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Potvin DA, Opitz F, Townsend KA, Knutie SA. Use of anthropogenic-related nest material and nest parasite prevalence have increased over the past two centuries in Australian birds. Oecologia 2021; 196:1207-1217. [PMID: 34236465 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Global plastic production has increased exponentially since the 1940s, resulting in the increased presence of anthropogenic debris in the environment. Recent studies have shown that birds incorporate anthropogenic debris into their nests, which can reduce nest ectoparasite loads. However, we know little about the long-term history of interactions among birds, anthropogenic debris, and ectoparasites. Our study took a unique approach to address this issue by determining the prevalence of anthropogenic debris and ectoparasitic nest flies (Protocalliphora and Passeromyia spp.) in 893 bird nests from 224 species between 1832 and 2018, which were sourced from Australian museum collections. The prevalence of anthropogenic material increased from approximately 4% in 1832 to almost 30% in 2018. This change was driven by an increase in the incorporation of synthetic rather than biodegradable anthropogenic debris (by 2018 ~ 25% of all nests contained synthetics), with the first synthetic item being found in a nest from 1956 in the city of Melbourne. Nest parasite prevalence increased over time but contrary to other studies, there was no relationship between habitat type or anthropogenic material and parasite presence. Our study is the first to use museum specimens to quantify temporal and spatial impacts of anthropogenic material on birds, the results of which justifies contemporary concerns regarding the ubiquitous nature of human impacts on terrestrial wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A Potvin
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay Campus, Petrie, Australia.
| | | | - Kathy A Townsend
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Fraser Coast Campus, Hervey Bay, Australia
| | - Sarah A Knutie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Kumar A, Dowling WE, Román RG, Chaudhari A, Gurry C, Le TT, Tollefson S, Clark CE, Bernasconi V, Kristiansen PA. Status Report on COVID-19 Vaccines Development. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2021; 23:9. [PMID: 33867863 PMCID: PMC8043838 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-021-00752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected lives of billions of individuals, globally. There is an urgent need to develop interventions including vaccines to control the ongoing pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS Development of tools for fast-tracked testing including small and large animal models for vaccine efficacy analysis, assays for immunogenicity assessment, critical reagents, international biological standards, and data sharing allowed accelerated development of vaccines. More than 300 vaccines are under development and 9 of them are approved for emergency use in various countries, with impressive efficacy ranging from 50 to 95%. Recently, several new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and are circulating globally, and preliminary findings imply that some of them may escape immune responses against previous variants and diminish efficacy of current vaccines. Most of these variants acquired new mutations in their surface protein (Spike) which is the antigen in most of the approved/under development vaccines. SUMMARY In this review, we summarize novel and traditional approaches for COVID-19 vaccine development including inactivated, attenuated, nucleic acid, vector and protein based. Critical assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by vaccines has shown comparative immunogenicity profiles of various vaccines in clinical phases. Recent reports confirmed that some currently available vaccines provide partial to complete protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. If more mutated variants emerge, current vaccines might need to be updated accordingly either by developing vaccines matching the circulating strain or designing multivalent vaccines to extend the breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - William E. Dowling
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Raúl Gómez Román
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amol Chaudhari
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Celine Gurry
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tung Thanh Le
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Tollefson
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carolyn E Clark
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Valentina Bernasconi
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul A Kristiansen
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate, 0473 Oslo, Norway
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Zabaleta N, Dai W, Bhatt U, Chichester JA, Sanmiguel J, Estelien R, Michalson KT, Diop C, Maciorowski D, Qi W, Hudspeth E, Cucalon A, Dyer CD, Pampena MB, Knox JJ, LaRocque RC, Charles RC, Li D, Kim M, Sheridan A, Storm N, Johnson RI, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Zinn E, Ryan A, Kobayashi DT, Chauhan R, McGlynn M, Ryan ET, Schmidt AG, Price B, Honko A, Griffiths A, Yaghmour S, Hodge R, Betts MR, Freeman MW, Wilson JM, Vandenberghe LH. Immunogenicity of an AAV-based, room-temperature stable, single dose COVID-19 vaccine in mice and non-human primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33442684 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.05.422952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected more than 70 million people worldwide and resulted in over 1.5 million deaths. A broad deployment of effective immunization campaigns to achieve population immunity at global scale will depend on the biological and logistical attributes of the vaccine. Here, two adeno-associated viral (AAV)-based vaccine candidates demonstrate potent immunogenicity in mouse and nonhuman primates following a single injection. Peak neutralizing antibody titers remain sustained at 5 months and are complemented by functional memory T-cells responses. The AAVrh32.33 capsid of the AAVCOVID vaccine is an engineered AAV to which no relevant pre-existing immunity exists in humans. Moreover, the vaccine is stable at room temperature for at least one month and is produced at high yields using established commercial manufacturing processes in the gene therapy industry. Thus, this methodology holds as a very promising single dose, thermostable vaccine platform well-suited to address emerging pathogens on a global scale.
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Ura T, Yamashita A, Mizuki N, Okuda K, Shimada M. New vaccine production platforms used in developing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2020; 39:197-201. [PMID: 33279318 PMCID: PMC7685034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The threat of the current coronavirus disease pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is accelerating the development of potential vaccines. Candidate vaccines have been generated using existing technologies that have been applied for developing vaccines against other infectious diseases. Two new types of platforms, mRNA- and viral vector-based vaccines, have been gaining attention owing to the rapid advancement in their methodologies. In clinical trials, setting appropriate immunological endpoints plays a key role in evaluating the efficacy and safety of candidate vaccines. Updated information about immunological features from individuals who have or have not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 continues to guide effective vaccine development strategies. This review highlights key strategies for generating candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and considerations for vaccine development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akio Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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Bortz RH, Florez C, Laudermilch E, Wirchnianski AS, Lasso G, Malonis RJ, Georgiev GI, Vergnolle O, Herrera NG, Morano NC, Campbell ST, Orner EP, Mengotto A, Dieterle ME, Fels JM, Haslwanter D, Jangra RK, Celikgil A, Kimmel D, Lee JH, Mariano M, Antonio N, Jose Q, Rivera J, Szymczak WA, Tong K, Barnhill J, Forsell MNE, Ahlm C, Stein DT, Pirofski LA, Goldstein DY, Garforth SJ, Almo SC, Daily JP, Prystowsky MB, Faix JD, Fox AS, Weiss LM, Lai JR, Chandran K. Development, clinical translation, and utility of a COVID-19 antibody test with qualitative and quantitative readouts. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.09.10.20192187. [PMID: 32935116 PMCID: PMC7491531 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.10.20192187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to place an immense burden on societies and healthcare systems. A key component of COVID-19 control efforts is serologic testing to determine the community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and quantify individual immune responses to prior infection or vaccination. Here, we describe a laboratory-developed antibody test that uses readily available research-grade reagents to detect SARS-CoV-2 exposure in patient blood samples with high sensitivity and specificity. We further show that this test affords the estimation of viral spike-specific IgG titers from a single sample measurement, thereby providing a simple and scalable method to measure the strength of an individual's immune response. The accuracy, adaptability, and cost-effectiveness of this test makes it an excellent option for clinical deployment in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel S. Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ryan J. Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - George I. Georgiev
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Natalia G. Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Morano
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sean T. Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Erika P. Orner
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Amanda Mengotto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - M. Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - J. Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alev Celikgil
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Duncan Kimmel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - James H. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Margarette Mariano
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nakouzi Antonio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Quiroz Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Johanna Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wendy A. Szymczak
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jason Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | | | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel T. Stein
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Scott J. Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Johanna P. Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - James D. Faix
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Amy S. Fox
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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