabolic complications commonly experienced in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the effect of exercise on ectopic fat in adults with type 2 diabetes. Relevant databases were searched to February 2016. Included were randomised controlled studies, which implemented≥4 weeks of aerobic and/or resistance exercise and quantified ectopic fat via magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy or muscle biopsy before and after intervention. Risk of bias and study quality was assessed using Egger's funnel plot test and modified Downs and Black checklist, respectively. Of the 10,750 studies retrieved, 24 were included involving 1383 participants. No studies were found assessing the interaction between exercise and cardiac or pancreas fat. One study assessed the effect of exercise on intramyocellular triglyceride concentration. There was a significant pooled effect size for the meta-analysis comparing exercise vs. control on visceral adiposity (ES=-0.21, 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.05; P=0.010) and a near-significant pooled effect size for liver steatosis reduction with exercise (ES=-0.28, 95% CI: -0.57 to 0.01; P=0.054). Aerobic exercise (ES=-0.23, 95% CI: -0.44 to -0.03; P=0.025) but not resistance training exercise (ES=-0.13, 95% CI: -0.37 to 0.12; P=0.307) was effective for reducing visceral fat in overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes. These data suggest that exercise effectively reduces visceral and perhaps liver adipose tissue and that aerobic exercise should be a key feature of exercise programs aimed at reducing visceral fat in obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Further studies are required to assess the relative efficacy of exercise modality on liver fat reduction and the effect of exercise on pancreas, heart, and intramyocellular fat in type 2 diabetes and to clarify the effect of exercise on ectopic fat independent of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sabag
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K L Way
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S E Keating
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - R N Sultana
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, NSW, Australia
| | - H T O'Connor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M K Baker
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, NSW, Australia
| | - V H Chuter
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - J George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N A Johnson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Keating SE, Ní Chorcora C, Dring MM, Stallings RL, O'Meara A, Gardiner CM. Increased frequencies of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor genes KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 are associated with neuroblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26202659 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumour in children. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are known to mediate the direct cytotoxicity of neuroblastoma tumour cells. Natural variation in the highly polymorphic killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their cognate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands results in considerable diversity in NK cell function. As the early onset of neuroblastoma suggests the contribution of genetic factors, we investigated if individual KIR genes, combined KIR gene haplotypes or compound KIR-HLA ligand genotypes could influence susceptibility to neuroblastoma. Genotype analysis of the KIR genes as well as their three major HLA class I ligand groups, HLA-C1, HLA-C2 and HLA-Bw4, was carried out in a cohort of 201 neuroblastoma patients compared with 240 healthy control subjects using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. We found a significant increase in the frequency of KIR2DL2 (P = 0.019) as well as KIR2DS2 (P = 0.008) in patients with neuroblastoma compared with the healthy control group. While the incidence of the least inhibitory compound KIR-HLA-C genotype, KIR2DL3 in the presence of HLA-C1 was slightly reduced in neuroblastoma patients, this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.069). In summary, while KIR-HLA compound genotypes have previously been implicated in predicting treatment outcomes in neuroblastoma, here we show that the presence of the individual KIR genes, KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2, irrespective of HLA-C genotype is associated with the onset of this embryonal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Keating
- Natural Killer Cell Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Ní Chorcora
- Natural Killer Cell Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M M Dring
- Natural Killer Cell Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R L Stallings
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A O'Meara
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C M Gardiner
- Natural Killer Cell Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that the location of excess adiposity, particularly increased deposition of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), is important when determining the adverse health effects of overweight and obesity. Exercise therapy is an integral component of obesity management, but the most potent exercise prescription for VAT benefit is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the independent and synergistic effects of aerobic exercise (AEx) and progressive resistance training (PRT) and to directly compare the efficacy of AEx and PRT for beneficial VAT modulation. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of exercise interventions on VAT content/volume in overweight and obese adults. Relevant databases were searched to November 2010. Included studies were randomized controlled designs in which AEx or PRT in isolation or combination were employed for 4 weeks or more in adult humans, where computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for quantification of VAT pre- and post-intervention. Of the 12196 studies from the initial search, 35 were included. After removal of outliers, there was a significant pooled effect size (ES) for the comparison between AEx therapy and control (-0.33, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.14; P < 0.01) but not for the comparison between PRT therapy and control (0.09, 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.36; P = 0.49). Of the available nine studies which directly compared AEx with PRT, the pooled ES did not reach statistical significance (ES = 0.23, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.50; P = 0.07 favouring AEx). The pooled ES did not reach statistical significance for interventions that combined AEx and PRT therapy vs. control (-0.28, 95% CI: -0.69 to 0.14; P = 0.19), for which only seven studies were available. These data suggest that aerobic exercise is central for exercise programmes aimed at reducing VAT, and that aerobic exercise below current recommendations for overweight/obesity management may be sufficient for beneficial VAT modification. Further investigation is needed regarding the efficacy and feasibility of multi-modal training as a means of reducing VAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ismail
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Abstract
First metatarsophalangeal joint implants are used to correct deformity, to restore or improve motion, and to relieve pain. The authors report on a patient with pain in the first metatarsophalangeal joint that was not relieved by multiple first metatarsophalangeal joint surgical procedures. A two-component first metatarsophalangeal joint titanium implant was successfully used as a salvage procedure to relieve pain and restore foot function following a failed first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Allman
- Sheehan Memorial Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA
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20
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Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the relationship between step time and step length in a healthy population of young adults. The sample was composed of 10 females and 10 males with ages ranging from 19 to 25 years. The subjects walked along a resistive grid walkway at an audio-controlled cadence of 80 steps per minute. These trials consisted of two walks with asymmetrical step lengths (2/4 time), two walks with asymmetrical step times (3/4 time) and two in which the only constraint was the cadence. The results indicate that the values of average velocity and average step length can be used to calculate step time with reasonable accuracy in a symmetrical walking pattern, but not under conditions of induced step length or step time asymmetries. It is suggested that stride frequency rather than cadence be used, particularly when measurements are made from patients with asymmetrical walking patterns.
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21
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O'Hanlon JM, Keating SE. Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging. J Foot Surg 1991; 30:137-42. [PMID: 1865064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examination was performed with a 1.5-Tesla superconducting magnet on a diabetic patient's right foot that had extensive deformities due to previous surgery, infection, and neuropathy. The purpose of the examination was to help identify areas of active infection in preparation for surgical debridement. This manuscript reviews current concepts on the use of radionucleotide scanning and computed tomography (CT) as compared to MR imaging when used to assist in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot. MR imaging was found to be useful in identifying areas of active bone infection in the presence of underlying osseous pathology when radiographic images and radionucleotide scans were unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M O'Hanlon
- Department of Podiatric Surgery, Sheehan Memorial Hospital Buffalo, New York
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22
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Zulys VJ, Teasdale SJ, Michel ER, Skala RA, Keating SE, Viger JR, Glynn MF. Ancrod (Arvin) as an alternative to heparin anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 1989; 71:870-7. [PMID: 2589675 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-198912000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is the anticoagulant used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Both the use of heparin and the reversal of its effect with protamine have well-documented complications. Ancrod is a defibrinogenating enzyme that has been used as an anticoagulant in humans, but its use as an anticoagulant for CPB has been limited to studies in animals. Twenty patients for elective aortocoronary bypass surgery were anticoagulated by means of an intravenous infusion of ancrod pre-operatively. Target plasma fibrinogen concentrations of 0.40-0.80 g/l were achieved within 13.3 +/- 2.5 h using an average dose of ancrod of 1.65 +/- 0.55 U/g. All perfusions were without incident. Postoperative blood loss (2286 +/- 1311 cc) was compared to that of 20 matched controls (1737 +/- 973 cc), as was blood product use; 4.1 +/- 2.1 U of packed cells versus 2.5 +/- 2.3 U (P less than 0.05) and 5.6 +/- 3.1 U of plasma versus 2.6 +/- 2.9 U (P less than 0.05) in the ancrod and heparin-treated groups, respectively. There were no differences in the postoperative courses or recovery periods of the ancrod-treated and control patients. This study confirms the efficacy and feasibility of ancrod as an alternative form of anticoagulation for CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Zulys
- Department of Anaesthesia, Toronto General Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Butler M, Keating SE, DeVincentis AF. Reverse Austin osteotomy for correction of acquired static hallux adductus. J Foot Surg 1988; 27:162-5. [PMID: 3372951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hallux adductus, a horizontal plane deformity, often has an iatrogenic etiology especially as a complication of hallux abducto valgus surgery. A case at Sheridan Park Hospital is described in which the patient developed a steadily worsening static hallux adductus following foot surgery. She underwent further corrective procedures for the hallux adductus 11/2 years later. The authors conclude that if a mild static hallux adductus is observed in conjunction with bunionectomy or other surgery, it should be corrected at that time rather than some years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Butler
- Department of Podiatric Surgery, Sheridan Park Hospital, Tonawanda, New York 14150
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24
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Fortman D, Keating SE, DeVincentis AF. Prophylactic antibiotic usage in podiatric implant surgery of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. J Foot Surg 1988; 27:66-70. [PMID: 3346513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
All first metatarsophalangeal joint implants used at Sheridan Park Hospital from 1979 through 1984 were evaluated for postoperative infection and subsequent implant removal. Thirteen (1.3%) of 929 implants used were removed due to infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis was not determined to be necessary to avoid this complication. However, in all cases in which prophylaxis was used, no infection occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fortman
- Department of Podiatric Surgery, Sheridan Park Hospital, Tonawanda, New York
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25
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Zirna H, Keating SE, DeVincentis AF. Topical hemostatic agents to reduce bleeding from cancellous bone surfaces: a comparison of Gelfoam paste and bone wax. J Foot Surg 1987; 26:496-500. [PMID: 3446704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the history of topical bone hemostatic agents, listing advantages and disadvantages of the more commonly used agents. Gelfoam paste and bone wax were chosen to study the effects that bone hemostatic agents have on the occurrence and severity of postoperative edema and pain. The authors discovered 80% of the patients utilizing bone wax, and 91% of the patients receiving Gelfoam paste, had markedly decreased amounts of immediate postoperative edema. Furthermore, 90% of the patients treated with bone wax, and 75% of the patients treated with Gelfoam paste, reported less postoperative pain than anticipated with the surgical procedure performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zirna
- Department of Podiatric Surgery, Sheridan Park Hospital, Tonawanda, New York
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26
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Tiberia N, Keating SE, DeVincentis AF. Control of postoperative pain in foot surgery using a combination of anesthetic and steroid for local infiltration. J Foot Surg 1987; 26:256-60. [PMID: 3611626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The authors examine a technique that is performed for control of postoperative pain. Sixty-eight patients were evaluated who had received a combination of Marcaine with no epinephrine, plus Hexadrol, at the surgical site immediately postoperatively. It was found that 65% did not require any form of analgesia within the first 4 hours postsurgically; 44% the first 8 hours, and 28% the first 12 hours. Sixteen percent of the patients required no form of analgesia during their entire hospital stay.
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27
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DiPrima JG, Keating SE, DeVincentis AF. The use of naproxen in controlling postoperative pain in podiatric surgery. J Foot Surg 1986; 25:273-7. [PMID: 3525655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted with 110 patients admitted to Sheridan Park Hospital to determine the efficacy of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, in relieving postoperative pain. Aspirin, as well as compounds classified as nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as naproxen, are known to inhibit synthesis of certain prostaglandins that are involved in the inflammation process. This is the cause of a significant percentage of postoperative pain.
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28
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Aquino MD, DeVincentis AF, Keating SE. Tibial sesamoid planing procedure: an appraisal of 26 feet. J Foot Surg 1984; 23:226-230. [PMID: 6736568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The authors present their findings upon evaluation of 26 feet that had undergone a tibial sesamoid planing procedure. A preoperative method of radiographic evaluation is also presented. The subjective success rate was determined to be 88.8%, whereas the objective success rate was 76.9%, and a successful procedure was performed on feet with a first metatarsal declination angle not exceeding 8 degrees. It was also determined that the apparent postoperative changes in the hallux abductus and intermetatarsal angles were 0.73 degrees and 0.6 degrees, respectively. The authors believe this procedure does not significantly alter the biomechanics of the first metatarsophalangeal joint postoperatively.
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29
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Sims D, Keating SE, DeVincentis AF. Bacteriology of diabetic foot ulcers. J Foot Surg 1984; 23:149-51. [PMID: 6725864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcerations exhibit a wide range of the bacterial spectrum. A long-standing question is whether any particular bacterium or class of bacteria is responsible for the more involved ulcers. A review of such cases at Sheridan Park Hospital reveals that there may be factors other than bacterial type that may account for the virulence of diabetic ulcers. Multifactorial causes host a vital role in this common, but potentially serious, podiatric problem.
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