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Madhaiyan M, Wirth JS, Saravanan VS. Phylogenomic analyses of the Staphylococcaceae family suggest the reclassification of five species within the genus Staphylococcus as heterotypic synonyms, the promotion of five subspecies to novel species, the taxonomic reassignment of five Staphylococcus species to Mammaliicoccus gen. nov., and the formal assignment of Nosocomiicoccus to the family Staphylococcaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:5926-5936. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of members of the family
Staphylococcaceae
showed the presence of para- and polyphyletic genera. This finding prompted a thorough investigation into the taxonomy of the
Staphylococcaceae
family by analysing their core genome phylogeny complemented with genome-based indices such as digital DNA–DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity. The resulting data suggested the following proposals:
Auricoccus indicus
was reduced in taxonomic rank as a later heterotypic synonym of
Abyssicoccus albus
;
Staphylococcus petrasii
subsp.
jettensis
as a later heterotypic synonym of
Staphylococcus petrasii
subsp.
petrasii
; the unification of
Staphylococcus aureus
subsp.
anaerobius
and
Staphylococcus aureus
subsp.
aureus
as
Staphylococcus aureus
; the unification of
Staphylococcus carnosus
subsp.
utilis
and
Staphylococcus carnosus
subsp.
carnosus
as
Staphylococcus carnosus
; the unification of
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
subsp.
bovis
and
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
subsp.
saprophyticus
as
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
; Staphylococcus succinis subsp. casei as the novel species Staphylococcus casei;
Staphylococcus schleiferi
subsp.
coagulans
as the novel species Staphylococcus coagulans;
Staphylococcus petrasii
subsp.
croceilyticus
as the novel species Staphylococcus croceilyticus;
Staphylococcus petrasii
subsp.
pragensis
as the novel species Staphylococcus pragensis;
Staphylococcus cohnii
subsp.
urealyticus
as the novel species Staphylococcus urealyticus; the reassignment of
Staphylococcus sciuri
,
Staphylococcus fleurettii
,
Staphylococcus lentus
,
Staphylococcus stepanovicii
and
Staphylococcus vitulinus
to the novel genus Mammaliicoccus with Mammaliicoccus sciuri as the type species; and the formal assignment of
Nosocomiicoccus
as a member of the family
Staphylococcaceae
.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munusamy Madhaiyan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamilnadu, India
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Joseph S. Wirth
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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Bückle Née Müller A, Kranz M, Schmidt H, Weiss A. Genetic diversity and population structure of food-borne Staphylococcus carnosus strains. Syst Appl Microbiol 2016; 40:34-41. [PMID: 27931747 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The species Staphylococcus carnosus is a non-pathogenic representative of the coagulase negative staphylococci. Specific strains are applied as meat starter cultures. The species consists of two subspecies, S. carnosus ssp. carnosus and S. carnosus ssp. utilis. In order to place S. carnosus strains, characterized in former studies, in a genetic background that allows a typing of candidates for starter cultures, a Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme was developed. Internal fragments of the genes tpiA, xprT, dat, gmk, glpK, narG, cstA, encoding triosephosphate isomerase, xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, d-amino acid aminotransferase, guanylate kinase, glycerol kinase, the α-chain of the respiratory nitrate reductase, and a carbon starvation protein where chosen. Genes were selected based on their equal distribution in the genome, taxonomic value in subspecies differentiation and metabolic function. This MLST was applied to 44 S. carnosus strains, most of them previously analyzed for their suitability as starter cultures. The number of alleles varied between zero (tpiA) and five (cstA) and allowed the definition of nine sequence types (ST). ST1 was most abundant (18 strains), followed by ST2 (8) and ST4 (6). The nine STs confirmed a close relationship of all strains despite their isolation source and year, but lacked correlation with physiological activities relevant for starter cultures. The low amount of STs in the strain set lets us suggest that recombination between strains is rare. Thus, it is hypothesized that evolutionary events seem to be due to single point mutations rather than intrachromosomal recombination, and that the species possesses a clonal population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bückle Née Müller
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Markus Kranz
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Agnes Weiss
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Bacterial dynamics during yearlong spontaneous fermentation for production of ngari, a dry fermented fish product of Northeast India. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 199:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Genome analysis of the meat starter culture bacterium Staphylococcus carnosus TM300. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:811-22. [PMID: 19060169 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01982-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus carnosus genome has the highest GC content of all sequenced staphylococcal genomes, with 34.6%, and therefore represents a species that is set apart from S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, and S. haemolyticus. With only 2.56 Mbp, the genome belongs to a family of smaller staphylococcal genomes, and the ori and ter regions are asymmetrically arranged with the replichores I (1.05 Mbp) and II (1.5 Mbp). The events leading up to this asymmetry probably occurred not that long ago in evolution, as there was not enough time to approach the natural tendency of a physical balance. Unlike the genomes of pathogenic species, the TM300 genome does not contain mobile elements such as plasmids, insertion sequences, transposons, or STAR elements; also, the number of repeat sequences is markedly decreased, suggesting a comparatively high stability of the genome. While most S. aureus genomes contain several prophages and genomic islands, the TM300 genome contains only one prophage, PhiTM300, and one genomic island, nuSCA1, which is characterized by a mosaic structure mainly composed of species-specific genes. Most of the metabolic core pathways are present in the genome. Some open reading frames are truncated, which reflects the nutrient-rich environment of the meat starter culture, making some functions dispensable. The genome is well equipped with all functions necessary for the starter culture, such as nitrate/nitrite reduction, various sugar degradation pathways, two catalases, and nine osmoprotection systems. The genome lacks most of the toxins typical of S. aureus as well as genes involved in biofilm formation, underscoring the nonpathogenic status.
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Stetina V, Lauková A, Strompfová V, Svec P, Sedlácek I. Identification ofStaphylococcus piscifermentans from dog feces. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:524-8. [PMID: 16681152 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The AD 2 strain isolated from feces of a healthy dog in Slovakia was characterized phenotypically by the conventional tests and commercial identification kits API Staph and ID32 Staph. Results of biochemical tests identified the strain as S. piscifermentans, fully corresponding with the species description. Further characterization by whole-cell protein profile analysis (SDS-PAGE) confirmed the identification based on biochemical tests and showed that the AD 2 strain is S. piscifermentans; lactic acid production, urease activity, bacteriocin production and the antibiotic susceptibility of it were also determined. S. piscifermentans AD 2 isolated first from an animal source was deposited in the Czech Collection of Microorganisms as Staphylococcus piscifermentans CCM 7165.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stetina
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Pantůček R, Sedláček I, Petráš P, Koukalová D, Švec P, Štětina V, Vancanneyt M, Chrastinová L, Vokurková J, Růžičková V, Doškař J, Swings J, Hájek V. Staphylococcus simiae sp. nov., isolated from South American squirrel monkeys. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:1953-1958. [PMID: 16166694 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight coagulase-negative, oxidase-negative and novobiocin-susceptible staphylococcal strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of South American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus L.). These strains were differentiated from known staphylococcal species on the basis of 16S rRNA gene and hsp60 gene sequencing, and from the most closely related species by using DNA–DNA hybridization, ribotyping, whole-cell protein profiles and biotyping. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that these strains are members of the Staphylococcus aureus species group (99 % similarity) but are biochemically similar to Staphylococcus piscifermentans, from which they can be phenotypically distinguished by resistance to polymyxin B, acid production from d-mannitol, the inability to hydrolyse aesculin and DNA and the absence of α-glucosidase. On the basis of these analyses, a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus is described, for which the name Staphylococcus simiae sp. nov. is proposed, with CCM 7213T (=LMG 22723T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pantůček
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Sedláček
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Petráš
- Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Koukalová
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Švec
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Štětina
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Vancanneyt
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Vladislava Růžičková
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doškař
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jean Swings
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Václav Hájek
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Carretto E, Barbarini D, Couto I, De Vitis D, Marone P, Verhoef J, De Lencastre H, Brisse S. Identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci other than Staphylococcus epidermidis by automated ribotyping. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:177-84. [PMID: 15715714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As routine identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci is problematic, the performance of automated ribotyping was evaluated for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci other than Staphylococcus epidermidis. In total, 177 isolates were tested, comprising 149 isolates from blood samples, 15 isolates that were not identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR in a previous study, and 13 reference strains. The identification results were compared with those obtained by the API 20 Staph system, with standard phenotypic and molecular methods as reference. Most (n = 166; 93.8%) isolates were identified correctly by automated ribotyping. For 61 isolates, API 20 Staph and ribotyping were in agreement, but for 105 isolates, ribotyping provided correct identification and API 20 Staph did not. Four isolates not identified by automated ribotyping were recognised correctly by API 20 Staph. The remaining seven isolates could not be identified by either of the two methods. Automated ribotyping was able to distinguish Staphylococcus capitis reliably from Staphylococcus caprae. The results demonstrate the value of automated ribotyping for identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) isolates from human sources and may help to clarify the clinical relevance of CoNS species. In addition, automated ribotyping was able to detect polymorphisms that may be useful for epidemiological purposes within S. capitis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus simulans, S. caprae, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus pasteuri and Staphylococcus xylosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Carretto
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Infettivologica, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Mannerová S, Pantůček R, Doškař J, Švec P, Snauwaert C, Vancanneyt M, Swings J, Sedláček I. Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov., from the skin of llamas. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1647-1654. [PMID: 13130064 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight strains of Gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive cocci were isolated from the skin of llamas (Lama glama L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. These strains were assigned to the genus Macrococcus on the basis of their phenotypic properties (resistance to bacitracin and sensitivity to furazolidone) and DNA base content (40-42 mol% G+C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA confirmed that the strains are members of the genus MACROCOCCUS: They differed from all hitherto described macrococcal species in their production of phosphatase and reduction of nitrate (most strains) and the inability to produce acid from glycerol or to grow in 7.5 % NaCl. Ribotyping (EcoRI), macrorestriction analysis (XbaI) and fatty acid methyl ester analysis divided the strains from llamas into three stable clusters. Moreover, ribotyping differentiated the strains analysed not only from previously described macrococcal species but also from oxidase-positive staphylococci. DNA-DNA hybridization confirmed that the three clusters represent separate genomic groups (similarity values<54 %). All the results showed that the strains represent three novel species, for which the names Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4809(T)=LMG 21711(T)), Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4811(T)=LMG 21712(T)) and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4815(T)=LMG 21713(T)) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Mannerová
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pantůček
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doškař
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Švec
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cindy Snauwaert
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Vancanneyt
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Swings
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivo Sedláček
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Svec P, Sedlácek I, Pantůcek R, Devriese LA, Doskar JV. Evaluation of ribotyping for characterization and identification of Enterococcus haemoperoxidus and Enterococcus moraviensis strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 203:23-7. [PMID: 11557135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven Enterococcus moraviensis and 16 Enterococcus haemoperoxidus as well as nine reference cultures of other enterococcal species obtained from the Czech Collection of Microorganisms were characterized using ribotyping with EcoRI and HindIII in the present work. The ribopatterns obtained by both restriction enzymes clearly distinguished all E. moraviensis and E. haemoperoxidus strains from the other enterococci (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. avium, E. raffinosus, E. pseudoavium, E. malodoratus) and they differentiated both species from each other as well. Although all strains were isolated from different sampling sites, many strains shared the same band patterns. E. moraviensis formed four ribogroups using EcoRI and two ribogroups using HindIII restriction enzyme. E. haemoperoxidus gave six different patterns with EcoRI and five using the HindIII restriction enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Svec
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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