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Khalef L, Lydia R, Filicia K, Moussa B. Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays: Biochemical elements and cellular compartments. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4007. [PMID: 38593323 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays play a crucial role in drug screening and evaluating the cytotoxic effects of various chemicals. The quantification of cell viability and proliferation serves as the cornerstone for numerous in vitro assays that assess cellular responses to external factors. In the last decade, several studies have developed guidelines for defining and interpreting cell viability and cytotoxicity based on morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. As this domain continues to experience ongoing growth, revealing new mechanisms orchestrating diverse cell cytotoxicity pathways, we suggest a revised classification for multiple assays employed in evaluating cell viability and cell death. This classification is rooted in the cellular compartment and/or biochemical element involved, with a specific focus on mechanistic and essential aspects of the process. The assays are founded on diverse cell functions, encompassing metabolic activity, enzyme activity, cell membrane permeability and integrity, adenosine 5'-triphosphate content, cell adherence, reduction equivalents, dye inclusion or exclusion, constitutive protease activity, colony formation, DNA fragmentation and nuclear splitting. These assays present straightforward, reliable, sensitive, reproducible, cost-effective, and high-throughput approaches for appraising the effects of newly formulated chemotherapeutic biomolecules on the cell survival during the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefsih Khalef
- Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biotechnologie et Santé, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi ouzou, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Radja Lydia
- Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biotechnologie et Santé, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi ouzou, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Khettar Filicia
- Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biotechnologie et Santé, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi ouzou, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Berkoud Moussa
- Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biotechnologie et Santé, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi ouzou, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
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Kim SJ, Oh MK. Minicell-forming Escherichia coli mutant with increased chemical production capacity and tolerance to toxic compounds. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 371:128586. [PMID: 36621693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Minicell, a small spherical form of bacterium produced by abnormal fission, possesses cytoplasmic constituents similar to those of the parental cell, except for genomic DNA. E. coli strains were engineered to produce minicells and value-added chemicals. Minicell-forming mutants showed enhanced tolerance to toxic chemicals and a higher intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio than the wild-type. When toxic chemicals such as isobutanol, isobutyraldehyde, and isobutyl acetate were produced in this mutant, the titers increased by 67 %, 175 %, and 214 %, respectively. In addition, morphological changes and membrane dispersion mechanisms in minicell-forming mutants improved lycopene production by 259 %. This increase in production capacity was more pronounced when biomass hydrolysate was used as the substrate. Isobutanol and lycopene production also increased by 92 % and 295 %, respectively, on using the substrate in the mutant. It suggests that minicell-forming mutants are an excellent platform for biochemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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Huang J, Wong KH, Tay SV, Serra A, Sze SK, Tam JP. Astratides: Insulin-Modulating, Insecticidal, and Antifungal Cysteine-Rich Peptides from Astragalus membranaceus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:194-204. [PMID: 30758201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus root, Huang Qi in Chinese, is a popular medicinal herb traditionally used to regulate blood glucose. Herein, the identification and characterization of two families of cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs), designated α- and β-astratides, from A. membranaceus roots are reported. Proteomic analysis showed that α-astratide aM1 and β-astratide bM1 belong to two distinct CRP families. The six-cysteine-containing and proline-rich α-astratide aM1 displayed high sequence identity to Pea Albumin 1 Subunit b (PA1b), while the eight-cysteine-containing β-astratide bM1 showed sequence similarity to plant defensins. An antifungal assay revealed that bM1 possessed potent antifungal activity. In contrast, aM1 showed a cytotoxic effect against insect Sf9 cells. More importantly, aM1 decreased insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic β cells, suggesting it could interfere in glucose homeostasis, which accounts for the adaptogenic property of A. membranaceus. Phylogenetic clustering analysis suggested that the proline-rich aM1 is a putative prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor and belongs to a novel subfamily of PA1b-like peptides, while bM1 belongs to a new subfamily of plant defensins. Together, the study reveals that astratides are multifunctional CRPs in plants, which expand the existing library of PA1b-like peptides and plant defensins and further our understanding of their roles in host-defense system and leads as peptidyl therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Huang
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551
| | - Ka H Wong
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551
| | - Stephanie V Tay
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551
| | - Aida Serra
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551
| | - Siu Kuan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551
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Kim SJ, Yoon J, Im DK, Kim YH, Oh MK. Adaptively evolved Escherichia coli for improved ability of formate utilization as a carbon source in sugar-free conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:207. [PMID: 31497067 PMCID: PMC6720381 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formate converted from CO2 reduction has great potential as a sustainable feedstock for biological production of biofuels and biochemicals. Nevertheless, utilization of formate for growth and chemical production by microbial species is limited due to its toxicity or the lack of a metabolic pathway. Here, we constructed a formate assimilation pathway in Escherichia coli and applied adaptive laboratory evolution to improve formate utilization as a carbon source in sugar-free conditions. RESULTS The genes related to the tetrahydrofolate and serine cycles from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 were overexpressed for formate assimilation, which was proved by the 13C-labeling experiments. The amino acids detected by GC/MS showed significant carbon labeling due to biomass production from formate. Then, 150 serial subcultures were performed to screen for evolved strains with improved ability to utilize formate. The genomes of evolved mutants were sequenced and the mutations were associated with formate dehydrogenation, folate metabolism, and biofilm formation. Last, 90 mg/L of ethanol production from formate was achieved using fed-batch cultivation without addition of sugars. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the introduction of a formate assimilation pathway, combined with adaptive laboratory evolution, to achieve the utilization of formate as a carbon source. This study suggests that the constructed E. coli could serve as a strain to exploit formate and captured CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin Kim
- 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Yoon
- 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyun Im
- 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- 2School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
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Kim S, Seo H, Mahmud HA, Islam MI, Lee BE, Cho ML, Song HY. In vitro activity of collinin isolated from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium against multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 46:104-110. [PMID: 30097109 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is a very serious infectious disease that threatens humanity, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains resistant to drugs suggests that new drug development is urgent. In order to develop new tuberculosis drug, we have conducted in vitro anti-tubercular tests on thousands of plant-derived substances and finally found collinin extracted from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium, which has an excellent anti-tuberculosis effect. PURPOSE To isolate an anti-tubercular bioactive compound from the leaves of Z. schinifolium and evaluate whether this agent demonstrates any potential in vitro characteristics suitable for the development of future anti-tubercular drugs to treat MDR and XDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS The methanolic extracts of the leaves of Z. schinifolium were subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation against M. tuberculosis using a microbial cell viability assay. In addition, following cell cytotoxicity assay, an intracellular anti-mycobacterial activity of the most active anti-tubercular compound was investigated after it was purified. RESULTS The active compound with anti-tubercular activity isolated from leaves of Z. schinifolium was identified as a collinin. The extracted collinin showed anti-tubercular activity against both drug-susceptible and -resistant strains of M. tuberculosis at 50% minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50s) of 3.13-6.25 µg/ml in culture broth and MIC50s of 6.25-12.50 µg/ml inside Raw264.7 and A549 cells. Collinin had no cytotoxicity against human lung pneumocytes up to a concentration of 100 µg/ml (selectivity index > 16-32). CONCLUSIONS Collinin extracted from the leaves of Z. schinifolium significantly inhibits the growth of MDR and XDR M. tuberculosis in the culture broth. In addition, it also inhibits the growth of intracellular drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis in Raw264.7 and A549 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the in vitro anti-tubercular activity of collinin, and our data suggest collinin as a potential drug to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis. Further studies are warranted to assess the in vivo efficacy and therapeutic potential of collinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, South Korea
| | - Hoonhee Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, South Korea
| | - Hafij Al Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, South Korea
| | - Md Imtiazul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, South Korea
| | - Byung-Eui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Lae Cho
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan, Gyeongnam 38540, South Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, South Korea.
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Carranza-Rosales P, Carranza-Torres IE, Guzmán-Delgado NE, Lozano-Garza G, Villarreal-Treviño L, Molina-Torres C, Villarreal JV, Vera-Cabrera L, Castro-Garza J. Modeling tuberculosis pathogenesis through ex vivo lung tissue infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:126-132. [PMID: 29050759 PMCID: PMC7106348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental models have been used to study TB pathogenesis and induction of immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Precision cut lung tissue slices (PCLTS) is an experimental model, in which all the usual cell types of the organ are found, the tissue architecture and the interactions amongst the different cells are maintained. PCLTS in good physiological conditions, monitored by MTT assay and histology, were infected with either virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv or the TB vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Histological analysis showed that bacilli infecting lung tissue slices were observed in the alveolar septa, alveolar light spaces, near to type II pneumocytes, and inside macrophages. Mycobacterial infection of PCLTS induced TNF-α production, which is consistent with previous M. tuberculosis in vitro and in vivo studies. This is the first report of using PCLTS as a system to study M. tuberculosis infection. The PCLTS model provides a useful tool to evaluate the innate immune responses and other aspects during the early stages of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Irma Edith Carranza-Torres
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Pedro de Alba y Manuel L, Barragán s/n, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Nancy Elena Guzmán-Delgado
- Departamento de Patología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad # 34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, N.L. 64730, Mexico.
| | - Gerardo Lozano-Garza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Pedro de Alba y Manuel L, Barragán s/n, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Carmen Molina-Torres
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Javier Vargas Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Lucio Vera-Cabrera
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Jorge Castro-Garza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
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Seo H, Kim S, Mahmud HA, Islam MI, Nam KW, Lee BE, Lee H, Cho ML, Shin HM, Song HY. In vitroAntitubercular Activity of 3-Deoxysappanchalcone Isolated From the Heartwood ofCaesalpinia sappanLinn. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1600-1606. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoonhee Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; Cheonan Chungnam 31151 South Korea
| | - Sukyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; Cheonan Chungnam 31151 South Korea
| | - Hafij Al Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; Cheonan Chungnam 31151 South Korea
| | - Md Imtiazul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; Cheonan Chungnam 31151 South Korea
| | - Kung-Woo Nam
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Soonchunhyang University; Asan Chungnam 31538 South Korea
| | - Byung-Eui Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Soonchunhyang University; Asan Chungnam 31538 South Korea
| | - Hanna Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine; Gyeongsan Gyeongnam 38540 South Korea
| | - Myoung-Lae Cho
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine; Gyeongsan Gyeongnam 38540 South Korea
| | - Heung-Mook Shin
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine; Gyeongsan Gyeongnam 38540 South Korea
- Department of Physiology; College of Korean Medicine Dongguk University; Gyeongju 780-714 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Soonchunhyang University; Cheonan Chungnam 31151 South Korea
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Seo H, Kim M, Kim S, Mahmud HA, Islam MI, Nam KW, Cho ML, Kwon HS, Song HY. In vitro activity of alpha-viniferin isolated from the roots of Carex humilis against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:41-47. [PMID: 28782713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the antitubercular activity of α-viniferin, a bioactive phytochemical compound obtained from Carex humilis. α-Viniferin was active against both drug-susceptible and -resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at MIC50s of 4.6 μM in culture broth medium and MIC50s of 2.3-4.6 μM inside macrophages and pneumocytes. In combination with streptomycin and ethambutol, α-viniferin exhibited an additive effect and partial synergy, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. α-Viniferin also did not show cytotoxicity in any of the cell lines tested up to a concentration of 147 μM, which gives this compound a selectivity index of >32. Moreover, α-viniferin was active against 3 Staphylococcus species, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoonhee Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Kim
- Regional Innovation Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafij Al Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Imtiazul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Kung-Woo Nam
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Lae Cho
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan, Gyeongnam 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kwon
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan, Gyeongnam 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea.
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Wilson WJ, Afzali MF, Cummings JE, Legare ME, Tjalkens RB, Allen CP, Slayden RA, Hanneman WH. Immune Modulation as an Effective Adjunct Post-exposure Therapeutic for B. pseudomallei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005065. [PMID: 27792775 PMCID: PMC5085046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei and is potentially fatal. Despite a growing global burden and high fatality rate, little is known about the disease. Recent studies demonstrate that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition is an effective post-exposure therapeutic for pulmonary melioidosis, which works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This treatment, while effective, was conducted using an experimental COX-2 inhibitor that is not approved for human or animal use. Therefore, an alternative COX-2 inhibitor needs to be identified for further studies. Tolfenamic acid (TA) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) COX-2 inhibitor marketed outside of the United States for the treatment of migraines. While this drug was developed for COX-2 inhibition, it has been found to modulate other aspects of inflammation as well. In this study, we used RAW 264.7 cells infected with B pseudomallei to analyze the effect of TA on cell survival, PGE2 production and regulation of COX-2 and nuclear factor- kappaB (NF-ĸB) protein expression. To evaluate the effectiveness of post-exposure treatment with TA, results were compared to Ceftazidime (CZ) treatments alone and the co-treatment of TA with a sub-therapeutic treatment of CZ determined in a study of BALB/c mice. Results revealed an increase in cell viability in vitro with TA and were able to reduce both COX-2 expression and PGE2 production while also decreasing NF-ĸB activation during infection. Co-treatment of orally administered TA and a sub-therapeutic treatment of CZ significantly increased survival outcome and cleared the bacterial load within organ tissue. Additionally, we demonstrated that post-exposure TA treatment with sub-therapeutic CZ is effective to treat melioidosis in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Wilson
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maryam F. Afzali
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Cummings
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marie E. Legare
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Tjalkens
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Allen
- Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Slayden
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William H. Hanneman
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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EsxA membrane-permeabilizing activity plays a key role in mycobacterial cytosolic translocation and virulence: effects of single-residue mutations at glutamine 5. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32618. [PMID: 27600772 PMCID: PMC5013644 DOI: 10.1038/srep32618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EsxA is required for virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and plays an essential role in phagosome rupture and translocation to the cytosol of macrophages. Recent biochemical studies have demonstrated that EsxA is a membrane-permeabilizing protein. However, evidence that link EsxA membrane-permeabilizing activity to Mtb cytosolic translocation and virulence is lacking. Here we found that mutations at glutamine 5 (Q5) could up or down regulate EsxA membrane-permeabilizing activity. The mutation Q5K significantly diminished the membrane-permeabilizing activity, while Q5V enhanced the activity. By taking advantage of the single-residue mutations, we tested the effects of EsxA membrane-permeabilizing activity on mycobacterial virulence and cytosolic translocation using the esxA/esxB knockout strains of Mycobacterium marinum (Mm) and Mtb. Compared to wild type (WT), the Q5K mutant exhibited significantly attenuated virulence, evidenced by intracellular survival and cytotoxicity in mouse macrophages as well as infection of zebra fish embryos. The attenuated virulence of the Q5K mutant was correlated to the impaired cytosolic translocation. On the contrary, the Q5V mutant had a significantly increased cytosolic translocation and showed an overall increased virulence. This study provides convincing evidence that EsxA contributes to mycobacterial virulence with its membrane-permeabilizing activity that is required for cytosolic translocation.
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Manicheva OA, Narvskaya OV, Mokrousov IV, Vyazovaya AA, Zhuravlev VU, Barnaulov AO, Dogonadze MZ, Otten TF, Vishnevskiy BI. DRUG RESISTANCE, VIABILITY AND VIRULENCE IN VITRO ОF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS STRAINS OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2011-4-341-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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The cysteine desulfurase IscS of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is involved in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis and oxidative stress defence. Biochem J 2014; 459:467-78. [PMID: 24548275 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The complex multiprotein systems for the assembly of protein-bound iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are well defined in Gram-negative model organisms. However, little is known about Fe-S cluster biogenesis in other bacterial species. The ISC (iron-sulfur cluster) operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacks several genes known to be essential for the function of this system in other organisms. However, the cysteine desulfurase IscSMtb (Rv number Rv3025c; Mtb denotes M. tuberculosis) is conserved in this important pathogen. The present study demonstrates that deleting iscSMtb renders the cells microaerophilic and hypersensitive to oxidative stress. Moreover, the ∆iscSMtb mutant shows impaired Fe-S cluster-dependent enzyme activity, clearly indicating that IscSMtb is associated with Fe-S cluster assembly. An extensive interaction network of IscSMtb with Fe-S proteins was identified, suggesting a novel mechanism of sulfur transfer by direct interaction with apoproteins. Interestingly, the highly homologous IscS of Escherichia coli failed to complement the ∆iscSMtb mutant and showed a less diverse protein-interaction profile. To identify a structural basis for these observations we determined the crystal structure of IscSMtb, which mirrors adaptations made in response to an ISC operon devoid of IscU-like Fe-S cluster scaffold proteins. We conclude that in M. tuberculosis IscS has been redesigned during evolution to compensate for the deletion of large parts of the ISC operon.
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Progesterone augments epirubicin-induced apoptosis in HA22T/VGH cells by increasing oxidative stress and upregulating Fas/FasL. J Surg Res 2014; 188:432-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Molina-Torres CA, Barba-Marines A, Valles-Guerra O, Ocampo-Candiani J, Cavazos-Rocha N, Pucci MJ, Castro-Garza J, Vera-Cabrera L. Intracellular activity of tedizolid phosphate and ACH-702 versus Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:13. [PMID: 24708819 PMCID: PMC3986449 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the emergency of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is necessary the evaluation of new compounds. Findings Tedizolid, a novel oxazolidinone, and ACH-702, a new isothiazoloquinolone, were tested against M. tuberculosis infected THP-1 macrophages. These two compounds significantly decreased the number of intracellular mycobacteria at 0.25X, 1X, 4X and 16X the MIC value. The drugs were tested either in nanoparticules or in free solution. Conclusion Tedizolid and ACH-702 have a good intracellular killing activity comparable to that of rifampin or moxifloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Molina-Torres
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hopital Universitario, UANL, C,P, Monterrey, NL 64460, Mexico.
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Titarenko OT, D'iakova ME, Èsmedliaeva DS, Manicheva OA, Alekseeva NP, Dogonadze MZ, Perova TL. [The dependence of the inflammatory reaction on the properties of mycobacterium tuberculosis and the course of specific pulmonary process]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2014; 59:469-78. [PMID: 24502145 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20135904469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The systemic analysis of the inflammatory process in untreated patients with newly diagnosed infiltrative-destructive tuberculosis has been performed in the context of host mycobacterium interaction. Variability of acute phase proteins (APP) reflecting mobilization of nonspecific protective systems of the body did not depend on cytotoxicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT). In 87.5% of patients the dependence between effectiveness of antitubercular chemotherapy (for three months) and combination of MBT characteristics and initial APP levels was found. Patients with effectiveness of therapy, which was inadequate to MBT cytotoxicity, were characterized by its dependence on the APP level and MBT sensitivity to antitubercular agents. Results of multifactorial analysis of parameters reflecting intensity of the inflammatory response, pathological process in the lungs, and characteristics of MBT suggest that the overall result of the host-pathogen interactions primarily depend on adequateness of protective systems of the body
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Gennero L, Denysenko T, Calisti GF, Vercelli A, Vercelli CM, Amedeo S, Mioletti S, Parino E, Montanaro M, Melcarne A, Juenemann C, De Vivo E, Longo A, Cavallo G, De Siena R. Protective effects of polydeoxyribonucleotides on cartilage degradation in experimental cultures. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:214-27. [PMID: 23001693 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of cartilage self-regeneration is considered to be limited. Joint injuries often evolve in the development of chronic wounds on the cartilage surface. Such lesions are associated with articular cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis. Re-establishing a correct micro/macro-environment into damaged joints could stop or prevent the degenerative processes. This study investigated the effect of polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRNs) on cartilage degradation in vitro and on cartilage extracted cells. The activities of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were measured in PDRN-treated cells and in controls at days 0 and 30 of culture. Human nasal cartilage explants were cultured, and the degree of proteoglycan degradation was assessed by measuring the amount of glycosaminoglycans released into the culture medium. The PDRN properties compared with controls were tested on cartilage tissues to evaluate deposition of extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes treated with PDRNs showed a physiological deposition of extracellular matrix (aggrecan and type II collagen: Western blot, IFA, fluorescence activated cell sorting, Alcian blue and safranin O staining). PDRNs were able to inhibit proteoglycan degradation in cartilage explants. The activities of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were reduced in all PDRN-treated samples. Our results indicate that PDRNs are suitable for a long-term cultivation of in vitro cartilage and have therapeutic effects on chondrocytes by protecting cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gennero
- Consorzio Carso Laboratories, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Liu J, Ding X, Tang J, Cao Y, Hu P, Zhou F, Shan X, Cai X, Chen Q, Ling N, Zhang B, Bi Y, Chen K, Ren H, Huang A, He TC, Tang N. Enhancement of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity by HCV core protein promotes cell growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27496. [PMID: 22110662 PMCID: PMC3216985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein has been implicated as a potential oncogene or a cofactor in HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Overactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a major factor in oncogenesis of HCC. However, the pathogenesis of HCV core-associated Wnt/β-catenin activation remains to be further characterized. Therefore, we attempted to determine whether HCV core protein plays an important role in regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HCC cells. METHODOLOGY Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity was investigated in core-expressing hepatoma cells. Protein and gene expression were examined by Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, RT-qPCR, and reporter assay. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS HCV core protein significantly enhances Tcf-dependent transcriptional activity induced by Wnt3A in HCC cell lines. Additionally, core protein increases and stabilizes β-catenin levels in hepatoma cell line Huh7 through inactivation of GSK-3β, which contributes to the up-regulation of downstream target genes, such as c-Myc, cyclin D1, WISP2 and CTGF. Also, core protein increases cell proliferation rate and promotes Wnt3A-induced tumor growth in the xenograft tumor model of human HCC. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HCV core protein enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity, hence playing an important role in HCV-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Ding
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youde Cao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Shan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefei Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingmei Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Ling
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingqiang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Bi
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ailong Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ni Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Gennero L, De Siena R, Denysenko T, Roos MA, Calisti GF, Martano M, Fiobellot S, Panzone M, Reguzzi S, Gabetti L, Vercelli A, Cavallo G, Ricci E, Pescarmona GP. A novel composition for in vitro and in vivo regeneration of skin and connective tissues. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:311-33. [PMID: 21491468 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The particular combination of polydeoxyribonucleotides, l-carnitine, calcium ions, proteolytic enzyme and other ingredients acts in a synergetic way in the regeneration of skin and connective tissues. This new formulation of active principles was tested in vitro as a cell and tissue culture medium and in vivo for various preparations in support of tissue regeneration. In vitro, the new blend allowed the maintenance of skin biopsies for more than 1 year in eutrophic conditions. Immunocytochemical analyses of fibroblasts isolated from these biopsies confirmed a significant increase of the epidermal and connective wound-healing markers such as collagen type I, collagen type IV, cytokeratin 1 (CK1), CK5, CK10 and CK14 versus controls. To examine the effects of the new compound in vivo, we studied impaired wound healing in genetically diabetic db/db mice. At day 18, diabetic mice treated with the new composition showed 100% closure of wounds and faster healing than mice treated with the other solutions. This complex of vital continuity factors or life-keeping factors could be used as a tissue-preserving solution or a cosmetic/drug/medical device to accelerate wound healing in the treatment of patients with deficient wound repair to promote the regeneration of cutaneous and connective tissues (injuries-wound, dermatitis) and prevent the recurrent relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gennero
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Liu J, Wang Z, Tang J, Tang R, Shan X, Zhang W, Chen Q, Zhou F, Chen K, Huang A, Tang N. Hepatitis C virus core protein activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling through multiple regulation of upstream molecules in the SMMC-7721 cell line. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1013-23. [PMID: 21340743 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been implicated in HCV-induced liver pathogenesis. Previous data have shown that the HCV core protein has pleiotropic functions, including transcriptional regulation of a number of cellular genes, although the mechanism of gene regulation remains unclear. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is also involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of HCV pathogenesis, we examined whether HCV core protein activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721. The effects of core protein on Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascades were investigated by luciferase reporter gene assay, immunofluorescence, western blot and RT-PCR analysis. Here, we demonstrate that HCV core protein plays an essential role in activating β-catenin/Tcf-4-dependent transcriptional activity and increases active β-catenin expression and nuclear accumulation in SMMC-7721 cells. An RT-PCR assay indicated that core protein upregulates gene expression of canonical Wnt ligands, such as Wnt2, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt8b, Wnt10a, Wnt10b, frizzled receptors Fzd1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, and LRP5/6 co-receptors. However, Wnt antagonists SFRP3, 5 and Dkk1 were moderately repressed. Furthermore, ectopic expression of core protein markedly promoted cell proliferation. The soluble Fzd molecule FrzB or the β-catenin inhibitor siBC efficiently blocked cell growth stimulation by the core gene. Our present findings demonstrate that the HCV core protein activates canonical Wnt signaling through tight regulation of several important molecules upstream of β-catenin and presumably results in promotion of cell proliferation in the SMMC-7721 cell line. Taken together, these data suggested that the core protein may be directly involved in Wnt/β-catenin-mediated liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Lin Jiang Road, No.74, Chongqing, 400010 Chongqing, China
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Ušaj M, Trontelj K, Miklavčič D, Kandušer M. Cell–Cell Electrofusion: Optimization of Electric Field Amplitude and Hypotonic Treatment for Mouse Melanoma (B16-F1) and Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells. J Membr Biol 2010; 236:107-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Molina-Torres CA, Castro-Garza J, Ocampo-Candiani J, Monot M, Cole ST, Vera-Cabrera L. Effect of serial subculturing on the genetic composition and cytotoxic activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:384-391. [PMID: 20056774 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.015966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous subculture has been observed to produce changes in the virulence of micro-organisms, e.g. rabies virus, poliovirus and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The latter has been used as a vaccine for tuberculosis for the last 100 years; however, in some instances its efficacy has been observed to be very low. In order to determine whether similar changes can be produced in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we selected four isolates, M. tuberculosis H37Rv, a Beijing strain (DR-689), and two more isolates with deletion of the phospholipase C locus (plcA-plcB-plcC ), and subjected them to serial culturing on Middlebrook 7H9 medium, with or without ox bile. After 100 passages, we performed RFLP-IS6110 analysis to determine whether genomic changes were produced. We also checked their genomic composition by microarray analysis. Changes in virulence were studied by measuring the cytotoxic effect of parental and subcultured isolates on a THP-1 macrophage monolayer. The most visible change was the change of position of an IS6110 band of approximately 1400 bp to approximately 1600 bp in the Beijing isolate subcultured in the ox bile medium. Analysis by microarray and PCR confirmation did not reveal any genomic changes. Cytotoxic activity was decreased in the isolates at levels close to that of BCG, and more consistently in those subcultured in the presence of ox bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Molina-Torres
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario 'JoséE. González', Monterrey NL, Mexico
| | - J Castro-Garza
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular,Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, IMSS, MonterreyNL, Mexico
| | - J Ocampo-Candiani
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario 'JoséE. González', Monterrey NL, Mexico
| | - M Monot
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne, EPFL SV/GHI/UPCOL, Station no. 15, CH-1015 Lausanne,Switzerland
| | - S T Cole
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne, EPFL SV/GHI/UPCOL, Station no. 15, CH-1015 Lausanne,Switzerland
| | - L Vera-Cabrera
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario 'JoséE. González', Monterrey NL, Mexico
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