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Capraro V, Lentsch A, Acemoglu D, Akgun S, Akhmedova A, Bilancini E, Bonnefon JF, Brañas-Garza P, Butera L, Douglas KM, Everett JAC, Gigerenzer G, Greenhow C, Hashimoto DA, Holt-Lunstad J, Jetten J, Johnson S, Kunz WH, Longoni C, Lunn P, Natale S, Paluch S, Rahwan I, Selwyn N, Singh V, Suri S, Sutcliffe J, Tomlinson J, van der Linden S, Van Lange PAM, Wall F, Van Bavel JJ, Viale R. The impact of generative artificial intelligence on socioeconomic inequalities and policy making. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae191. [PMID: 38864006 PMCID: PMC11165650 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to both exacerbate and ameliorate existing socioeconomic inequalities. In this article, we provide a state-of-the-art interdisciplinary overview of the potential impacts of generative AI on (mis)information and three information-intensive domains: work, education, and healthcare. Our goal is to highlight how generative AI could worsen existing inequalities while illuminating how AI may help mitigate pervasive social problems. In the information domain, generative AI can democratize content creation and access but may dramatically expand the production and proliferation of misinformation. In the workplace, it can boost productivity and create new jobs, but the benefits will likely be distributed unevenly. In education, it offers personalized learning, but may widen the digital divide. In healthcare, it might improve diagnostics and accessibility, but could deepen pre-existing inequalities. In each section, we cover a specific topic, evaluate existing research, identify critical gaps, and recommend research directions, including explicit trade-offs that complicate the derivation of a priori hypotheses. We conclude with a section highlighting the role of policymaking to maximize generative AI's potential to reduce inequalities while mitigating its harmful effects. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of existing policy frameworks in the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, observing that each fails to fully confront the socioeconomic challenges we have identified. We propose several concrete policies that could promote shared prosperity through the advancement of generative AI. This article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaborations to understand and address the complex challenges of generative AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Capraro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | | | - Daron Acemoglu
- Institute Professor and Department of Economics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Selin Akgun
- College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aisel Akhmedova
- College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | | - Pablo Brañas-Garza
- Loyola Behavioral Lab, Loyola Andalucia University, Córdoba 41740, Spain
| | - Luigi Butera
- Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark
| | - Karen M Douglas
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury CT27NP, UK
| | - Jim A C Everett
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury CT27NP, UK
| | - Gerd Gigerenzer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Christine Greenhow
- College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniel A Hashimoto
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
- Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6309, USA
| | - Julianne Holt-Lunstad
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Simon Johnson
- School of Management, MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Werner H Kunz
- Department of Marketing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Chiara Longoni
- Department of Marketing, Bocconi University, Milan 20136, Italy
| | - Pete Lunn
- Behavioural Research Unit, Economic & Social Research Institute, Dublin D02 K138, Ireland
| | - Simone Natale
- Department of Humanities, University of Turin, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Stefanie Paluch
- Department of Service and Technology Marketing, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Iyad Rahwan
- Center for Humans and Machines, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Neil Selwyn
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Vivek Singh
- Penn Computer Assisted Surgery and Outcomes Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Sutcliffe
- College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Joe Tomlinson
- York Law School, University of York, York YO105DD, UK
| | | | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Friederike Wall
- Department of Management Control and Strategic Management, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 9020, Austria
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen 5045, Norway
| | - Riccardo Viale
- CISEPS, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, Milan 20126, Italy
- Herbert Simon Society, Turin 10122, Italy
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Andrighetto G, Gavrilets S, Gelfand M, Mace R, Vriens E. Social norm change: drivers and consequences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230023. [PMID: 38244603 PMCID: PMC10799731 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Social norms research is booming. In recent years, several experts have recommended using social norms (unwritten rules that prescribe what people ought or ought not to do) to confront the societal, environmental and health challenges our societies face. If we are to do so, a better understanding is required of how social norms themselves emerge, evolve and respond to these challenges. Social norms have long been used as post hoc explanations of behaviour or are seen as stable social constructs. Yet norms evolve dynamically with the changing group processes (e.g. political polarization, kinship structures) and societal challenges (e.g. pandemics, climate change) for which they are presented as solutions. The Theme Issue 'Social norm change: drivers and consequences' contains 14 contributions that present state-of-the-art approaches to understand what generates social norm change and how this impacts our societies. Contributions give insight into (i) the identification of norms, norm change and their effect on behaviour; (ii) drivers and consequences of spontaneous norm change; and (iii) how norm change can be engineered to promote desired behavioural change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Social norm change: drivers and consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Andrighetto
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Sergey Gavrilets
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1610, USA
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruth Mace
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Eva Vriens
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
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