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Fernandes A, Oliveira A, Carvalho AL, Soares R, Barata P. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients Treated with Radioiodine. Nutrients 2023; 15:2680. [PMID: 37375584 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, one of the most important bacteria of the human gut microbiota, produces butyrate (a short-chain fatty acid). Short-chain fatty acids are known to influence thyroid physiology and thyroid cancer's response to treatment. We aimed to analyze the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii on the gut microbiota of differentiated thyroid cancer patients compared to controls and its variation after radioiodine therapy (RAIT). METHODS Fecal samples were collected from 37 patients diagnosed with differentiated thyroid cancer before and after radioiodine therapy and from 10 volunteers. The abundance of F. prausnitzii was determined using shotgun metagenomics. RESULTS Our study found that the relative abundance of F. prausnitzii is significantly reduced in thyroid cancer patients compared to volunteers. We also found that there was a mixed response to RAIT, with an increase in the relative and absolute abundances of this bacterium in most patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that thyroid cancer patients present a dysbiotic gut microbiota, with a reduction in F. prausnitzii's relative abundance. In our study, radioiodine did not negatively affect F. prausnitzii, quite the opposite, suggesting that this bacterium might play a role in resolving radiation aggression issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernandes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, E.P.E., 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, E.P.E., 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, E.P.E., 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barata
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Rocha FYO, Negrisoli Júnior AS, de Matos GF, Gitahy PDM, Rossi CN, Vidal MS, Baldani JI. Endophytic Bacillus Bacteria Living in Sugarcane Plant Tissues and Telchin licus licus Larvae (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae): The Symbiosis That May Open New Paths in the Biological Control. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659965. [PMID: 34054757 PMCID: PMC8153187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Bacillus can colonize endophytically and benefit several crops including the control of some pest orders. In view of the benefits provided by these microorganisms and in order to find out an efficient biotechnological control for the giant borer, our interest in studying the microorganisms in symbiosis with sugarcane and the giant borer has arisen, since there is no efficient chemical or biological control method for this pest. Therefore, endophytic Bacillus strains were isolated from three sugarcane niches (apoplast fluid, central internode cylinder and roots) and also from the giant borer larvae living inside sugarcane varieties grown in the Northeast region of Brazil. The taxonomical characterization (16S rRNA) of 157 Gram-positive isolates showed that 138 strains belonged to the Bacillus genus. The most representative species were phylogenetically closely related to B. megaterium (11.5%) followed by B. safensis (10.8%), B. cereus (8.9%), B. oleronius (8.9%), B. amyloliquefaciens (7.0%), and B. pacificus (6.4%). BOX-PCR analyses showed very distinct band pattern profiles suggesting a great diversity of Bacillus species within the sugarcane niches and the digestive tract, while the B. cereus group remained very closely clustered in the dendrogram. According to XRE biomarker analysis, eleven strains (FORCN005, 007, 008, 011, 012, 014, 067, 076, 092, 093, and 135) correspond to B. thuringiensis species. Additional studies using conserved genes (glp, gmk, pta, and tpi) indicated that most of these strains were phylogenetically closely related to B. thuringiensis and may be considered different subspecies. In conclusion, this study suggests that the culturable Bacillus species are greatly diversified within the plant niches and showed Bacillus species in the digestive tract of the giant borer for the first time. These results open new perspectives to understand the role and functions played by these microorganisms in symbiosis with this pest and also the possibility of developing an efficient biological control method for the giant borer using strains identified as the B. thuringiensis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Yuriko Otsuka Rocha
- Crop Science Graduate Course, Agronomy Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Feitosa de Matos
- Crop Science Graduate Course, Agronomy Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Nachi Rossi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Marcia Soares Vidal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - José Ivo Baldani
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Brazil
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3
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Kellingray L, Le Gall G, Doleman JF, Narbad A, Mithen RF. Effects of in vitro metabolism of a broccoli leachate, glucosinolates and S-methylcysteine sulphoxide on the human faecal microbiome. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2141-2154. [PMID: 33067661 PMCID: PMC8137612 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Brassica are an important food source worldwide and are characterised by the presence of compounds called glucosinolates. Studies indicate that the glucosinolate derived bioactive metabolite sulphoraphane can elicit chemoprotective benefits on human cells. Glucosinolates can be metabolised in vivo by members of the human gut microbiome, although the prevalence of this activity is unclear. Brassica and Allium plants also contain S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCSO), that may provide additional health benefits but its metabolism by gut bacteria is not fully understood. Methods We examined the effects of a broccoli leachate (BL) on the composition and function of human faecal microbiomes of five different participants under in vitro conditions. Bacterial isolates from these communities were then tested for their ability to metabolise glucosinolates and SMCSO. Results Microbial communities cultured in vitro in BL media were observed to have enhanced growth of lactic acid bacteria, such as lactobacilli, with a corresponding increase in the levels of lactate and short-chain fatty acids. Members of Escherichia isolated from these faecal communities were found to bioconvert glucosinolates and SMCSO to their reduced analogues. Conclusion This study uses a broccoli leachate to investigate the bacterial-mediated bioconversion of glucosinolates and SMCSO, which may lead to further products with additional health benefits to the host. We believe that this is the first study that shows the reduction of the dietary compound S-methylcysteine sulphoxide by bacteria isolated from human faeces. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-020-02405-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Kellingray
- Food Innovation and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Gwénaëlle Le Gall
- Analytical Sciences Unit, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Joanne F. Doleman
- Food Innovation and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Richard F. Mithen
- Food Innovation and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ UK
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4
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Zheng W, Wen X. How exogenous influent communities and environmental conditions affect activated sludge communities in the membrane bioreactor of a wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:622-630. [PMID: 31539970 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the residual population of influent and activated sludge (AS) communities was defined based on their occurrence frequency and relative abundance through long-term and fine-scale sampling from the membrane bioreactor (MBR) of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). There were 481 OTUs defined as the residual OTUs, which taken up 67.90 ± 9.36% of relative abundance in the influent community. Besides, 6.76 ± 5.71% of the residual population migrated to and remained in the AS community. Additionally, the residual populations were more likely to be anaerobes and microaerobes. As the most predominant genus from residual community, the relative abundance of Arcobacter was reduced from 15.78 ± 3.58% in the influent to 1.15 ± 1.35% in the AS. The residues that migrated from the influent have increased the richness and evenness of AS community, as well as the dissimilarities among samples over long-term. The rank-abundance distribution showed identical pattern for the residual species between influent and AS. By adopting the analysis of neutral model, 2766 out of 7491 shared OTUs between influent and AS communities were identified as neutral OTUs, which respectively made up 53.9% and 41.8% of the total relative abundance of influent and AS communities. These indicated that the AS community was to some extent, but not entirely assembled by neutral process. For the residual community in the AS, dissolved oxygen (DO) was positively associated with several aerobic genera, meanwhile influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) had positive relationship with genus Pseudomonas. Last but most importantly, the influent community could not inoculate the nitrifiers in the AS, but instead, was able to inoculate the denitrifiers; as well as enhance the biodiversity and the ability of resisting external disturbance for the AS community in MBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xianghua Wen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Savin KW, Zawadzki J, Auldist MJ, Wang J, Ram D, Rochfort S, Cocks BG. Faecalibacterium diversity in dairy cow milk. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221055. [PMID: 31419254 PMCID: PMC6697359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, beneficial to humans and animals and found in mammalian and avian gut, is also occasionally found in dairy cow milk. It is one of the butyrate-producing bacteria of the colon, has anti-inflammatory properties and its abundance in the gut is negatively correlated with obesity in humans. Several strains differing in their functional capability, have been identified. It is important therefore, milk being a potential source of F. prausnitzii as a novel probiotic, to investigate the diversity of this species in bovine milk. Using 16s rRNA gene amplicons we find 292 different dereplicated Faecalibacterium-related amplicons in a herd of 21 dairy cows. The distribution of the 20 most abundant amplicons with >97% identity to a Greengenes OTU varies from cow to cow. Clustering of the 292 pooled sequences from all cows at 99.6% identity finds 4 likely Faecalibacterium phylotypes with >98.5% identity to an F. prausnitzii reference sequence. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis shows these phylotypes are distinct from 34 other species from the Ruminococcaceae family and displaying the sequence clusters as a network illustrates how each cluster is composed of sequences from multiple cows. We conclude there are several phylotypes of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (the only species so far defined for the genus) in this dairy herd with cows being inoculated with a mixture of several strains from a common source. We conclude that not only can Faecalibacterium be detected in dairy cow milk (as noted by others) but that there exist multiple different strains in the milk of a dairy herd. Therefore milk, as an alternative to faeces, offers the opportunity of discovering new strains with potential probiotic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W. Savin
- AgriBio Centre, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jody Zawadzki
- AgriBio Centre, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jianghui Wang
- AgriBio Centre, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Doris Ram
- AgriBio Centre, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- AgriBio Centre, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin G. Cocks
- AgriBio Centre, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Benevides L, Burman S, Martin R, Robert V, Thomas M, Miquel S, Chain F, Sokol H, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Morrison M, Langella P, Azevedo VA, Chatel JM, Soares S. New Insights into the Diversity of the Genus Faecalibacterium. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1790. [PMID: 28970823 PMCID: PMC5609107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a commensal bacterium, ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. This species is a functionally important member of the microbiota and studies suggest it has an impact on the physiology and health of the host. F. prausnitzii is the only identified species in the genus Faecalibacterium, but a recent study clustered strains of this species in two different phylogroups. Here, we propose the existence of distinct species in this genus through the use of comparative genomics. Briefly, we performed analyses of 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, phylogenomics, whole genome Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (wgMLST), Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), gene synteny, and pangenome to better elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among strains of Faecalibacterium. For this, we used 12 newly sequenced, assembled, and curated genomes of F. prausnitzii, which were isolated from feces of healthy volunteers from France and Australia, and combined these with published data from 5 strains downloaded from public databases. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences, together with the wgMLST profiles and a phylogenomic tree based on comparisons of genome similarity, all supported the clustering of Faecalibacterium strains in different genospecies. Additionally, the global analysis of gene synteny among all strains showed a highly fragmented profile, whereas the intra-cluster analyses revealed larger and more conserved collinear blocks. Finally, ANI analysis substantiated the presence of three distinct clusters—A, B, and C—composed of five, four, and four strains, respectively. The pangenome analysis of each cluster corroborated the classification of these clusters into three distinct species, each containing less variability than that found within the global pangenome of all strains. Here, we propose that comparison of pangenome subsets and their associated α values may be used as an alternative approach, together with ANI, in the in silico classification of new species. Altogether, our results provide evidence not only for the reconsideration of the phylogenetic and genomic relatedness among strains currently assigned to F. prausnitzii, but also the need for lineage (strain-based) differentiation of this taxon to better define how specific members might be associated with positive or negative host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Benevides
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil.,Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sriti Burman
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebeca Martin
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Véronique Robert
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Miquel
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France.,UMR 6023 Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Clermont AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florian Chain
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France.,Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1157/UMR7203, AVENIR Team Gut Microbiota and Immunity Equipe de Recherche Labélisée, Université Pierre et Marie CurieParis, France.,Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisParis, France
| | - Luis G Bermudez-Humaran
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mark Morrison
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Philippe Langella
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vasco A Azevedo
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Siomar Soares
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo MineiroUberaba, Brazil
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Huang XL, Wang GP, Yu CG. Advances in understanding relationship between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and intestinal disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:810-815. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i9.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the relationship between intestinal dysbacteriosis and intestinal disease has become a hot research topic. As one of the most abundant symbiotic bacteria in the human gut, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii plays an important role in intestinal disease and has received more and more attention. This article reviews the advances in the understanding of the mechanism of action and active ingredients of this bacterium as well as its relationship with intestinal disease.
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García-Mazcorro JF, Garza-González E, Marroquín-Cardona AG, Tamayo JL. [Characterization, influence and manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota in health and disease]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2015; 38:445-66. [PMID: 25769877 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors trillions of microorganisms that are indispensable for health. The gastrointestinal microbiota can be studied using culture and molecular methods. The applications of massive sequencing are constantly increasing, due to their high yield, increasingly accessible costs, and the availability of free software for data analysis. The present article provides a detailed review of a large number of studies on the gastrointestinal microbiota and its influence on human health; particular emphasis is placed on the evidence suggesting a relationship between the gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem and diverse physiological and immune/inflammatory processes. Discussion of the articles analyzed combines a medical approach and current concepts of microbial molecular ecology. The present revision aims to be useful to those interested in the gastrointestinal microbiota and its possible alteration to maintain, re-establish and enhance health in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F García-Mazcorro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, México; Grupo de investigación Ecobiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, México.
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Departamento de Patología Clínica, Hospital Universitario «Dr. José Eleuterio González», Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alicia G Marroquín-Cardona
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, México; Grupo de investigación Ecobiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, México; Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, México
| | - José L Tamayo
- Centro de Investigación y Docencia en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital Civil de Culiacán, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
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Impact of kefir derived Lactobacillus kefiri on the mucosal immune response and gut microbiota. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:361604. [PMID: 25811034 PMCID: PMC4355334 DOI: 10.1155/2015/361604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the impact of probiotics on host health could help to understand how they can be used in the prevention of diseases. On the basis of our previous studies and in vitro assays on PBMC and Caco-2 ccl20:luc reporter system presented in this work, the strain Lactobacillus kefiri CIDCA 8348 was selected and administrated to healthy Swiss mice daily for 21 days. The probiotic treatment increased IgA in feces and reduced expression of proinflammatory mediators in Peyer Patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, where it also increased IL-10. In ileum IL-10, CXCL-1 and mucin 6 genes were upregulated; meanwhile in colon mucin 4 was induced whereas IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and IL-1β genes were downregulated. Moreover, ileum and colon explants showed the anti-inflammatory effect of L. kefiri since the LPS-induced increment of IL-6 and GM-CSF levels in control mice was significantly attenuated in L. kefiri treated mice. Regarding fecal microbiota, DGGE profiles allowed differentiation of experimental groups in two separated clusters. Quantitative PCR analysis of different bacterial groups revealed only significant changes in Lactobacillus population. In conclusion, L. kefiri is a good candidate to be used in gut inflammatory disorders.
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10
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Feng J, Tang H, Li M, Pang X, Wang L, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Shen J. The abundance of fecal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in relation to obesity and gender in Chinese adults. Arch Microbiol 2013; 196:73-7. [PMID: 24292154 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of gender and obesity on the abundance of human colonic Feacalibacterium prausnitzii is currently unclear. We collected fecal samples from 54 obese and 54 sex- and age-matched normal-weight Chinese adults and quantified the fecal F. prausnitzii as percentage of 16S rRNA gene copies of F. prausnitzii accounting to that of total gut bacteria with quantitative PCR. The fecal F. prausnitzii amount was not significantly different between obese and lean subjects. Men possessed significantly lower level of fecal F. prausnitzii than women, and the significant and positive correlation of fecal F. prausnitzii quantity with fasting glucose level was observed in men, not in women. Our results suggest that the gender effect, in addition to other factors including the geographic location, ethnicity, diet and gut transit times of study subjects, has to be considered when studying the relationship between gut F. prausnitzii and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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11
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Christophersen CT, Petersen A, Licht TR, Conlon MA. Xylo-oligosaccharides and inulin affect genotoxicity and bacterial populations differently in a human colonic simulator challenged with soy protein. Nutrients 2013; 5:3740-56. [PMID: 24064573 PMCID: PMC3798932 DOI: 10.3390/nu5093740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High dietary intakes of some protein sources, including soy protein, can increase colonic DNA damage in animals, whereas some carbohydrates attenuate this. We investigated whether inulin and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) could be protective against DNA strand breaks by adding them to a human colonic simulator consisting of a proximal vessel (PV) (pH 5.5) and a distal vessel (DV) (pH 6.8) inoculated with human faeces and media containing soy protein. Genotoxicity of the liquid phase and microbial population changes in the vessels were measured. Soy protein (3%) was fermented with 1% low amylose cornstarch for 10 day followed by soy protein with 1% XOS or 1% inulin for 10 day. Inulin did not alter genotoxicity but XOS significantly reduced PV genotoxicity and increased DV genotoxicity. Inulin and XOS significantly increased butyrate concentration in the DV but not PV. Numbers of the key butyrate-producing bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were significantly increased in the PV and DV by inulin but significantly decreased by XOS in both vessels. Other bacteria examined were also significantly impacted by the carbohydrate treatments or by the vessel (i.e., pH). There was a significant overall inverse correlation between levels of damage induced by the ferments and levels of sulphate-reducing bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis, and acetate. In conclusion, dietary XOS can potentially modulate the genotoxicity of the colonic environment and specific bacterial groups and short chain fatty acids may mediate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus T. Christophersen
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Anne Petersen
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg 2860, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.P.); (T.R.L.)
| | - Tine R. Licht
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg 2860, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.P.); (T.R.L.)
| | - Michael A. Conlon
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-8-8303-8909; Fax: +61-8-8303-8899
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12
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Miquel S, Martín R, Rossi O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Chatel JM, Sokol H, Thomas M, Wells JM, Langella P. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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O'Brien CL, Allison GE, Pavli P. The more the merrier: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:757-9. [PMID: 23614339 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Clarke JM, Topping DL, Christophersen CT, Bird AR, Lange K, Saunders I, Cobiac L. Butyrate esterified to starch is released in the human gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1276-83. [PMID: 21940597 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.017228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) maintain human colonic function and may help prevent colonic disease. A study with ileostomists showed that starches acylated with specific SCFAs largely survive passage through the small intestine, but the percentage released in the colon has not been established. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the percentage of ingested esterified butyrate released in the human gastrointestinal tract. DESIGN The study was a randomized, crossover, controlled trial consisting of baseline and four 2-wk periods during which 16 volunteers consumed diets low in resistant starch plus 20 and 40 g cooked high-amylose maize starch (HAMS: HAMS20 or HAMS40) or butyrylated HAMS (HAMSB20 or HAMSB40) daily. HAMSB20 contained 31.8 mmol esterified butyrate. Complete 48-h fecal collections were made on days 2-3 and 12-13 of each period. RESULTS Free fecal butyrate concentrations were higher after HAMSB40 than after HAMSB20 (P < 0.005) and HAMS (P < 0.0001) and higher than baseline data (P < 0.0001). Fecal esterified butyrate concentrations were highest in the HAMSB40 (days 12-13; P < 0.0001) group, and concentrations in the HAMSB40 (days 2-3) and HAMSB20 groups were higher than those in the HAMS groups and those at baseline (P < 0.0001). Ingestion of HAMSB20 and HAMSB40 resulted in the release of 26.8 ± 1.0 and 50.2 ± 2.4 mmol butyrate/d (days 12-13) (84.2 ± 3.0% and 79.0 ± 3.1% of total ingested esterified butyrate), respectively, in the gastrointestinal tract. By calculation, ∼57.2% of ingested esterified butyrate was released in the colon. Microbial analysis showed that this release was probably facilitated mainly by Parabacteroides distasonis, which increased in abundance with HAMSB40 (days 12-13) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that cooked butyrylated starch delivers esterified butyrate to the human colon effectively and has the potential to improve human bowel health. This trial is registered in the Australian Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN012606000398505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Clarke
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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15
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Walter J, Margosch D, Hammes WP, Hertel C. Detection of Fusobacterium Species in Human Feces Using Genus-Specific PCR Primers and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/089106002320644294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Walter
- From the Institute of Food Technology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Lukás F, Koppová I, Kudrna V, Kopecný J. Postnatal development of bacterial population in the gastrointestinal tract of calves. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007; 52:99-104. [PMID: 17571805 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial 16S rDNA from fecal samples of two calves were amplified by PCR and analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; selected bands were sequenced. Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium animalis were the initial colonizers, followed by species closely related to the genera Bacteroides, Clostridium and Faecalibacterium. Change of diet was connected with shifts of bacterial population and with the occurrence of many bacterial species that have not been cultured up to now. The diet change corresponded with an alteration in a volatile-fatty-acid concentration in fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lukás
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia.
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17
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N/A, 杭 苏, 姚 文, 朱 伟. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2531-2534. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i25.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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18
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Wang RF, Beggs ML, Erickson BD, Cerniglia CE. DNA microarray analysis of predominant human intestinal bacteria in fecal samples. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 18:223-34. [PMID: 15271382 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A microarray method was developed for the detection of 40 bacterial species reported in the literature to be predominant in the human gastrointestinal tract. The 40 species include seven species each of Bacteroides and Clostridium, six species of Ruminococcus, five species of Bifidobacterium, four species of Eubacterium, two species each of Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus, and single species each of Collinsella, Eggerthella, Escherichia, Faecalibacterium and Finegoldia. Three 40-mer oligos specific for each bacterial species were designed based on comparison of the 16S rDNA sequences available in the GenBank database, and were used to make the DNA-array on epoxy slides. Using two universal primers, the 16S rRNA gene from bacteria present in fecal samples were amplified and labeled with Cyanine5-dCTP by PCR, and then hybridized to the DNA-array. After resolving some difficulties caused by sequence conflicts in GenBank and inaccurate reference strains, all 40 bacterial reference species gave positive results. The microarray method was used to screen fecal samples obtained from 11 healthy human volunteers for the presence of these intestinal bacteria. The results indicated that 25-37 of the 40 species could be detected in each fecal sample and that 33 of the species were found in a majority of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Fu Wang
- Microbiology Division, National Center for Toxicological Research, US-FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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19
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Hoo H, Hashidoko Y, Islam MT, Tahara S. Requirement of a relatively high threshold level of Mg(2+) for cell growth of a rhizoplane bacterium, Sphingomonas yanoikuyae EC-S001. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5214-21. [PMID: 15345402 PMCID: PMC520926 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.9.5214-5221.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mg(2+) is one of the essential elements for bacterial cell growth. The presence of the magnesium cation (Mg(2+)) in various concentrations often affects cell growth restoration in plant-associating bacteria. This study attempted to determine whether Mg(2+) levels in Sphingomonas yanoikuyae EC-S001 affected cell growth restoration in the host plant and what the threshold level is. S. yanoikuyae EC-S001, isolated from the rhizoplane of spinach seedlings grown from surface-sterilized seeds under aseptic conditions, displayed uniform dispersion and attachment throughout the rhizoplane and phylloplane of the host seedlings. S. yanoikuyae EC-S001 did not grow in potato-dextrose broth medium but grew well in an aqueous extract of spinach leaves. Chemical investigation of the growth factor in the spinach leaf extract led to identification of the active principle as the magnesium cation. A concentration of ca. 0.10 mM Mg(2+) or more allowed S. yanoikuyae EC-S001 to grow in potato-dextrose broth medium. Some saprophytic and/or diazotrophic bacteria used in our experiment were found to have diverse threshold levels for their Mg(2+) requirements. For example, Burkholderia cepacia EC-K014, originally isolated from the rhizoplane of a Melastoma sp., could grow even in Mg(2+)-free Hoagland's no. 2 medium with saccharose and glutamine (HSG medium) and requires a trace level of Mg(2+) for its growth. In contrast, S. yanoikuyae EC-S001, together with Bacillus subtilis IFO12113, showed the most drastic restoring responses to subsequent addition of 0.98 mM Mg(2+) to Mg(2+)-free HSG medium. Our studies concluded that Mg(2+) is more than just the essential trace element needed for cell growth restoration in S. yanoikuyae EC-S001 and that certain nonculturable bacteria may require a higher concentration of Mg(2+) or another specific essential element for their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny Hoo
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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20
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Citron DM. Update on the taxonomy and clinical aspects of the genus fusobacterium. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:S22-7. [PMID: 12173104 DOI: 10.1086/341916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Fusobacterium currently includes 13 species. Fusobacterium nucleatum, the most frequently encountered species in humans, is heterogeneous and currently includes 5 subspecies. A potentially new subspecies of F. nucleatum that is intrinsically quinolone-resistant and phylogenetically separate from the other 5 subspecies has been identified from dog and cat oral flora. Two subspecies have been described for Fusobacterium necrophorum, and a new species, Fusobacterium equinum, which is related to F. necrophorum, has been described from horse oral flora. Additional molecular studies have characterized Fusobacterium ulcerans as separate from the phenotypically similar Fusobacterium mortiferum and Fusobacterium varium. Fusobacterium sulci and Fusobacterium alocis have been reclassified as Eubacterium sulci and Filifactor alocis, respectively. Fusobacterium prausnitzii is phylogenetically related to the Eubacterium-like organisms and will likely be reclassified in the future. The status of the remaining species is unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Citron
- R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA.
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21
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Scott KP, Melville CM, Barbosa TM, Flint HJ. Occurrence of the new tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) in bacteria from the human gut. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:775-7. [PMID: 10681357 PMCID: PMC89765 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.3.775-777.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of our group recently identified a new tetracycline resistance gene, tet(W), in three genera of rumen obligate anaerobes. Here, we show that tet(W) is also present in bacteria isolated from human feces. The tet(W) genes found in human Fusobacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium longum isolates were more than 99.9% identical to those from a rumen isolate of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Scott
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom.
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22
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Zoetendal EG, Akkermans AD, De Vos WM. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA from human fecal samples reveals stable and host-specific communities of active bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3854-9. [PMID: 9758810 PMCID: PMC106569 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.10.3854-3859.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 893] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/1998] [Accepted: 07/16/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the predominant bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract was studied by using 16S rRNA-based approaches. PCR amplicons of the V6 to V8 regions of fecal 16S rRNA and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were analyzed by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). TGGE of fecal 16S rDNA amplicons from 16 individuals showed different profiles, with some bands in common. Fecal samples from two individuals were monitored over time and showed remarkably stable profiles over a period of at least 6 months. TGGE profiles derived from 16S rRNA and rDNA amplicons showed similar banding patterns. However, the intensities of bands with similar mobilities differed in some cases, indicating a different contribution to the total active fraction of the prominent fecal bacteria. Most 16S rRNA amplicons in the TGGE pattern of one subject were identified by cloning and sequence analysis. Forty-five of the 78 clones matched 15 bands, and 33 clones did not match any visible band in the TGGE pattern. Nested PCR of amplified 16S rDNA indicated preferential amplification of a sequence corresponding to 12 of the 33 nonmatching clones with similar mobilities in TGGE. The sequences matching 15 bands in the TGGE pattern showed 91.5 to 98.7% homology to sequences derived from different Clostridium clusters. Most of these were related to strains derived from the human intestine. The results indicate that the combination of cloning and TGGE analysis of 16S rDNA amplicons is a reliable approach to monitoring different microbial communities in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Wang RF, Cao WW, Cerniglia CE. Phylogenetic analysis and identification of Shigella spp. by molecular probes. Mol Cell Probes 1997; 11:427-32. [PMID: 9500811 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1997.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide probes were used for identification of Shigella and analysis of the relationship between Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli. Probe-based PCRs shown cross-reactions from Shigella to E. coli. Probe-based 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed the four species of Shigella: Sh. dysenteriae, Sh. boydii, Sh. sonnei, and Sh. flexneri, formed a cluster with E. coli. Shigella flexneri and Sh. sonnei are even more similar to E. coli than to the other two Shigella species. These results confirmed an earlier recommendation that the four species of Shigella and E. coli should be classified as five sub-groups within a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wang
- Microbiology Division, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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24
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Molecular Detection and Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria. J Infect Chemother 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02489178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Kok RG, de Waal A, Schut F, Welling GW, Weenk G, Hellingwerf KJ. Specific detection and analysis of a probiotic Bifidobacterium strain in infant feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:3668-72. [PMID: 8837422 PMCID: PMC168175 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.10.3668-3672.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For specific detection of the probiotic Bifidobacterium sp. strain LW420 in infant feces and for rapid quality control of this strain in culture, three strain-specific 16S rRNA gene-targeted primers have been developed. These primers allow specific detection of the organism via PCR. Specificity of the primers was determined in DNA samples isolated from single-strain and mixed cultures of bifidobacteria and in heterogenous fecal samples. The feasibility of this method for use in specific detection of probiotic strains was investigated through addition of Bifidobacterium sp. strain LW420 to infant instant milk formula (IMF) and PCR analyses of bacterial DNA isolated from feces of 17 newborn IMF-fed infants. In feces of all nine babies that had been fed with the probiotic IMF, the strain-specific PCR signal could be detected. No signal was found in feces of the eight infants that had been fed with a nonprobiotic IMF, demonstrating the specificity of the PCR method. All 17 infants developed a major fecal Bifidobacterium population already after 3 days, as determined through genus-specific and strain-specific PCR. Phenotypical screening of Bifidobacterium sp. strain LW420 and analysis of homology of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain with that of other bifidobacteria deposited in databases do not allow positive classification of LW420 among the currently known species of Bifidobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Kok
- Department of Microbiology, E. C. Slater Institute, BioCentrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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