1
|
Wang Y, You H, Kong YH, Sun C, Wu LH, Kim SG, Lee JS, Xu L, Xu XW. Genomic-based taxonomic classification of the order Sphingomonadales. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2025; 75. [PMID: 40372931 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2025] Open
Abstract
The order Sphingomonadales strains are globally distributed in various biomes and are renowned for their biodegradable and biosynthesis capabilities. At present, it consists of 4 families and 49 genera making it the third largest order within the class Alphaproteobacteria. However, their taxonomy remains complex, especially due to polyphyly in the family Sphingomonadaceae. In this study, we collected 429 Sphingomonadales type strain genomes, reconstructed robust phylogenomic relationships, and proposed delineation thresholds at the genus and family levels based on average amino acid identities (AAI) and evolutionary distances (ED). Based on the maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenomic trees reconstructed by two molecular sets determined by orthologous sequence identity and the Genome Taxonomy Database, the consensus degree values were all higher than 90%, revealing that those phylogenomic trees had similar topological structures. By confirming monophyletic taxa and determining stable nodes, we reclassified the order Sphingomonadales into thirteen families including nine novel ones. AAI calculations indicated that the average intra-family AAI values ranged from 0.62 to 0.84, while inter-family ones were 0.51 to 0.60. ED summaries demonstrated that the average and median intra-family ED values were 0.16 to 0.57, and inter-family ones ranged from 0.50 to 1.22. Comparisons of AAI and ED values calculated by using genomic and phylogenetic analyses supported that those 13 families were significantly separated with p values < 2.2×10-16. Thus, it was speculated that the AAI and ED thresholds for distinguishing different families were <0.6 and >0.5, respectively. Additionally, we reclassified 163 species into new genera with their phylogenetic topologies, according to the previous genus AAI and ED boundaries of 0.7 and 0.4. Our study is the first genomic-based study of the order Sphingomonadales and will promote further insights into the evolution of this order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
- School of Oceanography, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Hao You
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
- School of Oceanography, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Yan-Hui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Cong Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Lin-Huan Wu
- Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Song-Gun Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sook Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Xue-Wei Xu
- National Deep Sea Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan Z, Chen W, Guo Z, Xu X, Xie J, Dai J, Lin Y, Sheng B, Preis S, Wei C, Zhu S. Seasonal dynamics of bacterial composition and functions in biological treatment of coking wastewater. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:490. [PMID: 39422711 PMCID: PMC11489252 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal dynamics of bacterial composition and functions were demonstrated for the biological fluidized-bed bioreactors combined in the anoxic/aerobic1/aerobic2 (AOO) coking wastewater (CWW) treatment sequences. The bacterial composition and functions in the CWW activated sludge samples were revealed by 16S rRNA genes amplicon sequencing. Thiobacillus, Cloacibacterium, Alkaliphilus and Pseudomonas were determined as core genera with seasonal changes. Mutable microbial community composition fluctuated in different seasons in same bioreactor. Distributions of predicted KEGG pathways along four seasons consistently demonstrated enrichment in biodegradation of carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds. The major contaminants were removed from CWW by biochemical pathway of xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. This Level 2 pathway mainly owned the Level 3 pathways of benzoate degradation, drug metabolism-other enzymes, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and aminobenzoate degradation. The RDA results showed that dissolved oxygen with seasonal fluctuation was the main parameter shaping the microbial community. The observed dynamics within the microbial community composition, coupled with the maintained stability of CWW treatment efficiencies and a consistent profile of microbial functional pathways, underscore the presence of functional redundancy in the AOO bioreactors. The study underscored stable and effective operational performances of bioreactors in the AOO sequences, contributing the knowledge of microbiological basics to the advancement of CWW biological treatment. KEY POINTS: • Seasonal fluctuations of bacterial composition described for the AOO system. • Seasonal distributions of metabolic functions focused on carbon and nitrogen removal. • Functional redundancy was revealed in the AOO microbial community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ziyu Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiangpeng Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuexia Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Binbin Sheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sergei Preis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Chaohai Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu K, Li J, Zhao T, Zhou Q, Li Q, Hu X, Han G, Li S, Zou L, Liu S. Transcriptomic analysis reveals peripheral pathway in 3-phenoxybenzoic acid degradation by Aspergillus oryzae M-4. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116626. [PMID: 36327606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a major intermediate metabolite of synthetic pyrethroids, the occurrence of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid hinders the decomposition of the parent pesticide and poses uncertain risks to environmental ecology and living organisms. Strain Aspergillus oryzae M-4 was previously reported to degrade 3-PBA and several substances were identified as downstream transformation products (TPs). But the mechanism underlying the cleavage of ether bond remains largely unclear. Here, we attempted to address such concern through identifying the peripheral TPs and analyzing transcriptomics, coupled with serial batch degradation experiments. Analysis results of chromatographic/mass spectrometry suggested that 3-PBA underwent twice hydroxylation, to yield mono- and dihydroxylated 3-PBA successively. In parallel, a mutual transformation between 3-PBA and 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (3-PBOH) also existed. The proposal of peripheral pathway represents an important advance towards fully understanding the whole 3-PBA metabolism in M-4. A specific altered metabolization was found for the first time, that is, resting cells of M-4 skipped the reduction step and initiate hydroxylation directly, by comparison with growing cells. Transcriptome analysis indicated that 3-PBA induced the up-regulation of genes related to energy investment, oxidative stress response, membrane transport and DNA repair. In-depth functional interpretation of differential expression genes suggested that the generation 3-PBOH and hydroxylated 3-PBA may be due to the participation of flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) and cytochrome P450 (CYP450), respectively. This study provides new insight to reveal the biodegradation mechanism of 3-PBA by A. oryzae M-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
| | - Jianlong Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
| | - Tianye Zhao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
| | - Xinjie Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
| | - Guoquan Han
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
| | - Shuhong Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
| | - Likou Zou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He J, Zhang K, Wang L, Du Y, Yang Y, Yuan C. Highly efficient degradation of cypermethrin by a co-culture of Rhodococcus sp. JQ-L and Comamonas sp. A-3. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003820. [PMID: 36188009 PMCID: PMC9522905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cypermethrin is an important synthetic pyrethroid pesticide that widely used to control pests in agriculture. However, extensive use has caused its residue and the metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) to seriously pollute the environments and agricultural products. In this study, a highly efficient cypermethrin-degrading bacterial consortium was acclimated from long-term pyrethroid-contaminated soil. Two strains, designated JQ-L and A-3, were screened from the consortium, and identified as Rhodococcus sp. and Comamonas sp., respectively. Strain JQ-L transformed 100 mg/L of cypermethrin to 3-PBA within 60 h of incubation; however, 3-PBA could not be further degraded by the strain. Strain A-3 utilized 3-PBA as sole carbon for growth, and completely degraded 100 mg/L of 3-PBA within 15 h of incubation. Co-culture of JQ-L and A-3 completely degraded 100 mg/L of cypermethrin within 24 h of incubation. Furthermore, a complete catabolic pathway of cypermethrin and the metabolite 3-PBA by the co-culture was proposed. This study provided a promising strategy for efficient elimination of cypermethrin residue-contaminated environments and agricultural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchun Du
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cansheng Yuan
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tahon G, Gök D, Lebbe L, Willems A. Description and functional testing of four species of the novel phototrophic genus Chioneia gen. nov., isolated from different East Antarctic environments. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126250. [PMID: 34592543 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Seven Gram-negative, aerobic, non-sporulating, motile strains were isolated from terrestrial (R-67880T, R-67883, R-36501 and R-36677T) and aquatic (R-39604, R-39161T and R-39594T) East Antarctic environments (i.e. soil and aquatic microbial mats), between 2007 and 2014. Analysis of near-complete 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strains potentially form a novel genus in the family Sphingomonadaceae (Alphaproteobacteria). DNA-DNA reassociation and average nucleotide identity values indicated distinction from close neighbors in the family Sphingomonadaceae and showed that the seven isolates form four different species. The main central pathways present in the strains are the glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway. The strains can use only a limited number of carbon sources and mainly depend on ammonia and sulfate as a nitrogen and sulfur source, respectively. The novel strains showed the potential of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy, based on the presence of bacteriochlorophyll a pigments, which was corroborated by the presence of genes for all building blocks for a type 2 photosynthetic reaction center in the annotated genomes. Based on the results of phenotypic, genomic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses, the strains could be assigned four new species in the novel genus Chioneia gen. nov. in the family Sphingomonadaceae, for which the names C. frigida sp. nov. (R-67880T, R-67883 and R-36501), C. hiemis sp. nov. (R-36677T), C. brumae sp. nov. (R-39161T and R-39604) and C. algoris sp. nov. (R-39594T) are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tahon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Duygu Gök
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Liesbeth Lebbe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Anne Willems
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferro L, Hu YO, Gentili FG, Andersson AF, Funk C. DNA metabarcoding reveals microbial community dynamics in a microalgae-based municipal wastewater treatment open photobioreactor. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
7
|
Dominguez JJA, Inoue C, Chien MF. Hydroponic approach to assess rhizodegradation by sudangrass (Sorghum x drummondii) reveals pH- and plant age-dependent variability in bacterial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121695. [PMID: 31780291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rhizodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a product of complex interactions between plant and bacteria. In this study, hydroponic culture of sudangrass was established in order to investigate the effects of the plant on PAHs degradation and vice versa through changes in rhizosphere bacterial community. Results showed a plant-induced variability in PAHs degradation dependent on a characteristic shift in bacterial community, with pH and plant age as driving factors. Moreover, bacterial communities with high diversity seemed to abate the phytotoxic effects of PAHs degradation as observed in the plant's gross health. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and next-generation sequencing revealed that regardless of plant age and culture conditions, the increase or decrease of Sphingobium sp. could dictate the PAHs degradation potential of the bacterial consortium. Overall, this study utilized hydroponic culture of sudangrass to show that plant even of same species can suppress, support, or enhance PAHs degradation of bacteria depending on specific factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Jewish A Dominguez
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chihiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mei-Fang Chien
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Tang J, Hu Q, Liu B, Lei D, Chen T, Sun Q, Zeng C, Zhang Q. Efficient biodegradation of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and pyrethroid pesticides by the novel strain Klebsiella pneumoniae BPBA052. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:795-804. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (BPBA052) capable of degrading 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) was isolated from soybean rhizosphere soil. The strain was obtained by screening after enrichment, isolation, and purification using 3-PBA as the sole carbon and energy source. It could degrade 96.37% of 3-PBA (100 mg/L) within 72 h, and its growth and 3-PBA degradation followed kinetics models of logistic growth (XBPBA052 = 0.0883 × e0.0947t / [1 − 0.0792 × (1 − 0.0883 × e0.0947t)]; μm = 0.0947 h–1, X0 = 0.0883, and Xm = 1.1145) and first-order degradation (CBPBA052 = 101.8194 × e–0.0403t, k = 0.0403, t1/2 = 17.22 h), respectively. Based on Box–Behnken response surface analysis, the optimal temperature, pH, and 3-PBA concentration for K. pneumoniae BPBA052 were 35.01 °C, 7.77, and 150 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, pyrethroid pesticides (PPs) (such as β-cypermethrin, permethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate) and 3-PBA metabolites (including phenol, catechol, and protocatechuate) were efficiently utilized by BPBA052. We propose a novel microbial metabolic pathway for 3-PBA, based on metabolite identification; enzyme-degrading activity; and cloning of the phenol hydroxylase, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase genes. This study provides a fundamental platform for further studies to reveal the mechanism of biodegradation of 3-BPA and show K. pneumoniae BPBA052 as a potential microbial resource for bioremediation of environments polluted with 3-PBA or PPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Dan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, 610039 Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lima-Barbero JF, Díaz-Sanchez S, Sparagano O, Finn RD, de la Fuente J, Villar M. Metaproteomics characterization of the alphaproteobacteria microbiome in different developmental and feeding stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778). Avian Pathol 2019; 48:S52-S59. [PMID: 31267762 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1635679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778), is a worldwide distributed ectoparasite and considered a major pest affecting the laying hen industry in Europe. Based on available information in other ectoparasites, the mite microbiome might participate in several biological processes and the acquisition, maintenance and transmission of pathogens. However, little is known about the role of PRM as a mechanical carrier or a biological vector in the transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Herein, we used a metaproteomics approach to characterize the alphaproteobacteria in the microbiota of PRM, and variations in its profile with ectoparasite development (nymphs vs. adults) and feeding (unfed vs. fed). The results showed that the bacterial community associated with D. gallinae was mainly composed of environmental and commensal bacteria. Putative symbiotic bacteria of the genera Wolbachia, C. Tokpelaia and Sphingomonas were identified, together with potential pathogenic bacteria of the genera Inquilinus, Neorickettsia and Roseomonas. Significant differences in the composition of alphaproteobacterial microbiota were associated with mite development and feeding, suggesting that bacteria have functional implications in metabolic pathways associated with blood feeding. These results support the use of metaproteomics for the characterization of alphaproteobacteria associated with the D. gallinae microbiota that could provide relevant information for the understanding of mite-host interactions and the development of potential control interventions. Research highlights Metaproteomics is a valid approach for microbiome characterization in ectoparasites. Alphaproteobacteria putative bacterial symbionts were identified in D. gallinae. Mite development and feeding were related to variations in bacterial community. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified in mite microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Lima-Barbero
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain.,Sabiotec, S.A. Ed. Polivalente UCLM Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Sandra Díaz-Sanchez
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Olivier Sparagano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Robert D Finn
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , USA
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jani K, Feng GD, Zhu HH, Prakash O, Bandal J, Rale V, Shouche Y, Sharma A. Chakrabartia godavariana gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Sphingomonadaceae isolated from the Godavari River, India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:2452-2458. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Jani
- 1National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
- 2Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
| | - Guang-Da Feng
- 3State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Hong-Hui Zhu
- 3State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Om Prakash
- 1National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Jayashree Bandal
- 4Department of Microbiology, KTHM College, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinay Rale
- 2Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
| | - Yogesh Shouche
- 1National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Avinash Sharma
- 1National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nguyen TM, Kim J. Sphingobium aromaticivastans sp. nov., a novel aniline- and benzene-degrading, and antimicrobial compound producing bacterium. Arch Microbiol 2018; 201:155-161. [PMID: 30560286 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A strictly aerobic, orange-pigmented strain was isolated and designated as UCM-25T. This strain is capable of degrading aniline and benzene, while is also producing antimicrobial compounds which inhibit the growth of some common pathogenic microbes. A near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed similarity to Sphingobium chlorophenolicum NBRC 16172T (98.6%). The level of DNA-DNA hybridization between the new isolate and the related species suggests UCM-25T to be a new species belonging to the genus Sphingobium. The bacterial cells contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, three unidentified polar lipids, and an unidentified aminophospholipid. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the major quinone and spermidine was the major polyamine. The G+C content in the DNA of strain UCM-25T was 62.9 mol%. Cells contained summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), C16:0, and C14:0 2-OH as major fatty acids. Based on the comparison of phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain UCM-25T represents a new member of the genus Sphingobium, for which the name S. aromaticivastans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UCM-25T (=KACC 19288T =DSM 105181T).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Manh Nguyen
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
- Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Quyet Thang commune, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Jaisoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang J, Liu B, Chen TT, Yao K, Zeng L, Zeng CY, Zhang Q. Screening of a beta-cypermethrin-degrading bacterial strain Brevibacillus parabrevis BCP-09 and its biochemical degradation pathway. Biodegradation 2018; 29:525-541. [PMID: 30116919 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-018-9850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel beta-cypermethrin (Beta-CP)-degrading strain isolated from activated sludge was identified as Brevibacillus parabrevis BCP-09 based on its morphological and physio-biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene analysis. Strain BCP-09 could effectively degrade Beta-CP at pH 5.0-9.0, 20-40 °C, and 10-500 mg L-1 Beta-CP. Under optimal conditions (pH 7.41, 38.9 °C, 30.9 mg L-1 Beta-CP), 75.87% Beta-CP was degraded within 3 days. Beta-CP degradation (half-life, 33.45 h) and strain BCP-09 growth were respectively described using first-order-kinetic and logistic-kinetic models. Seven metabolites were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry- methyl salicylate, catechol, phthalic acid, salicylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). The major Beta-CP metabolite, 3-PBA was further degraded into phenol, benzoic acid, and 4-methylhexanoic acid. BCP-09 also degraded aromatic compounds such as phenol, catechol, and protocatechuic acid. Beta-CP appears to be mainly degraded into 3-PBA, which is continuously degraded into smaller benzene or chain compounds. Thus, strain BCP-09 could form a complete degradation system for Beta-CP and might be considered a promising strain for application in the bioremediation of environments and agricultural products polluted by Beta-CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zeng
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Yi Zeng
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun L, Liu H, Gao X, Chen W, Huang K, Zhang S. Isolation of monocrotophos-degrading strain Sphingobiumsp. YW16 and cloning of its TnopdA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4942-4950. [PMID: 29204940 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial strain Sphingobium sp. YW16, which is capable of degrading monocrotophos, was isolated from paddy soil in China. Strain YW16 could hydrolyze monocrotophos to dimethylphosphate and N-methylacetoacetamide and utilize dimethylphosphate as the sole carbon source but could not utilize N-methylacetoacetamide. Strain YW16 also had the ability to hydrolyze other organophosphate pesticides. A fragment (7067 bp) that included the organophosphorus hydrolase gene, opdA, was acquired from strain YW16 using the shotgun technique combined with SEFA-PCR. Its sequence illustrated that opdA was included in TnopdA, which consisted of a transpose gene, a putative integrase gene, a putative ATP-binding protein gene, and opdA. Additionally, a conjugal transfer protein gene, traI, was located downstream of TnopdA. The juxtaposition of TnopdA with TraI suggests that opdA may be transferred from strain YW16 to other bacteria through conjugation. OpdA was able to hydrolyze a wide range of organophosphate pesticides, with the hydrolysis efficiency decreasing as follows: methyl parathion > fenitrothion > phoxim > dichlorvos > ethyl parathion > trichlorfon > triazophos > chlorpyrifos > monocrotophos > diazinon. This work provides the first report of opdA in the genus Sphingobium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Gao
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihua Huang
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Sui Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chaudhary DK, Jeong SW, Kim J. Sphingobium naphthae sp. nov., with the ability to degrade aliphatic hydrocarbons, isolated from oil-contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:2986-2993. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan University, Kunsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaisoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu Y, Li J, Yao K, Zhao N, Zhou K, Hu X, Zou L, Han X, Liu A, Liu S. Degradation of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid by a filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae M-4 strain with self-protection transformation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9773-9786. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Du J, Singh H, Yang JE, Yin CS, Kook M, Yu H, Yi TH. Sphingobium soli sp. nov. isolated from rhizosphere soil of a rose. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1091-7. [PMID: 26427858 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Strain THG-SQA7(T), a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from rhizosphere soil of a rose in PR China. Strain THG-SQA7(T) is closely related to the members of the genus Sphingobium, showing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Sphingobium lactosutens KACC 18100(T) (98.2%) and Sphingobium abikonense KCTC 2864(T) (98.1%). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain THG-SQA7(T) and S. lactosutens KACC 18100(T) and S. abikonense KCTC 2864(T) was 26.2 ± 0.9 and 28.3 ± 1.2%, respectively. Chemotaxonomic data showed that strain THG-SQA7(T) possesses ubiquinone Q-10 as the predominant respiratory quinone, and C(18:1)ω7c, C(16:0), summed feature 3 (C(16:1)ω7c and/or C(16:1)ω6c) and C(14:0) 2OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine. Based on these results, together with phenotypic characterization, a novel species, Sphingobium soli sp. nov. is proposed.with the type strain is THG-SQA7(T) (=CCTCC AB 2015125(T) = KCTC 42607(T)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hina Singh
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Shik Yin
- Department of Acupuncture Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - MooChang Kook
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Incheon, 417-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongshan Yu
- College of Bio and Food Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cai S, Shi C, Zhao JD, Cao Q, He J, Chen LW. Sphingobium phenoxybenzoativorans sp. nov., a 2-phenoxybenzoic-acid-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:1986-1991. [PMID: 25807977 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SC_3T, was isolated from pesticide-contaminated soil sediment. The strain was able to mineralize 2-phenoxybenzoic acid. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SC_3T formed a monophyletic lineage in the genus Sphingobium, and showed highest similarity to the type strains of Sphingobium abikonense (97.0 %), followed by Sphingobium lactosutens (96.8 %) and Sphingobium cloacae (96.7 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain SC_3T and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was lower than 70 %. The major fatty acids (>5 % of the total) were summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c), summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c), C14:0 2-OH, C16:0 and C17:1ω6c. The predominant quinone was ubiquinone Q-10, and the major polyamine was spermidine. The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), sphingoglycolipid (SGL), phosphatidylethanolamine (PDME), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME), an unknown aminolipid (AL), two unknown lipids (L1, L2) and several unknown phospholipids (PL1-6). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SC_3T was 62.9 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain SC_3T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobium, for which the name Sphingobium phenoxybenzoativorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SC_3T ( = CCTCC AB 2014349T = KACC 42448T).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Cai
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jia-Dong Zhao
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qin Cao
- China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Building 4, No. 16, Xisihuanzhonglu, Haidian District, 100039, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Jian He
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li-Wei Chen
- The College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A novel angular dioxygenase gene cluster encoding 3-phenoxybenzoate 1',2'-dioxygenase in Sphingobium wenxiniae JZ-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3811-8. [PMID: 24747891 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00208-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingobium wenxiniae JZ-1 utilizes a wide range of pyrethroids and their metabolic product, 3-phenoxybenzoate, as sources of carbon and energy. A mutant JZ-1 strain, MJZ-1, defective in the degradation of 3-phenoxybenzoate was obtained by successive streaking on LB agar. Comparison of the draft genomes of strains JZ-1 and MJZ-1 revealed that a 29,366-bp DNA fragment containing a putative angular dioxygenase gene cluster (pbaA1A2B) is missing in strain MJZ-1. PbaA1, PbaA2, and PbaB share 65%, 52%, and 10% identity with the corresponding α and β subunits and the ferredoxin component of dioxin dioxygenase from Sphingomonas wittichii RW1, respectively. Complementation of pbaA1A2B in strain MJZ-1 resulted in the active 3-phenoxybenzoate 1',2'-dioxygenase, but the enzyme activity in Escherichia coli was achieved only through the coexpression of pbaA1A2B and a glutathione reductase (GR)-type reductase gene, pbaC, indicating that the 3-phenoxybenzoate 1',2'-dioxygenase belongs to a type IV Rieske non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenase system consisting of a hetero-oligomeric oxygenase, a [2Fe-2S]-type ferredoxin, and a GR-type reductase. The pbaC gene is not located in the immediate vicinity of pbaA1A2B. 3-Phenoxybenzoate 1',2'-dioxygenase catalyzes the hydroxylation in the 1' and 2' positions of the benzene moiety of 3-phenoxybenzoate, yielding 3-hydroxybenzoate and catechol. Transcription of pbaA1A2B and pbaC was induced by 3-phenoxybenzoate, but the transcriptional level of pbaC was far less than that of pbaA1A2B, implying the possibility that PbaC may not be the only reductase that can physiologically transfer electrons to PbaA1A2B in strain JZ-1. Some GR-type reductases from other sphingomonad strains could also transfer electrons to PbaA1A2B, suggesting that PbaA1A2B has a low specificity for reductase.
Collapse
|