Taibaiella chishuiensis sp. nov., isolated from freshwater

Unraveling the regional environmental ecology dominated baijiu fermentation microbial community succession and associated unique flavor

Chinese baijiu as one of the famous distilled liquor in which fermented in open environments, with various microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, and yeast) involved in their brewing process, and created corresponding unique flavor. However, the sources of environmentally enriched microbial communities associated with liquor fermentation are still being characterized yet. Given the dependence of microbial growth and reproduction on environmental ecology, it is important to understand the correlation between baijiu fermentation microbial community and surrounding environmental ecology (i.e., temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation). This study systematically overviewed the sources of microorganisms in the Jiang-flavor-Baijiu fermentation system. The results showed that microorganisms in baijiu brewing (i.e., mold, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast) mainly originated from surrounding environmental matrices, including the air (i.e., Yeast, Streptomyces and Bacillus), soil (i.e., Xanthomonas, Methanococcus and Comamonas) and water (i.e., Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas) via atmospheric transport, raw material transfer and surface runoff. In addition, the unique baijiu fermentation microbial community diversity depends on local geology and meteorological conditions, highlighting that the structural stability and diversity of the microorganisms in the Baijiu brewing process dominated by local environmental ecology. We also explored the regional environmental conditions on the microbial community and found that the unique Jiang-flavor-Baijiu fermentation microbial community diversity depends on local geology and meteorological conditions. The Jiang-flavor-Baijiu workshop is located in the basin of the middle-and low latitude mountainous areas, with sufficient solar irradiation and rainfall, high air humidity, and low wind speed that favor the growth and propagation of Baijiu fermentation microorganisms. Therefore, the obtained conclusions provide new insights unraveling the key factor controlling the unique flavor of Chinese Baijiu, where protecting the ecology of baijiu brewing-regions is fundamental for maintaining the long-term quality of baijiu.

Paraflavitalea pollutisoli sp. nov., Pollutibacter soli gen. nov. sp. nov., Polluticoccus soli gen. nov. sp. nov., and Terrimonas pollutisoli sp. nov., four new members of the family Chitinophagaceae from polluted soil

A taxonomic investigation was conducted on four bacterial strains isolated from soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these strains belonged to the family Chitinophagaceae. Examination of the 16S rRNA genes indicated that their sequence identities were below 97.6 % compared to any known and validly nominated bacterial species. The genomes of the four strains ranged from 4.12 to 8.76 Mb, with overall G + C molar contents varying from 41.28 % to 50.39 %. Predominant cellular fatty acids included iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The average nucleotide identity ranged from 66.90 % to 74.63 %, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization was 12.5-12.8 %. Based on the genomic and phenotypic features of the new strains, four novel species and two new genera were proposed within the family Chitinophagaceae. The ecological distributions were investigated by data-mining of NCBI databases, and results showed that additional strains or species of the newly proposed taxa were widely distributed in various environments, including polluted soil and waters. Functional analysis demonstrated that strains H1-2-19XT, JS81T, and JY13-12T exhibited resistance to arsenite (III) and chromate (VI). The proposed names for the four novel species are Paraflavitalea pollutisoli (type strain H1-2-19XT = JCM 36460T = CGMCC 1.61321T), Terrimonas pollutisoli (type strain H1YJ31T = JCM 36215T = CGMCC 1.61343T), Pollutibacter soli (type strain JS81T = JCM 36462T = CGMCC 1.61338T), and Polluticoccus soli (type strain JY13-12T = JCM 36463T = CGMCC 1.61341T).

Brevibacillus dissolubilis sp. nov., Isolated from Fresh Water

A Gram-positive-staining, strictly aerobic, motile, ellipsoidal endospore-forming bacterial strain, designated CHY01^T, was isolated from the Chishui river in a section of Maotai Town, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. Strain CHY01^T was found to grow optimally at pH 8.0 and 28 °C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain CHY01^T belonged to the genus Brevibacillus and clustered with the type strain of Brevibacillus panacihumi, with which it exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.8%. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acids were C_14:0, iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, C_15:1iso-H and/or C_13:0 3-OH, and C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 6.1 Mbp and a G + C content of 50.6%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain CHY01^T to be distinguished genotypically and phenotypically from Brevibacillus species with validly published names. Pairwise determined whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values suggested that strain CHY01^T represents a new species, for which we propose the name Brevibacillus dissolubilis sp. nov. with the type strain CHY01^T (= CGMCC 1.15916 ^T = KCTC 33863 ^T).

Simultaneous decarburization, nitrification and denitrification (SDCND) in coking wastewater treatment using an integrated fluidized-bed reactor

There are two problems in biological treatment of coking wastewater (CWW): incapability of pre-anaerobic treatment to eliminate the toxicity in wastewater, and the lack of carbon source for subsequent denitrification in pre-aerobic treatment. To achieve simultaneous decarburization, nitrification and denitrification (SDCND) in CWW treatment, biological carrier materials was used to build an integrated fluidized-bed reactor (Reactor B, RB). A conventional fluidized-bed reactor (Reactor A, RA) was used as a control reactor under the same condition. The results showed that RB was more advantageous since its removal efficiencies of COD and TN were 90% and 87%, respectively, which were significantly higher than these in RA (82% and 45%), at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 60 h. Microelectrode measurement indicated that oxygen transfer was limited inside the carrier where the formation of a dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration gradient was observed. Microbial community analysis showed that the aerobic and anoxic microenvironments in RB promoted the co-existence of a wider variety of bacteria, thus achieving SDCND. These results indicated the integrated fluidized-bed reactor exhibited promising feasibility for simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal in CWW treatment under the same aeration driven conditions. The SDCND process realized by fluidized-bed reactor provided a reference for the treatment of toxic industrial wastewater with high carbon to nitrogen ratio.

Rhodoferax bucti sp. nov., isolated from fresh water

A Gram-reaction-negative, peach-brown-pigmented, slightly curved-rod-shaped, aerobic, non-motile bacterium, designated GSA243-2^T, was isolated from fresh water samples collected from the Chishui River flowing through Maotai, Guizhou, south-west PR China. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic traits were investigated. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Rhodoferax. The closest phylogenetic relative was Rhodoferax saidenbachensis ATCC BAA-1852^T (98.35 %). The major fatty acids were C_{16: 0} and C_16 : 1ω6c and/or C_16 : 1ω7c. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8 and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 3.67 Mbp and a G+C content of 61.17 mol%. Pairwise-determined whole genome average nucleotide identity values and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values suggested that strain GSA243-2^T represents a new species, for which we propose the name Rhodoferaxbucti sp. nov. with the type strain GSA243-2^T (=CGMCC 1.16288^T=KCTC 62564^T).

Bacterial Community of the Digestive Tract of the European Medicinal Leech (Hirudo verbana) from the Danube River

The digestive tract of medicinal leeches from commercial suppliers has been investigated previously and comprises of a relatively simple bacterial community. However, the microbiome of medicinal leeches collected directly from the natural habitat has not been examined. In this study, we characterized the bacterial community in the digestive tract (anterior crop, posterior crop, and intestine) of the European medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, collected from the Danube river using culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches. Culture-independent approach confirmed that the digestive tract of H. verbana carries a relatively simple bacterial community with species richness in the individual samples ranging from 43 to164. The dominant bacterial taxon was Mucinivorans sp. (49.7% of total reads), followed by Aeromonas sp. (18.7% of total reads). Several low abundance taxa, new for H. verbana, such as Phreatobacter, Taibaiella, Fluviicola, Aquabacterium, Burkholderia, Hydrogenophaga, Wolinella, and unidentified Chitinophagia, were also detected. The aerobic culturing approach showed Aeromonas veronii (Proteobacteria), the known leech symbiont, as the most dominant taxon followed by several Pseudomonas and Acidovorax spp. No significant differences in the bacterial community composition were detected among different parts of the digestive tract of individual leeches. However, the overall composition of the bacterial community among individual specimen varied significantly and this is possibly due to differences in leech age, feeding status, and blood source. Our results showed that the core bacterial community of H. verbana collected from the natural habitat is similar to that reported from the digestive tract of commercially supplied leeches maintained in the laboratory.

Taibaiella helva sp. nov., isolated from farmland soil in China

A yellow-coloured bacterial strain, designated F-4T, was isolated from a farmland soil sample from Qianshan, Anhui province, China. Strain F-4T was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, oval-shaped, motile (by gliding) and non-spore-forming. Growth occurred at 20–35 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0–8.0 (pH 7.0) and with 0–1.0 % (w/v) NaCl (0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain F-4T belonged to the genus Taibaiella . 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain F-4T and the type strains of the three recognized species of the genus Taibaiella , Taibaiella koreensis KACC 17171T, Taibaiella soli KCTC 42277T and Taibaiella chishuiensis JCM 19637T, were 98.1, 96.4 and 95.9 %, respectively. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7, with MK-8 as a minor component. The major polar lipids of strain F-4T were three unidentified lipids, two unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA based on total genome calculations was 51.3 mol%. The major polyamine of strain F-4T was homospermidine. The average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA–DNA hybridization values for draft genomes between strain F-4T and strain THG-DT86T were 79.8 and 22.6 %, respectively. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data presented here, strain F-4T represents a novel species of the genus Taibaiella , for which the name Taibaiella helva sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F-4T (=KCTC 62442T=CGMCC 1.13562T).

Edaphocola aurantiacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from wetland soil in South Korea

A short rod-shaped, yellow-orange pigmented, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated as strain H2^T, was isolated from the wetland soil of Halla Mountain, Jeju-island, South Korea. Growth was observed at temperatures of 10-30 °C (optimum at 25-30 °C), pH of 6-8 (optimum at pH 7), and salt concentrations of 0-1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 0%). The strain H2^T was found to be a catalase and oxidase-positive, non-motile, Gram-negative bacterium. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, strain H2^T was found to be related to the members of the Chitinophagaceae family, being closely related to Taibaiella chishuiensis AY17^T (94.3% sequence similarity). The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and glycolipid. Strain H2^T contained MK-7 as the only menaquinone as well as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G and iso-C_17:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids (> 15%). The DNA G+C content of strain H2^T was determined to be 48.3 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic analysis data, strain H2^T (= KCTC 62115^T = JCM 32353^T) should be classified as representative of a novel species of a novel genus within the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Edaphocola aurantiacus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed.

Arenimonas caeni sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, motile and rod-shaped strain, z29^T, was isolated from the active sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant at Wuhu, Anhui, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain z29^T is most closely related to the genus Arenimonas, showing the highest similarity to Arenimonas donghaensis HO3-R19^T (97.14 %), Arenimonas aestuarii S2-21^T (96.46 %), Arenimonas daejeonensis T7-07^T (96.24 %) and Arenimonas taoyuanensis YN2-31A^T (96.23 %). The only respiratory quinone of strain z29^T was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 010-methyl). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.2 mol%. Genomic comparison between strain z29^T and Arenimonas donghaensis HO3-R19^T revealed 83.72 % average nucleotide identity. Based on the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic results together with phylogenetical analysis, strain z29^T is classified as representing a novel species of the genus Arenimonas, for which the name Arenimonas caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is z29^T (=JCM 32091^T=CCTCC AB 2017067^T).

Nemorella caseinilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from forest soil

Two novel strains, J116-2^T and J116-1, were isolated from forest soil and were taxonomically characterized by a polyphasic approach. Both strains were yellow-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacteria. The strains were non-sporulating, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Strains J116-2^T and J116-1 were able to grow at 20-32 °C, pH 6.0-8.5, and 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, strains J116-2^T and J116-1 formed a distinct lineage within the family Chitinophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and were closely related to genera Taibaiella (89.86-89.30 % sequence similarity), Falvihumibacter (89.20-89.06 %), Filimonas (89.06 %) and Chitinophaga(89.01-88.77 %). The pairwise sequence similarity between strains J116-2^T and J116-1 was found to be 99.86 %. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent in both strains. The only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7); the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine; the predominant polyamine was homospermidine; and the major fatty acids were C15 : 0iso, C15 : 1iso G and C17 : 0iso 3-OH. The genomic DNA G+C content values of strains J116-2^T and J116-1 were 51.1 and 50.9 mol%, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis, strain J116-2^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Nemorella caseinilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Nemorella caseinilytica is J116-2^T (=KEMB 9005-550^T=KACC 19168^T=NBRC 112827^T).

Bacterial and Archaeal Diversities in Maotai Section of the Chishui River, China

The Chishui River is the last undammed tributary of the upper Yangtze River, extends cross Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, and it is the significant water source of Maotai liquor, Southwest of China. We investigated microbial community of the Chishui River in the Maotai town section, because of deep relationship between the water and the most famous Chinese liquor, Maotai liquor. In this study, diversities of bacteria and archaea of four seasons were analyzed in two different sampling sites using a barcoded 16S rRNA gene-pyrosequencing approach. The results show that the predominant community among all bacteria is Proteobacteria (70.16-94.29 %), of which Gamma-proteobacteria made up the largest portion. Bacterial community structure in spring and autumn tended to group together, and the operational taxonomic units of bacteria peaked in summer. The quantitative PCR (q-PCR) results revealed significantly higher number of gene copies in the downstream than that in the upstream, and were slightly higher in summer and spring than other seasons. Archaeal community structures had no obvious regular pattern, and species richness was higher in downstream in all seasons. Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota were the dominant groups in archaeal populations, and abundant ammonia-oxidizing archaea was detected. The study significantly improved our understanding of microbial community in Maotai section of the Chishui River, where the unique and world-famous Maotai liquor is produced.

Qipengyuania sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Erythrobacteraceae isolated from subterrestrial sediment

A Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile, facultatively aerobic bacterium, designated strain M1T, was isolated from a subterrestrial sediment sample of Qiangtang Basin in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China. The strain formed rough yellow colonies on R2A plates. Cells were oval or short rod-shaped, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Erythrobacteraceae and showed 96.2–96.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to its closest relatives. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed ubiquinone-10 (Q10) as the dominant respiratory quinone of strain M1T and C17 : 1ω6c (44.2 %) and C18 : 1ω7c (13.7 %) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, three unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified phosphoglycolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain M1T was 73.7 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data presented in this study, strain M1T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Erythrobacteraceae, for which the name Qipengyuania sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is M1T ( = CGMCC 1.12928T = JCM 30182T).

Sphingomonas arantia sp. nov., isolated from Hoh Xil basin, China

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming, aerobic, orange-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 6P(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Hoh Xil basin, China. Strain 6P(T) grew optimally at 25 °C, pH 7.0-7.5 and NaCl concentration of 0-1 % (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 6P(T) belongs to the genus Sphingomonas, with high sequence similarity (97.1 %) to Sphingomonas fennica. The DNA-DNA hybridization homology with S. fennica DSM 13665(T) was 45.3 %. The DNA G+C content of the novel strain is 65.3 mol%. The isolate contained Q-10 as the only respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingoglycolipid (SGL). C18:1 ω7c and C16:1 ω7c are the major fatty acids. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence presented, strain 6P(T) represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas arantia sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 6P(T) (=CGMCC 1.12702(T) = JCM 19855(T)).

Polymorphobacter fuscus sp. nov., isolated from permafrost soil, and emended description of the genus Polymorphobacter

Strain D40P^T, representing a novel Gram-stain-negative, obligately aerobic, bacteriochlorophyll a-containing bacterium of the α-4 subgroup of the phylum Proteobacteria, was isolated from permafrost soil of Kunlun mountains gap, Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Cells were non-motile rod-cocci and formed brown-pigmented colonies. According to the absorption spectrum, carotenoids and two different photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, an LHI complex and a B800-835-type peripheral LHII complex, were present in the cells. The strain was oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. The predominant fatty acids of strain D40P^T were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c), C_17 : 1ω6c and summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1ω7c and/or C_18 : 1ω6c). The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified phospholipid, two glycolipids and sphingoglycolipid. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10, whereas ubiquinone-9 was present in smaller amounts. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the closest phylogenetic relative, Polymorphobacter multimanifer JCM 18140^T, was 97.5 %. DNA-DNA relatedness (ΔT_m) between strain D40P^T and P. multimanifer was 12.4 °C. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain D40P^T was 67.4 mol%. Accordingly, the strain represents a novel species, for which the name Polymorphobacter fuscus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D40P^T ( = CGMCC 1.12714^T = JCM 19740^T). An emended description of the genus Polymorphobacter is also proposed.

Flavobacterium procerum sp. nov., isolated from freshwater

A Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain T3T, was isolated from freshwater of Chishui River flowing through Maotai town, Guizhou, south-west China. Analysis of the16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain T3T was a member of the genus Flavobacterium and closely related to Flavobacterium resistens DSM 19382T (96.8  %). The novel strain was able to grow at 10–34 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 6.0–11.0 (optimum pH 8.0–9.0) and with 0–2.0  % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0  %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown glycolipids, five unknown aminolipids and four unidentified lipids, and the major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The predominant fatty acids were C16  :  1ω7c and/or C16  :  1ω6c and iso-C15  :  0. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 36 mol  %. Based on these data, strain T3T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium procerum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T3T ( = CGMCC 1.12926T = JCM 30113T).

Youhaiella tibetensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from subsurface sediment

A Gram-reaction-negative bacterial strain, designated fig4T, was isolated from a subsurface sediment core of Qiangtang Basin permafrost in China. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive and rods. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain fig4T was a member of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae and was most closely related to members of the genera Pelagibacterium, Vasilyevaea and Devosia with 93.8–96.2 % sequence similarities. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 0, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unknown glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 60.7 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain fig4T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Hyphomicrobiaceae, for which the name Youhaiella tibetensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is fig4T ( = CGMCC 1.12719T = JCM 19854T).

Flavobacterium maotaiense sp. nov., isolated from freshwater

Two novel strains, T9T and T10, were isolated from water samples collected from Chishui River flowing through Maotai town, Guizhou, south-west China. The isolates were yellow-pigmented, Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and aerobic. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates belonged to the genus Flavobacterium , and showed highest similarities to Flavobacterium hibernum DSM 12611T (97.0 %), followed by Flavobacterium granuli Kw05T (96.7 %) and Flavobacterium pectinovorum DSM 6368T (96.7 %). The novel strains were able to grow at 20–37 °C (optimum 25 °C), pH 7.0–10.0 (optimum pH 7.0–8.0) and with 0–0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0.5 %). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c, anteiso-C15 : 0, C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1ω10c, and menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the main respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown glycolipid, two unknown aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C contents of strains T9T and T10 were 37.7 and 36.4 mol%, respectively. According to the phenotypic and genetic data, strains T9T and T10 represent a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium maotaiense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T9T ( = CGMCC 1.12712T = JCM 19927T).

Arenimonas maotaiensis sp. nov., isolated from fresh water

A translucent, white, Gram-reaction-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-flagellated, slightly curved or curved bacterial strain, designated YT8(T), was isolated from the fresh water of the Maotai section of Chishui River, China. Cells were catalase-positive and oxidase-positive. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain YT8(T) is a member of the genus Arenimonas with similarity to other members of this genus ranging from 93.7 to 95.0 %. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8), major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids, while major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content of strain YT8(T) was 66.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic features studied, strain YT8(T) is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Arenimonas, for which the name Arenimonas maotaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YT8(T) ( = CGMCC 1.12726(T) = JCM 19710(T)).