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Trivedi K, Kumar R, Vijay Anand KG, Bhojani G, Kubavat D, Ghosh A. Structural and functional changes in soil bacterial communities by drifting spray application of a commercial red seaweed extract as revealed by metagenomics. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:72. [PMID: 34951686 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) is known to enhance crop productivity and impart stress tolerance. Close to one quarter of foliar spray applied to maize falls on the soil, either as drift or from leaf as drip. It was hypothesized that the drift spray would profoundly influence soil microbes under stress. An experiment was conducted with five treatments, with or without KSWE application at critical stages of maize grown under soil moisture stress and compared with an irrigated control. An Illumina platform was employed for the analysis of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from the soil metagenome. A total of 345,552 operational taxonomic units were generated which were classified into 55 phyla, 152 classes, 240 orders, 305 families and 593 genera. Shannon's index and Shannon's equitability indicated increased soil bacterial diversity after multiple KSWE applications under conditions of abiotic duress. The abundance of the genera Alicyclobacillus, Anaerolinea, Bacillus, Balneimonas, Nitrospira, Rubrobacter and Steroidobacter decreased (49-79%) under drought imposed at the V5,10 and 15 stages of maize over the irrigated control, while it significantly improved when followed by KSWE application under drought. Flavobacterium, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosovibrio, Rubrobacter genera and several other bacterial taxa which are important for plant growth promotion and nutrient cycling were found to be enriched by KSWE application under drought conditions. Treatments having enriched microbial abundance due to KSWE application under stress recorded higher soil enzymatic activities and plant cob yield, suggesting the contribution of altered soil ecology mediated by KSWE as one of the reasons for improvement of yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanjan Trivedi
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, GB Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - K G Vijay Anand
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, GB Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Gopal Bhojani
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, GB Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Denish Kubavat
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, GB Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arup Ghosh
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, GB Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Sucrose Metabolism in Haloarchaea: Reassessment Using Genomics, Proteomics, and Metagenomics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02935-18. [PMID: 30658981 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02935-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical pathway for sucrose metabolism in haloarchaea utilizes a modified Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP), in which ketohexokinase and 1-phosphofructokinase phosphorylate fructose released from sucrose hydrolysis. However, our survey of haloarchaeal genomes determined that ketohexokinase and 1-phosphofructokinase genes were not present in all species known to utilize fructose and sucrose, thereby indicating that alternative mechanisms exist for fructose metabolism. A fructokinase gene was identified in the majority of fructose- and sucrose-utilizing species, whereas only a small number possessed a ketohexokinase gene. Analysis of a range of hypersaline metagenomes revealed that haloarchaeal fructokinase genes were far more abundant (37 times) than haloarchaeal ketohexokinase genes. We used proteomic analysis of Halohasta litchfieldiae (which encodes fructokinase) and identified changes in protein abundance that relate to growth on sucrose. Proteins inferred to be involved in sucrose metabolism included fructokinase, a carbohydrate primary transporter, a putative sucrose hydrolase, and two uncharacterized carbohydrate-related proteins encoded in the same gene cluster as fructokinase and the transporter. Homologs of these proteins were present in the genomes of all haloarchaea that use sugars for growth. Enzymes involved in the semiphosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway also had higher abundances in sucrose-grown H. litchfieldiae cells, consistent with this pathway functioning in the catabolism of the glucose moiety of sucrose. The study revises the current understanding of fundamental pathways for sugar utilization in haloarchaea and proposes alternatives to the modified EMP pathway used by haloarchaea for sucrose and fructose utilization.IMPORTANCE Our ability to infer the function that microorganisms perform in the environment is predicated on assumptions about metabolic capacity. When genomic or metagenomic data are used, metabolic capacity is inferred from genetic potential. Here, we investigate the pathways by which haloarchaea utilize sucrose. The canonical haloarchaeal pathway for fructose metabolism involving ketohexokinase occurs only in a small proportion of haloarchaeal genomes and is underrepresented in metagenomes. Instead, fructokinase genes are present in the majority of genomes/metagenomes. In addition to genomic and metagenomic analyses, we used proteomic analysis of Halohasta litchfieldiae (which encodes fructokinase but lacks ketohexokinase) and identified changes in protein abundance that related to growth on sucrose. In this way, we identified novel proteins implicated in sucrose metabolism in haloarchaea, comprising a transporter and various catabolic enzymes (including proteins that are annotated as hypothetical).
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Amoozegar MA, Siroosi M, Atashgahi S, Smidt H, Ventosa A. Systematics of haloarchaea and biotechnological potential of their hydrolytic enzymes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:623-645. [PMID: 28548036 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic archaea, also referred to as haloarchaea, dominate hypersaline environments. To survive under such extreme conditions, haloarchaea and their enzymes have evolved to function optimally in environments with high salt concentrations and, sometimes, with extreme pH and temperatures. These features make haloarchaea attractive sources of a wide variety of biotechnological products, such as hydrolytic enzymes, with numerous potential applications in biotechnology. The unique trait of haloarchaeal enzymes, haloenzymes, to sustain activity under hypersaline conditions has extended the range of already-available biocatalysts and industrial processes in which high salt concentrations inhibit the activity of regular enzymes. In addition to their halostable properties, haloenzymes can also withstand other conditions such as extreme pH and temperature. In spite of these benefits, the industrial potential of these natural catalysts remains largely unexplored, with only a few characterized extracellular hydrolases. Because of the applied impact of haloarchaea and their specific ability to live in the presence of high salt concentrations, studies on their systematics have intensified in recent years, identifying many new genera and species. This review summarizes the current status of the haloarchaeal genera and species, and discusses the properties of haloenzymes and their potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Siroosi
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Atashgahi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Williams TJ, Allen M, Tschitschko B, Cavicchioli R. Glycerol metabolism of haloarchaea. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:864-877. [PMID: 27768817 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haloarchaea are heterotrophic members of the Archaea that thrive in hypersaline environments, often feeding off the glycerol that is produced as an osmolyte by eucaryotic Dunaliella during primary production. In this study we analyzed glycerol metabolism genes in closed genomes of haloarchaea and examined published data describing the growth properties of haloarchaea and experimental data for the enzymes involved. By integrating the genomic data with knowledge from the literature, we derived an understanding of the ecophysiology and evolutionary properties of glycerol catabolic pathways in haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Williams
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Allen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernhard Tschitschko
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ricardo Cavicchioli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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Culturable diversity of aerobic halophilic archaea (Fam. Halobacteriaceae) from hypersaline, meromictic Transylvanian lakes. Extremophiles 2015; 19:525-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Amoozegar MA, Makhdoumi-Kakhki A, Mehrshad M, Rasooli M, Fazeli SAS, Spröer C, Ventosa A. Halovivax cerinus sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from a hypersaline lake. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:65-70. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.069757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An extremely halophilic archaeon, strain IC35T, was isolated from a mud sample of the Aran-Bidgol salt lake in Iran. The novel strain was cream, non-motile, rod-shaped and required at least 2.5 M NaCl, but not MgCl2, for growth. Optimal growth was achieved with 3.4 M NaCl and 0.1 M MgCl2. The optimum pH and temperature for growth were pH 7.0 (grew over a pH range of 6.5–9.0) and 40 °C (grew over a temperature range of 30–50 °C), respectively. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain IC35T clustered with species of the genus
Halovivax
, with sequence similarities of 97.3 %, 96.6 % and 96.3 %, respectively, to
Halovivax limisalsi
IC38T,
Halovivax asiaticus
EJ-46T and
Halovivax ruber
XH-70T. The rpoB′ gene similarities between the novel strain and
Halovivax limisalsi
IBRC-M 10022T,
Halovivax ruber
JCM 13892T and
Halovivax asiaticus
JCM 14624T were 90.2 %, 90.2 % and 89.9 %, respectively. The polar lipid pattern of strain IC35T consisted of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester; six unknown glycolipids and two minor phospholipids were also observed. The only quinone present was MK-8 (II-H2). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.2 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization studies (29 % hybridization with
Halovivax limisalsi
IBRC-M 10022T), as well as biochemical and physiological characterization, allowed strain IC35T to be differentiated from other species of the genus
Halovivax
. A novel species, Halovivax
cerinus sp. nov., is therefore proposed to accommodate this strain. The type strain is IC35T ( = IBRC-M 10256T = KCTC 4050T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Makhdoumi-Kakhki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maliheh Mehrshad
- Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Centre (IBRC), ACECR Tehran, Iran
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Rasooli
- Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Centre (IBRC), ACECR Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Amoozegar MA, Makhdoumi-Kakhki A, Mehrshad M, Riazi S, Ventosa A. Halovivax limisalsi sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from hypersaline mud. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3422-3426. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.063297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, cream‐pigmented, motile, extremely halophilic archaeon, designated strain IC38T, was isolated from a saline mud sample taken from a hypersaline lake, Aran-Bidgol, in Iran. The strain required at least 2.5 M NaCl for growth. However, MgCl2 was not required. Optimal growth occurred with 4.3 M NaCl and 0.2 M MgCl2. The optimum pH and temperature for growth were pH 7.0 and 35 °C, respectively, and strain IC38T was able to grow over a pH range of 6.5–9.0, and a temperature range of 25–45 °C. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain IC38T clustered with the two species of the genus
Halovivax
,
Halovivax asiaticus
EJ-46T and
Halovivax ruber
XH-70T, with sequence similarities of 96.4 % and 96.1 %, respectively. The similarities between the rpoB′ gene of the novel strain and
Halovivax asiaticus
and
Halovivax ruber
were 90.7 % and 90.3 %, respectively. The polar lipid pattern of strain IC38T consisted of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester. Three unidentified glycolipids and two minor phospholipids were also observed. The DNA G+C content of strain IC38T was 62.6 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, as well as the biochemical and physiological characteristics, the new isolate is suggested to be a representative of a novel species of the genus
Halovivax
, for which the name
Halovivax
limisalsi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of
Halovivax
limisalsi is IC38T ( = IBRC-M 10022T = KCTC 4051T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Makhdoumi-Kakhki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maliheh Mehrshad
- Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Centre (IBRC), ACECR Tehran, Iran
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Riazi
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Zhang WJ, Han D, Qiu XX, Zhao ML, Mou YZ, Cui HL, Li ZR. Halobellus rarus sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon from an inland salt lake of China. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 104:377-84. [PMID: 23828176 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two halophilic archaeal strains, YC21(T) and YC77, were isolated from an inland salt lake of China. Both have pleomorphic rod-shaped cells that lyse in distilled water, stain Gram-negative and form red-pigmented colonies. They are neutrophilic, require at least 2.1 M NaCl for growth under the optimum growth temperature of 37 °C. The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP-Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS), two major glycolipids (GL1 and GL2) chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-1) and mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD-1), respectively. Trace amounts of two unidentified lipids (GL0-1 and GL0-2) were also detected. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two strains are 99.9 % identical, show 94.0-98.9 % similarity to the closest relative members of Halobellus of the family Halobacteriaceae. The rpoB' gene similarity between strains YC21(T) and YC77 is 99.8 % and show 90.3-95.3 % similarity to the closest relative members of Halobellus. The DNA G+C content of strains YC21(T) and YC77 were 66.1 and 66.2 mol%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain YC20(T) and strain YC77 was 89 %, and the two strains showed low DNA-DNA relatedness with Halobellus limi TBN53(T), the most related member of Halobellus. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strains YC21(T) and YC77 represent a novel species of the genus Halobellus, for which the name Halobellus rarus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YC21(T) (=CGMCC 1.12121(T) = JCM 18362(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jiao Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
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Ozcan B, Ozyilmaz G, Cihan A, Cokmus C, Caliskan M. Phylogenetic analysis and characterization of lipolytic activity of halophilic archaeal isolates. Microbiology (Reading) 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261712020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Cui HL, Yang X, Mou YZ. Salinarchaeum laminariae gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new member of the family Halobacteriaceae isolated from salted brown alga Laminaria. Extremophiles 2011; 15:625-31. [PMID: 21901373 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic archaeal strains R26(T) and R22 were isolated from the brown alga Laminaria produced at Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. Cells from the two strains were pleomorphic rods and Gram negative, and colonies were red pigmented. Strains R26(T) and R22 were able to grow at 20-50°C (optimum 37°C) in 1.4-5.1 M NaCl (optimum 3.1-4.3 M) at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum pH 8.0-8.5) and neither strain required Mg(2+) for growth. Cells lyse in distilled water and the minimum NaCl concentration required to prevent cell lysis was 8% (w/v) for strain R26(T) and 12% (w/v) for strain R22. The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and minor phosphatidylglycerol sulfate; glycolipids were not detected. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes and rpoB' genes revealed that strains R26(T) and R22 formed a distinct clade with the closest relative, Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum. The DNA G+C content of strains R26(T) and R22 was 65.8 and 66.4 mol%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strains R26(T) and R22 was 89%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that the strains R26(T) and R22 represent a novel species in a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, for which the name Salinarchaeum laminariae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R26(T) (type strain R26(T) = CGMCC 1.10590(T) = JCM 17267(T), reference strain R22 = CGMCC 1.10589).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Lin Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Shimane Y, Hatada Y, Minegishi H, Mizuki T, Echigo A, Miyazaki M, Ohta Y, Usami R, Grant WD, Horikoshi K. Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from commercial salt. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:2529-2534. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.016600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain YSM-123T was isolated from commercial salt made from Japanese seawater in Niigata prefecture. Optimal NaCl and Mg2+ concentrations for growth were 4.0–4.5 M and 5 mM, respectively. The isolate was a mesophilic and slightly alkaliphilic haloarchaeon, whose optimal growth temperature and pH were 37 °C and pH 8.0–9.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggested that strain YSM-123T is a member of the phylogenetic group defined by the family Halobacteriaceae, but there were low similarities to type strains of other genera of this family (≤90 %); for example, Halococcus (similarity <89 %), Halostagnicola (<89 %), Natronolimnobius (<89 %), Halobiforma (<90 %), Haloterrigena (<90 %), Halovivax (<90 %), Natrialba (<90 %), Natronobacterium (<90 %) and Natronococcus (<90 %). The G+C content of the DNA was 63 mol%. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerophosphate methyl ester, disulfated diglycosyl diether and an unknown glycolipid. On the basis of the data presented, we propose that strain YSM-123T should be placed in a new genus and species, Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum is strain YSM-123T (=JCM 16328T =CECT 7565T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimane
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yuji Hatada
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Minegishi
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Toru Mizuki
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Akinobu Echigo
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyazaki
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yukari Ohta
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Ron Usami
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - William D. Grant
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Room 144, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, Leicester, UK
| | - Koki Horikoshi
- Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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Grant WD, Heaphy S. Metagenomics and recovery of enzyme genes from alkaline saline environments. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:1135-1143. [PMID: 20718296 DOI: 10.1080/09593331003646661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes functioning at alkaline pH are widely used in the detergent industry as additives to improve the stain removal properties of domestic and industrial cleaning products. This industry provides by far the major mass market for enzymes. With constantly changing formulations in detergents and concerns over energy demands, new and improved enzymes are constantly in demand. Soda lakes host dense populations of alkali-loving microbes and, as such, provide vast reservoirs of potentially useful enzymes for such an industry. Traditional recovery methods for new enzymes have involved the isolation of microbes, preferably from a compatible chemical environment such as a soda lake, followed by screening of the isolates for useful enzymic activity. At least two commercially significant enzymes originating from soda lake microbes have been marketed following this route. However, the failure to cultivate more than a small percentage of microbes from most environments necessarily markedly reduces the recovery of new enzymes. In recent years, interest has focussed on more comprehensive recovery methods based around detecting appropriate enzyme genes in nucleic acids extracted from potentially useful sites, thus maximizing coverage of the whole genetic resource in a particular biotope. Here we review progress to date in soda lake biotopes and discuss ways the field may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Grant
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, The University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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