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Natarajan S, Joseph J, Vinayagamurthy B, Estrela P. A Lateral Flow Assay for the Detection of Leptospira lipL32 Gene Using CRISPR Technology. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6544. [PMID: 37514838 PMCID: PMC10385553 DOI: 10.3390/s23146544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of leptospirosis is often misdiagnosed as other febrile illnesses such as dengue. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a precise diagnostic tool at the field level to detect the pathogenic Leptospira lipL32 gene at the molecular level for prompt therapeutic decisions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is widely used as the primary diagnostic tool, but its applicability is limited by high equipment cost and the lack of availability in every hospital, especially in rural areas where leptospirosis mainly occurs. Here, we report the development of a CRISPR dFnCas9-based quantitative lateral flow immunoassay to detect the lipL32 gene. The developed assay showed superior performance regarding the lowest detectable limit of 1 fg/mL. The test is highly sensitive and selective, showing that leptospirosis diagnosis can be achieved with a low-cost lateral flow device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Natarajan
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering & Biomedical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Jayasundara D, Gamage C, Senavirathna I, Warnasekara J, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM, Agampodi S. Optimizing the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) panel for the diagnosis of Leptospirosis in a low resource, hyper-endemic setting with varied microgeographic variation in reactivity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009565. [PMID: 34197457 PMCID: PMC8279374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the standard serological reference test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis, despite being a technically demanding and laborious procedure. The use of a locally optimised MAT panel is considered essential for proper performance and interpretation of results. This paper describes the procedure of selecting such an optimised panel for Sri Lanka, a country hyper-endemic for leptospirosis. MAT was performed using 24 strains on 1132 serum samples collected from patients presenting with acute undifferentiated fever. Of 24 strains, 15 were selected as the optimised panel, while only 11% of serum samples showed positivity. A geographical variation in predominantly reactive serovars was observed, whereas reactivity was low with the saprophytic strain Patoc. Testing with paired sera yielded a higher sensitivity but provided only a retrospective diagnosis. Serological tests based on ELISA with complementary molecular diagnosis using PCR are a feasible and robust alternative approach to diagnose leptospirosis in countries having a higher burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesha Jayasundara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Indika Senavirathna
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Janith Warnasekara
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael A. Matthias
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Suneth Agampodi
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Nisansala T, Weerasekera M, Ranasinghe N, Marasinghe C, Gamage C, Fernando N, Gunasekara C. Contributing role of TNF, IL-10, sTNFR1 and TNF gene polymorphisms in disease severity of leptospirosis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:211-219. [PMID: 34164720 PMCID: PMC8221277 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune response is hypothesized as an important factor in the disease outcome of leptospirosis. Exaggerated immune response may promote tissue damage that lead to severe disease outcome. In this study TNF, IL-10, sTNFR1 levels were measured among sixty-two hospitalized leptospirosis confirmed patients in Sri Lanka. Thirty-one serum samples from healthy individuals were obtained as controls. PCR–RFLP method was used to identify TNF gene polymorphisms and to determine their association with TNF expression and disease severity in leptospirosis. TNF (p = 0.0022) and IL-10 (p < 0.0001) were found to be significantly elevated in leptospirosis patients, while sTNFR1 (p < 0.0001) was significantly suppressed. TNF was not significantly elevated in patients with complications while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly elevated among patients with complications (p = 0.0011) and with mortality (p = 0.0088). The ratio of IL-10 to TNF was higher among patients with complications (p = 0.0008) and in fatal cases (p = 0.0179). No association between TNF gene polymorphisms and TNF expression was detected due to the low frequency of heterozygous and mutated genes present in this study population. Thus the findings of the study show that elevated levels of IL-10 in the acute phase of disease could lead to severe outcomes and a high IL-10/TNF ratio is observed in patients with complications due to leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini Nisansala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Manjula Weerasekera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Chamil Marasinghe
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Neluka Fernando
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Chinthika Gunasekara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
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Nisansala T, Weerasekera M, Ranasinghe N, Marasinghe C, Gamage C, Fernando N, Gunasekara C. Importance of KIM-1 and MCP-1 in Determining the Leptospirosis-Associated AKI: A Sri Lankan Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1752904. [PMID: 34124239 PMCID: PMC8192184 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1752904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of most prevalent and serious complications of leptospirosis, a prevalent zoonotic disease in tropical countries. Prompt diagnosis of the leptospirosis-associated AKI is a challenge as there are no proper diagnostic tools that can identify patients in the early stage. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are widely used novel AKI biomarkers that are studied in various disease conditions with AKI, but not in leptospirosis. Thus, this study is aimed at seeking the importance of KIM-1 and MCP-1 in determining the leptospirosis-associated AKI. METHODS Leptospirosis-suspected patients who were admitted to medical wards of two selected hospitals in the Western province of Sri Lanka were recruited. Leptospirosis was confirmed by three diagnostic tests: PCR, MAT, and culture, and the status of AKI was determined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. RESULTS Of 170 leptospirosis-suspected patients, 79 were leptospirosis confirmed, and among them, 24.05% of patients were diagnosed to have AKI according to KDIGO criteria. Median serum KIM-1 (p < 0.0001), urine KIM-1 (0.0053), serum MCP-1 (0.0080), and urine MCP-1 (0.0019) levels in those developing AKI were significantly higher than in patients not developing AKI. The biomarker levels associated with leptospirosis AKI had AUC-ROC of 0.8565, 0.7292, 0.7024, and 0.7282 for serum KIM-1, urine KIM-1, serum MCP-1, and urine MCP-1, respectively. CONCLUSION This study revealed serum KIM-1 as a promising marker for leptospirosis-associated AKI among the tested biomarkers. Thus, further validation is recommended with a larger study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini Nisansala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Manjula Weerasekera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Chamil Marasinghe
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Neluka Fernando
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Chinthika Gunasekara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
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Jayasundara D, Senavirathna I, Warnasekara J, Gamage C, Siribaddana S, Kularatne SAM, Matthias M, Mariet JF, Picardeau M, Agampodi S, M. Vinetz J. 12 Novel clonal groups of Leptospira infecting humans in multiple contrasting epidemiological contexts in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009272. [PMID: 33735202 PMCID: PMC8009393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a ubiquitous zoonotic disease and a major clinical challenge owing to the multitude of clinical presentations and manifestations that are possibly attributable to the diversity of Leptospira, the understanding of which is key to study the epidemiology of this emerging global disease threat. Sri Lanka is a hotspot for leptospirosis with high levels of endemicity as well as annual epidemics. We carried out a prospective study of Leptospira diversity in Sri Lanka, covering the full range of climatic zones, geography, and clinical severity. Samples were collected for leptospiral culture from 1,192 patients from 15 of 25 districts in Sri Lanka over two and half years. Twenty-five isolates belonging to four pathogenic Leptospira species were identified: L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. weilii, and L. kirschneri. At least six serogroups were identified among the isolates: Autumnalis (6), Pyrogenes (4), Icterohaemorrhagiae (2), Celledoni (1), Grippotyphosa (2) and Bataviae (1). Seven isolates did not agglutinate using available antisera panels, suggesting new serogroups. Isolates were sequenced using an Illumina platform. These data add 25 new core genome sequence types and were clustered in 15 clonal groups, including 12 new clonal groups. L. borgpetersenii was found only in the dry zone and L. weilii only in the wet zone. Acute kidney injury and cardiovascular involvement were seen only with L. interrogans infections. Thrombocytopenia and liver impairment were seen in both L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii infections. The inadequate sensitivity of culture isolation to identify infecting Leptospira species underscores the need for culture-independent typing methods for Leptospira. There is a huge diversity in pathogenic Leptospira species worldwide, and our knowledge of the currently circulating species is deficient owing to limited isolation and identification of Leptospira species from endemic countries. This prospective study reveals the wide pathogen diversity that causes human leptospirosis in Sri Lanka, representing four species, more than six serogroups, and fifteen clonal groups. Further, the different geographic and climatic zone distributions and clinical manifestations observed underscores the need for prospective studies to expand the molecular epidemiological approaches to combat leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesha Jayasundara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Indika Senavirathna
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Janith Warnasekara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Sisira Siribaddana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Michael Matthias
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | | | - Suneth Agampodi
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Karunanayake L, Gamage CD, Gunasekara CP, De Silva S, Izumiya H, Morita M, Muthusinghe DS, Yoshimatsu K, Niloofa R, Karunanayake P, Uluwattage W, Ohnishi M, Koizumi N. Multilocus sequence typing reveals diverse known and novel genotypes of Leptospira spp. circulating in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008573. [PMID: 32841248 PMCID: PMC7473516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis has gained much attention in Sri Lanka since its large outbreak in 2008. However, most of the cases were clinically diagnosed and information on Leptospira genotypes and serotypes currently prevailing in the country is lacking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We retrospectively analyzed 24 Leptospira strains from human patients as well as isolated and characterized three Leptospira strains from black rats using the microscopic agglutination test with antisera for 19 serovars and multilocus sequence typing. The isolates were identified as Leptospira borgpetersenii sequence types (STs) 143 and 144; L. interrogans STs 30, 34, 43, 44, 74, 75, 80, 308, 313, 314, 316, and 317; and L. kirschneri ST318. Six of the 15 STs were identified for the first time in this study. Five serogroups such as Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Javanica, and Pyrogenes were detected among the isolates. Contrary to previous studies, various genotypes including novel STs were isolated during an outbreak in Southern Province. L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica ST143 was isolated both from a human and black rat. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed that genetically diverse Leptospira strains currently circulate in Sri Lanka: some genotypes have been circulating and others have emerged recently, which may explain the recent surge of leptospirosis patients with varying clinical manifestations and frequent outbreaks of leptospirosis. Black rats were identified as the source of infection for humans, but reservoir animals for other genotypes remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilani Karunanayake
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, Department of Bacteriology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandima P. Gunasekara
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, Department of Bacteriology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Roshan Niloofa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gamage CD, Sato Y, Kimura R, Yamashiro T, Toma C. Understanding leptospirosis eco-epidemiology by environmental DNA metabarcoding of irrigation water from two agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008437. [PMID: 32701971 PMCID: PMC7377381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is one of the most significant zoonoses across the world not only because of its impact on human and animal health but also because of the economic and social impact on agrarian communities. Leptospirosis is endemic in Sri Lanka where paddy farming activities, the use of draught animals in agriculture, and peridomestic animals in urban and rural areas play important roles in maintaining the infection cycle of pathogenic Leptospira, especially concerning animals as a potential reservoir. In this study, an environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding methodology was applied in two different agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka to understand the eco-epidemiology of leptospirosis. Methodology/Principal findings Irrigation water samples were collected in Kandy District (wet zone mid-country region 2) and Girandurukotte, Badulla District (intermediate zone low-country region 2); and analysed for the presence of pathogenic Leptospira, associated microbiome and the potential reservoir animals. Briefly, we generated PCR products for high-throughput sequencing of multiple amplicons through next-generation sequencing. The analysis of eDNA showed different environmental microbiomes in both regions and a higher diversity of Leptospira species circulating in Kandy than in Girandurukotte. Moreover, the number of sequence reads of pathogenic Leptospira species associated with clinical cases such as L. interrogans was higher in Kandy than in Girandurukotte. Kandy also showed more animal species associated with pathogenic bacterial species than Girandurukotte. Finally, several pathogenic bacterial species including Arcobacter cryaerophilus, responsible for abortion in animals, was shown to be associated with pathogenic Leptospira. Conclusions/Significance Leptospirosis has been considered to be endemic in wet regions, consistently, leptospiral sequences were detected strongly in Kandy. The great Leptospira species diversity in Kandy observed in this study shows that the etiological agents of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka might be underestimated. Furthermore, our eDNA metabarcoding can be used to discriminate bacterial and animal species diversity in different regions and to explore environmental microbiomes to identify other associated bacterial pathogens in the environment. Leptospirosis is a widespread bacterial zoonosis with increasing importance due to its vast range of reservoir hosts. Early symptoms are shared by other infectious diseases common in tropical and sub-tropical regions, where the real burden and risk factors need to be known. In Sri Lanka, leptospirosis is mostly an occupational disease associated with freshwater or animal exposure in agriculture communities. Thus, there is a need for understanding the epidemiology of leptospirosis in agrarian regions of the country for developing better prevention and intervention strategies. In this study, we applied an environmental DNA metabarcoding methodology to understand the environmental microbiome, potential reservoir animals and the Leptospira species circulating in two different agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka: Kandy (wet region mid-country region 2) and Girandurukotte (intermediate region low-country region 2). It is known that pathogenic Leptospira are excreted through the urine of reservoir animals in the environment, where they can persist in humid conditions. Congruently, this study showed a higher detection of pathogenic Leptospira in the environment of Kandy where the environmental microbiome showed a higher diversity than Girandurukotte. Potential animal reservoirs were also detected in samples positive for pathogenic Leptospira, suggesting that environmental DNA metabarcoding can provide important information for management and intervention strategies to control leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Yukuto Sato
- Center for Strategic Research Project, Organization for Research Promotion, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (YS); (CT)
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Claudia Toma
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (YS); (CT)
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8
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Senevirathna I, Jayasundara D, Lefler JP, Chaiboonm KL, Warnasekara J, Agampodi S, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM. Complete Genome Sequence of Leptospira interrogans Strains FMAS_KW1, FMAS_KW2 and FMAS_AW1 Isolated from Leptospirosis Patients from Karawanalla and Awissawella, Sri Lanka. J Genomics 2020; 8:49-52. [PMID: 32494307 PMCID: PMC7256012 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.43953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important cause of acute undifferentiated fever and complex multisystem febrile diseases in the tropics and subtropics. Understanding the evolution of Leptospira especially as related to the clinical pathogenesis of leptospirosis is facilitated by systematic comparative genomic analysis of human-infecting isolates. Here, we announce the complete genome sequences of three Leptospira strains that were isolated from blood of humans with undifferentiated fever in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indika Senevirathna
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesha Jayasundara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
| | - Joshua P Lefler
- Department of Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego. California, United States of America
| | - Kira L Chaiboonm
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
| | - Janith Warnasekara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
| | - Suneth Agampodi
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.,Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael A Matthias
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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9
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Pérez LJ, Lanka S, DeShambo VJ, Fredrickson RL, Maddox CW. A Validated Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Leptospira spp.: A Novel Assay for the Detection and Differentiation of Strains From Both Pathogenic Groups I and II. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:457. [PMID: 32265882 PMCID: PMC7100377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is recognized as the most globally widespread reemerging zoonosis and represents a serious threat for both human and animal health. Indeed, leptospirosis is linked to more than 60,000 human deaths per year and to incalculable economic burden as consequence of medical treatment costs and livestock loss. The increasing number of reports from species of pathogenic Leptospira spp. group II causing disease in both humans and animals constitutes an additional concern to the complex epidemiology of this zoonotic agent. Diagnostic methods based on qPCR have improved the diagnosis of Leptospira spp. in terms of cost, time, and reliability, but most of the validated assays fail to detect species from the pathogenic group II. Hence, the current study was aimed to develop and validate a novel multiplex qPCR to enable the specific and selective detection of the whole group of infectious Leptospira spp., including both pathogenic groups I and II and moreover, selectively discriminate between them. To fit the "fitness of purpose" for the specific detection of infectious Leptospira spp. and further discrimination between both pathogenic groups three target regions on the 16S RNA gene were selected. These targets facilitated a broad and selective spectrum for the detection of all infectious Leptospira spp. with the exclusion of all saprophytic groups and the novel clade of environmental Leptospira spp. The analytical sensitivity (ASe) showed by the new assay also enables a wide window of detection for the agent at different stages of infection since the assay was able to efficiently detect at 95% of confidence ∼5 leptospires/reaction. From the evaluation of the analytical specificity (ASp) by in silico and in vitro approaches, it was congruently revealed that the primers and probes selected only recognized the specific targets for which the assay was intended. Bayesian latent class analysis of performance of the new assay on 684 clinical samples showed values of diagnostic sensitivity of 99.8% and diagnostic specificity of 100%. Thus, from the evaluation of the analytical and diagnostic parameters, the new multiplex qPCR assay is a reliable method for the diagnosis of Leptospira spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J. Pérez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Vanessa J. DeShambo
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Richard L. Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Carol W. Maddox
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman K Fry
- 2Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, UK
- 1Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- 3Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Derren Ready
- 1Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, UK
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Ranasinghe N, Nisansala T, Bandara K, Weerasekera M, Gunasekara C, Marasinghe C, Gamage C, Fernando N. Manifestations and outcomes of leptospirosis during local outbreaks in high endemic districts of Sri Lanka: A retrospective multi-center study. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.269904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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