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Pacini MI, Mazzei M, Sgorbini M, D’Alfonso R, Papini RA. A One-Year Retrospective Analysis of Viral and Parasitological Agents in Wildlife Animals Admitted to a First Aid Hospital. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050931. [PMID: 36899788 PMCID: PMC10000059 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to provide information on the presence and frequency of viral and parasitic agents in wildlife presented to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in 2020-2021. Serum and faecal samples were collected from 50 rescued animals (roe deer, fallow deer, foxes, badgers, pine martens, and porcupines) and examined by serological, molecular, and parasitological techniques. Transtracheal wash (TTW) was also collected post-mortem from roe deer. Overall, the results of the different techniques showed infections with the following viral and parasitic agents: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Small Ruminant Lentiviruses, Kobuvirus, Astrovirus, Canine Adenovirus 1, Bopivirus, gastrointestinal strongyles, Capillaria, Ancylostomatidae, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, Hymenolepis, Strongyloides, Eimeria, Isospora, Dictyocaulus, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma, Dirofilaria immitis, Neospora caninum, Giardia duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium. Sequencing (Tpi locus) identified G. duodenalis sub-assemblages AI and BIV in one roe deer and one porcupine, respectively. Adult lungworms collected from the TTW were identified as Dictyocaulus capreolus (COX1 gene). This is the first molecular identification of G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AI and D. capreolus in roe deer in Italy. These results show a wide presence of pathogens in wild populations and provide an overview of environmental health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Irene Pacini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella D’Alfonso
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Amerigo Papini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Adenoviruses in Avian Hosts: Recent Discoveries Shed New Light on Adenovirus Diversity and Evolution. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081767. [PMID: 36016389 PMCID: PMC9416666 DOI: 10.3390/v14081767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While adenoviruses cause infections in a wide range of vertebrates, members of the genus Atadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Aviadenovirus predominantly infect avian hosts. Several recent studies on avian adenoviruses have encouraged us to re-visit previously proposed adenovirus evolutionary concepts. Complete genomes and partial DNA polymerase sequences of avian adenoviruses were extracted from NCBI and analysed using various software. Genomic analyses and constructed phylogenetic trees identified the atadenovirus origin from an Australian native passerine bird in contrast to the previously established reptilian origin. In addition, we demonstrated that the theories on higher AT content in atadenoviruses are no longer accurate and cannot be considered as a species demarcation criterion for the genus Atadenovirus. Phylogenetic reconstruction further emphasised the need to reconsider siadenovirus origin, and we recommend extended studies on avian adenoviruses in wild birds to provide finer evolutionary resolution.
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Zheng W, Li Y, Tang W, Wei M, Li Y, Shi P, Jiang L, Zhu H, Yu X, Chen G, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang X. Whole genome analysis of a novel adenovirus discovered from Oriolus chinesis. Virus Res 2022; 317:198799. [PMID: 35537575 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We present the first complete genome sequence of an aviadenovirus Oriolus adenovirus (OrAdV) sequenced from the cloaca of a Oriolus chinensis (a passerine bird widely distributed in Asia), which was collected from an island off the east coast of China. Thirty-one protein coding genes were predicted in this 40425-bp-long genome. OrAdV genome is highly divergent and has only 57% average protein identity compared with other aviadenovirus genomes. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that this passerine virus is a new species of aviadenovirus. One unique thymidylate kinase gene was discovered in OrAdV genome. This gene is absent in other adenovirus genomes and usually reported to occur in herpesvirus. Protein sequence alignment against all known proteins indicates that this gene may be originated from ancient horizontal gene transfer event between virus and parasitic eukaryote like protozoan. This new aviadenovirus genome enriches the genomic information of adenovirus and suggests that there is a large unknown space of adenovirus world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Wenli Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Maolian Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Peimin Shi
- Linyi Central Blood Station, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China.
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4
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Lial HC, Navas-Suárez PE, Ewbank AC, Exposto Novoselecki H, Ferreira-Machado E, Dos Santos Cirqueira C, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, Esperón F, Catão-Dias JL, Sacristán C. Adenovirus surveillance in wild carnivores from Brazil. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 99:105246. [PMID: 35158084 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Landscape transformation favors the spread of new pathogens that can be shared between domestic and wild animals. Certain adenoviruses (e.g., canine adenovirus 1 and 2, family Adenoviridae) can infect domestic and wild carnivores. In domestic canids, these viruses are associated with hepatic and respiratory diseases (among others). Nevertheless, information regarding adenovirus pathogenicity and molecular features in wild carnivores is still limited. Herein we surveyed adenovirus in free-ranging carnivores from Brazil. Total DNA was extracted from and subsequently tested by a nested panPCR in spleen and/or lung of 52 carnivores, representing species of the following families: Canidae (n = 4), Felidae (n = 3), Mustelidae (n = 2) and Procyonidae (n = 2). The obtained sequences were compared to others available at GenBank. Available tissue samples from the positive cases were evaluated histopathologically. One out of 52 (1.9%, CI 95%, 0.0-5.7%) carnivores was positive; a roadkilled ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). The obtained sequence presented a low deduced amino acid (78.1%) similarity with the closest adenovirus, identified in a pinniped from the United States of America. This fact and its detection in a novel host suggest it may be representative of a novel species and denominated ocelot adenovirus 1. None of the gross and microscopic findings of the positive case were associated with adenovirus. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of adenovirus in wild felids of South America and the second worldwide. Further studies are necessary to assess the epidemiology and potential pathogenicity of this agent in wild carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Christino Lial
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Exposto Novoselecki
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ferreira-Machado
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Júlio de Mesquita Filho São Paulo State University - Botucatu campus, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Coelho Couto de Azevedo Fernandes
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, 01246-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Group of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Animal Health Research Centre (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil.
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Adenovirus Diversity in Fur Seal and Penguin Colonies of South America. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:964-969. [PMID: 34478553 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are medium size nonenveloped viruses with a trend of coevolution with their hosts. We surveyed South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) and Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) for adenoviruses at two sites from 2009 to 2012. Despite the common pattern of host specificity, some of the adenoviruses in our study were present in samples from unexpected host species. We identified mastadenoviruses, aviadenoviruses, and siadenoviruses in A. australis from Peru and Chile and in S. humboldti from Peru. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly reduces the productivity of the Humboldt upwelling system, which can change trophic and other ecological interactions, facilitating exposure to new pathogens. One aviadenovirus was detected in both the penguins and the fur seals, an interclass distance. This finding occurred only during the 2009 ENSO and not in 2010 or 2012. Further studies of viral diversity in sites with high-density mixed species populations are necessary to better understand viral evolution and the effect of environmental change on viral evolution and host specificity.
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Zhu Y, Sun J, Yan M, Lian S, Hu B, Lv S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yan X. The biological characteristics of the canine adenovirus type 1 from fox and the transcriptome analysis of the infected MDCK cell. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:936-947. [PMID: 33382191 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) is the etiologic agent of fox encephalitis, and a virus strain from fox encephalitis is isolated and related research are conducted. In this experiment, the results showed that the F1301 strain was confirmed to be the CAdV-1. The whole genome of the CAdV-1 F1301 strain isolated from fox was 30,535 bp and had higher homology to the other reported CAdV-1 strains. After 0, 12, and 36 h of CAdV-1 infection, the difference gene of the 592 long noncoding RNA and 11,215 microRNA were involved in cell responses to CAdV-1 infection through the PI3K-AKT, Wnt, Herpes simplex, hepatitis C, and Epstein-Barr virus infection pathway in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line (MDCK). The results indicate that the biological characterization of the CAdV-1 and the MDCK cell-CAdV-1 interaction are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Yan
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Lian
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yali Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xijun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Sinovet Biopharm. Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
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Vaz FF, Raso TF, Agius JE, Hunt T, Leishman A, Eden JS, Phalen DN. Opportunistic sampling of wild native and invasive birds reveals a rich diversity of adenoviruses in Australia. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa024. [PMID: 32411389 PMCID: PMC7211397 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the diversity of adenoviruses in wild birds and how they have evolved and are maintained in complex ecosystems. In this study, 409 samples were collected from woodland birds caught for banding (droppings), birds submitted to a wildlife hospital (droppings and tissues), silver gulls (droppings or tissues), and feral pigeons (Columbia livia; oral, cloacal swabs, or tissues) from the Greater Sydney area in NSW, Australia. Additional samples were from native pigeons and doves (swabs) presented to the Healesville Sanctuary, VIC, Australia. Samples were screened for adenovirus DNA using degenerate primers and polymerase chain reaction. Adenovirus sequences were detected in eighty-three samples representing thirty-five novel amino acid sequences. Fourteen novel sequences were atadenoviruses, seven were aviadenoviruses, twelve were siadenoviruses, and one was a mastadenovirus. Sequences from passerine birds were predominately found to form a single lineage within the atadenoviruses, a second lineage in the siadenoviruses, and a third smaller aviadenovirus lineage. These viruses appeared to have co-evolved with a diverse group of woodland birds that share similar habitat. Evidence for host/virus co-evolution in some viruses and a wide host range in others was observed. A high prevalence of adenovirus infection was found in rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus), galahs (Eolophus roseicapilla), and sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). Sequences were either identical to or mapped to already established lineages in the Aviadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Atadenovirus genera, suggesting a possible origin of the psittacine adenoviruses in ancestral Australian psittacine birds. The sequences of passerine and psittacine origin provided insight into diversity and structure of the Atadenovirus genus and demonstrated for the first-time viruses of passerine origin in the Aviadenovirus genus. Four unrelated adenovirus sequences were found in silver gull samples (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae), including one of pigeon origin, suggesting environmental virus exposure. Three pigeon adenovirus types were detected in feral pigeons and infection prevalence was high. Evidence for host switching between invasive species and native species and native species and invasive species was documented. A variant of a murine adenovirus was detected in kidney tissue from two bird species suggesting mouse to bird transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico F Vaz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Orlando marques de Paiva, 87 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia F Raso
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Orlando marques de Paiva, 87 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica E Agius
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Tony Hunt
- 16 Alderson Avenue North Rocks, NSW 2151, Australia
| | - Alan Leishman
- 4/101 Centaur Street, Revesby Heights, NSW 2122, Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Sydney Medical School, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - David N Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.,Schubot Exotic Bird Health, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
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Böszörményi KP, Podgorski II, Vidovszky MZ, Sós E, Benkő M, Harrach B. Full genome sequence analysis of a novel adenovirus from a captive polar bear (Ursus maritimus). Virus Res 2019; 277:197846. [PMID: 31870796 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a novel adenovirus (AdV) was detected by PCR and sequencing, in the internal organs of a captive polar bear that had died in the Budapest zoo. The virus content of the samples proved to be high enough to allow for conventional Sanger sequencing on PCR-amplified genomic fragments. With this approach, the sequence of the entire genome of the putative polar bear adenovirus 1 (PBAdV-1) was obtained. Although the genome was found to be short, consisting of 27,952 base pairs merely, with a relatively balanced G + C content of 46.3 %, its organisation corresponded largely to that of a typical mastadenovirus. Every genus-common gene could be identified except that of protein IX. The short E3 region of the PBAdV-1 consisted of two novel, supposedly type-specific ORFs only, whereas no homologue of any of the E3 genes, usually conserved in mastadenoviruses, such as for example that of the 12.5 K protein, were present. In the E4 region, only the highly conserved gene of the 34 K protein was found besides two novel ORFs showing no homology to any known E4 ORFs. In silico sequence analysis revealed putative splicing donor and acceptor sites in the genes of the E1A, IVa2, DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, pTP, 33 K proteins, and also of U exon protein, all being characteristic for mastadenoviruses. Phylogenetic calculations, based on various proteins, further supported that the newly-detected PBAdV is the representative of a new species within the genus Mastadenovirus, and may represent the evolutionary lineage of adenoviruses that coevolved with carnivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga P Böszörményi
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Iva I Podgorski
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Z Vidovszky
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Endre Sós
- Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden, H-1146, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Benkő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
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Shuttleworth CM, Everest DJ, Dastjerdi A, Birks J, Hayward MW. Pine marten scat holds few clues for squirrel disease. Vet Rec 2019; 185:698. [PMID: 31806837 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l6687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Shuttleworth
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW
| | - D J Everest
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - A Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - Jds Birks
- Swift Ecology, Fartown Barn, Pensax, Abberley, Worcestershire WR6 6AE
| | - M W Hayward
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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