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Earl PL, Moss B, Wyatt LS. Generation of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2017; 89:5.13.1-5.13.18. [PMID: 28762491 PMCID: PMC5765993 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This unit describes how to infect cells with vaccinia virus and then transfect them with a plasmid-transfer vector or PCR fragment to generate a recombinant virus. Selection and screening methods used to isolate recombinant viruses and a method for the amplification of recombinant viruses are described. Finally, a method for live immunostaining that has been used primarily for detection of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is presented. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Earl
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210
| | - Bernard Moss
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210
| | - Linda S. Wyatt
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210
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Wyatt LS, Earl PL, Moss B. Generation of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 117:16.17.1-16.17.18. [PMID: 28060405 DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes how to infect cells with vaccinia virus and then transfect them with a plasmid-transfer vector or PCR fragment to generate a recombinant virus. Selection and screening methods used to isolate recombinant viruses and a method for the amplification of recombinant viruses are described. Finally, a method for live immunostaining that has been used primarily for detection of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is presented. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Wyatt
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Wyatt LS, Earl PL, Moss B. Generation of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 39:14A.4.1-14A.4.18. [PMID: 26528782 PMCID: PMC5123791 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc14a04s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes how to infect cells with vaccinia virus and then transfect them with a plasmid-transfer vector or PCR fragment to generate a recombinant virus. Selection and screening methods used to isolate recombinant viruses and a method for the amplification of recombinant viruses are described. Finally, a method for live immunostaining that has been used primarily for detection of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Wyatt
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patricia L Earl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bernard Moss
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Earl PL, Moss B, Wyatt LS, Carroll MW. Generation of recombinant vaccinia viruses. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2008; Chapter 5:Unit5.13. [PMID: 18429179 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps0513s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit first describes how to infect cells with vaccinia virus and then transfect them with a plasmid-transfer vector to generate a recombinant virus. Methods are also presented for purifying vaccinia virus and for isolating viral DNA, which can be used during transfection. Also presented are selection and screening methods used to isolate recombinant viruses and a method for the amplification of recombinant viruses. Finally, a method for live immunostaining that has been used primarily for detection of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Earl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Earl PL, Moss B, Wyatt LS, Carroll MW. Generation of recombinant vaccinia viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 16:Unit16.17. [PMID: 18265124 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1617s43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This unit first describes how to infect cells with vaccinia virus and then transfect them with a plasmid-transfer vector to generate a recombinant virus. Methods are also presented for purifying vaccinia virus and for isolating viral DNA, which can be used during transfection. Also presented are selection and screening methods used to isolate recombinant viruses and a method for the amplification of recombinant viruses. Finally, a method for live immunostaining that has been used primarily for detection of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Earl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Wallace DB, Weyer J, Nel LH, Viljoen GJ. Improved method for the generation and selection of homogeneous lumpy skin disease virus (SA-Neethling) recombinants. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:52-60. [PMID: 17644196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is being developed as a vector for recombinant vaccines against diseases of veterinary importance. A strategy for generating viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene-disrupted recombinants which are stable and homogeneous using the South African Neethling vaccine strain of LSDV as vector has been developed. To assist with the selection process, the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ) visual marker gene was incorporated into the constructs. However, the use of lacZ has certain limitations. An improved strategy was then devised substituting lacZ with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of the vaccinia virus (VV) P11K late promoter. The EGFP marker was found to enhance the selection process, and with the inclusion of additional sonication and filtration steps the number of passages required to select recombinants to homogeneity has been reduced. In support of the improved method for generation and selection of recombinants described, three different LSDV recombinants expressing the glycoprotein genes of bovine ephemeral fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus and rabies virus were prepared and characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brian Wallace
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
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Rziha H, Henkel M, Cottone R, Bauer B, Auge U, Götz F, Pfaff E, Röttgen M, Dehio C, Büttner M. Generation of recombinant parapoxviruses: non-essential genes suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes. J Biotechnol 2000; 83:137-45. [PMID: 11000469 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (OV) is an epitheliotropic poxvirus and belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV). PPV, especially OV, is regarded as a promising candidate for an expression vector. Among available live vaccines only strain D1701 represents a highly attenuated OV strain with clearly reduced pathogenicity. Therefore, we started to identify potentially non-essential genes or regions of D1701, which might be suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes. The present contribution reviews some of the progress using the vegf-e (homologue of the mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor) gene locus for the generation of recombinant D1701. The vegf-e gene of D1701 is dispensable for virus growth in vitro and in vivo, and represents a major virulence determinant of OV. It is shown that foreign genes can be inserted and functionally expressed in the vegf-e locus, also leading to the induction of a specific immune response in the non-permissive host. Furthermore, it is reported that adaptation to VERO cells led to the deletion of three further regions of the OV D1701 genome, which seems to be combined with additional virus attenuation in sheep. Molecular analysis of this OV D1701 variant allows the identification of new, potentially non-essential sites in the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rziha
- Federal Research Centre For Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute For Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 28, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
The technologies of recombinant gene expression have greatly enhanced the structural and functional analyses of genetic elements and proteins. Vaccinia virus, a large double-stranded DNA virus and the prototypic and best characterized member of the poxvirus family, has been an instrumental tool among these technologies and the recombinant vaccinia virus system has been widely employed to express genes from eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral origins. Vaccinia virus is also the prototype live viral vaccine and serves as the basis for well established viral vectors which have been successfully evaluated as human and animal vaccines for infectious diseases and as anticancer vaccines in a variety of animal model systems. Vaccinia virus technology has also been instrumental in a number of unique applications, from the discovery of new viral receptors to the synthesis and assembly of other viruses in culture. Here we provide a simple and detailed outline of the processes involved in the generation of a typical recombinant vaccinia virus, along with an up to date review of relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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Merchlinsky M, Eckert D, Smith E, Zauderer M. Construction and characterization of vaccinia direct ligation vectors. Virology 1997; 238:444-51. [PMID: 9400616 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Poxvirus vectors are extensively used as expression vehicles for protein and antigen expression in eukaryotic cells. Customarily, the foreign DNA is introduced into the poxvirus genome by homologous recombination. An alternative method using direct ligation vectors has been used to efficiently construct chimeric genomes in situations not readily amenable for homologous recombination. We describe the construction and characterization of a new set of direct ligation vectors designed to be universally applicable for the generation of chimeric vaccinia genomes. These vectors contain the pair of unique restriction sites NotI and ApaI to eliminate religation of poxvirus arms and fix the orientation of the insert DNA behind strongly expressing constitutive vaccinia promoters. The insertion cassette has been placed at the beginning of the thymidine kinase gene in vaccinia to use drug selection in the isolation of recombinants. These viruses provide a set of universally applicable direct ligation poxvirus cloning vectors, extending the utility of poxvirus vectors for construction and expression of complex libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merchlinsky
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Poxviruses are widely used for the cytoplasmic expression of recombinant genes in mammalian cells. Recent improvements allow high expression and simplify the integration of multiple foreign genes. Vaccinia virus mutants and other poxviruses that undergo abortive infection in mammalian cells are receiving special attention because of their diminished cytopathic effects and increased safety. New replicating and 'non-replicating' vectors, encoding the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase for transcription of recombinant genes, have been engineered.
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Moss B. Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:11341-8. [PMID: 8876137 PMCID: PMC38059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus, no longer required for immunization against smallpox, now serves as a unique vector for expressing genes within the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. As a research tool, recombinant vaccinia viruses are used to synthesize and analyze the structure-function relationships of proteins, determine the targets of humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and investigate the types of immune response needed for protection against specific infectious diseases and cancer. The vaccine potential of recombinant vaccinia virus has been realized in the form of an effective oral wild-life rabies vaccine, although no product for humans has been licensed. A genetically altered vaccinia virus that is unable to replicate in mammalian cells and produces diminished cytopathic effects retains the capacity for high-level gene expression and immunogenicity while promising exceptional safety for laboratory workers and potential vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0445, USA
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