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Drobysh M, Ramanaviciene A, Viter R, Ramanavicius A. Affinity Sensors for the Diagnosis of COVID-19. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:390. [PMID: 33918184 PMCID: PMC8065593 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was proclaimed a global pandemic in March 2020. Reducing the dissemination rate, in particular by tracking the infected people and their contacts, is the main instrument against infection spreading. Therefore, the creation and implementation of fast, reliable and responsive methods suitable for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are required. These needs can be fulfilled using affinity sensors, which differ in applied detection methods and markers that are generating analytical signals. Recently, nucleic acid hybridization, antigen-antibody interaction, and change of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level are mostly used for the generation of analytical signals, which can be accurately measured by electrochemical, optical, surface plasmon resonance, field-effect transistors, and some other methods and transducers. Electrochemical biosensors are the most consistent with the general trend towards, acceleration, and simplification of the bioanalytical process. These biosensors mostly are based on the determination of antigen-antibody interaction and are robust, sensitive, accurate, and sometimes enable label-free detection of an analyte. Along with the specification of biosensors, we also provide a brief overview of generally used testing techniques, and the description of the structure, life cycle and immune host response to SARS-CoV-2, and some deeper details of analytical signal detection principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia Drobysh
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- NanoTechnas–Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas–Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Roman Viter
- Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment, Sumy State University, 31, Sanatornaya st., 40018 Sumy, Ukraine
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- NanoTechnas–Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Peluso MJ, Takahashi S, Hakim J, Kelly JD, Torres L, Iyer NS, Turcios K, Janson O, Munter SE, Thanh C, Nixon CC, Hoh R, Tai V, Fehrman EA, Hernandez Y, Spinelli MA, Gandhi M, Palafox MA, Vallari A, Rodgers MA, Prostko J, Hackett J, Trinh L, Wrin T, Petroplolous CJ, Chiu CY, Norris PJ, DiGermanio C, Stone M, Busch MP, Elledge SK, Zhou XX, Wells JA, Shu A, Kurtz TW, Pak JE, Wu W, Burbelo PD, Cohen JI, Rutishauser RL, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Henrich TJ, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B. SARS-CoV-2 antibody magnitude and detectability are driven by disease severity, timing, and assay. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.03.21251639. [PMID: 33688675 PMCID: PMC7941652 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.03.21251639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Serosurveillance studies are critical for estimating SARS-CoV-2 transmission and immunity, but interpretation of results is currently limited by poorly defined variability in the performance of antibody assays to detect seroreactivity over time in individuals with different clinical presentations. We measured longitudinal antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in plasma samples from a diverse cohort of 128 individuals over 160 days using 14 binding and neutralization assays. For all assays, we found a consistent and strong effect of disease severity on antibody magnitude, with fever, cough, hospitalization, and oxygen requirement explaining much of this variation. We found that binding assays measuring responses to spike protein had consistently higher correlation with neutralization than those measuring responses to nucleocapsid, regardless of assay format and sample timing. However, assays varied substantially with respect to sensitivity during early convalescence and in time to seroreversion. Variations in sensitivity and durability were particularly dramatic for individuals with mild infection, who had consistently lower antibody titers and represent the majority of the infected population, with sensitivities often differing substantially from reported test characteristics (e.g., amongst commercial assays, sensitivity at 6 months ranged from 33% for ARCHITECT IgG to 98% for VITROS Total Ig). Thus, the ability to detect previous infection by SARS-CoV-2 is highly dependent on the severity of the initial infection, timing relative to infection, and the assay used. These findings have important implications for the design and interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jill Hakim
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - J Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Leonel Torres
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nikita S Iyer
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Keirstinne Turcios
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Owen Janson
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Sadie E Munter
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Viva Tai
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Emily A Fehrman
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yanel Hernandez
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Matthew A Spinelli
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lan Trinh
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Busch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susanna K Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Xin X Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Albert Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Theodore W Kurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - John E Pak
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, USA
| | - Wesley Wu
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter D Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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