1
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Rasche R, Apken LH, Michalke E, Kümmel D, Oeckinghaus A. κB-Ras proteins are fast-exchanging GTPases and function via nucleotide-independent binding of Ral GTPase-activating protein complexes. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38604989 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
κB-Ras (NF-κB inhibitor-interacting Ras-like protein) GTPases are small Ras-like GTPases but harbor interesting differences in important sequence motifs. They act in a tumor-suppressive manner as negative regulators of Ral (Ras-like) GTPase and NF-κB signaling, but little is known about their mode of function. Here, we demonstrate that, in contrast to predictions based on primary structure, κB-Ras GTPases possess hydrolytic activity. Combined with low nucleotide affinity, this renders them fast-cycling GTPases that are predominantly GTP-bound in cells. We characterize the impact of κB-Ras mutations occurring in tumors and demonstrate that nucleotide binding affects κB-Ras stability but is not strictly required for RalGAP (Ral GTPase-activating protein) binding. This demonstrates that κB-Ras control of RalGAP/Ral signaling occurs in a nucleotide-binding- and switch-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rasche
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Münster, Germany
| | | | - Esther Michalke
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, University Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kümmel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Münster, Germany
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2
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López-Posadas R, Bagley DC, Pardo-Pastor C, Ortiz-Zapater E. The epithelium takes the stage in asthma and inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1258859. [PMID: 38529406 PMCID: PMC10961468 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1258859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelium is a dynamic barrier and the damage to this epithelial layer governs a variety of complex mechanisms involving not only epithelial cells but all resident tissue constituents, including immune and stroma cells. Traditionally, diseases characterized by a damaged epithelium have been considered "immunological diseases," and research efforts aimed at preventing and treating these diseases have primarily focused on immuno-centric therapeutic strategies, that often fail to halt or reverse the natural progression of the disease. In this review, we intend to focus on specific mechanisms driven by the epithelium that ensure barrier function. We will bring asthma and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases into the spotlight, as we believe that these two diseases serve as pertinent examples of epithelium derived pathologies. Finally, we will argue how targeting the epithelium is emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy that holds promise for addressing these chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universtiy Eralngen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dustin C. Bagley
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Pardo-Pastor
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Flinois A, Méan I, Mutero-Maeda A, Guillemot L, Citi S. Paracingulin recruits CAMSAP3 to tight junctions and regulates microtubule and polarized epithelial cell organization. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs260745. [PMID: 37013686 PMCID: PMC10184829 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracingulin (CGNL1) is recruited to tight junctions (TJs) by ZO-1 and to adherens junctions (AJs) by PLEKHA7. PLEKHA7 has been reported to bind to the microtubule minus-end-binding protein CAMSAP3, to tether microtubules to the AJs. Here, we show that knockout (KO) of CGNL1, but not of PLEKHA7, results in the loss of junctional CAMSAP3 and its redistribution into a cytoplasmic pool both in cultured epithelial cells in vitro and mouse intestinal epithelium in vivo. In agreement, GST pulldown analyses show that CGNL1, but not PLEKHA7, interacts strongly with CAMSAP3, and the interaction is mediated by their respective coiled-coil regions. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy shows that CAMSAP3-capped microtubules are tethered to junctions by the ZO-1-associated pool of CGNL1. The KO of CGNL1 results in disorganized cytoplasmic microtubules and irregular nuclei alignment in mouse intestinal epithelial cells, altered cyst morphogenesis in cultured kidney epithelial cells, and disrupted planar apical microtubules in mammary epithelial cells. Together, these results uncover new functions of CGNL1 in recruiting CAMSAP3 to junctions and regulating microtubule cytoskeleton organization and epithelial cell architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Flinois
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Méan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annick Mutero-Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Guillemot
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Ninomiya K, Ohta K, Kawasaki U, Chiba S, Inoue T, Kuranaga E, Ohashi K, Mizuno K. Calcium influx promotes PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions and regulates the integrity of junctional actin filaments. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar24. [PMID: 38088892 PMCID: PMC10881155 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PLEKHG4B is a Cdc42-targeting guanine-nucleotide exchange factor implicated in forming epithelial cell-cell junctions. Here we explored the mechanism regulating PLEKHG4B localization. PLEKHG4B localized to the basal membrane in normal Ca2+ medium but accumulated at cell-cell junctions upon ionomycin treatment. Ionomycin-induced junctional localization of PLEKHG4B was suppressed upon disrupting its annexin-A2 (ANXA2)-binding ability. Thus, Ca2+ influx and ANXA2 binding are crucial for PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions. Treatments with low Ca2+ or BAPTA-AM (an intracellular Ca2+ chelator) suppressed PLEKHG4B localization to the basal membrane. Mutations of the phosphoinositide-binding motif in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of PLEKHG4B or masking of membrane phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] suppressed PLEKHG4B localization to the basal membrane, indicating that basal membrane localization of PLEKHG4B requires suitable intracellular Ca2+ levels and PI(4,5)P2 binding of the PH domain. Activation of mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) promoted PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions, and their inhibition suppressed it. Moreover, similar to the PLEKHG4B knockdown phenotypes, inhibition of MSCs or treatment with BAPTA-AM disturbed the integrity of actin filaments at cell-cell junctions. Taken together, our results suggest that Ca2+ influx plays crucial roles in PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions and the integrity of junctional actin organization, with MSCs contributing to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komaki Ninomiya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kai Ohta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ukyo Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shuhei Chiba
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606‑8304, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ohashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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5
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Maltabe VA, Melidoni AN, Beis D, Kokkinopoulos I, Paschalidis N, Kouklis P. VE-CADHERIN is expressed transiently in early ISL1 + cardiovascular progenitor cells and facilitates cardiac differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1827-1840. [PMID: 37541259 PMCID: PMC10545488 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) provide adhesive properties through cadherins and associated cytoplasmic catenins and participate in morphogenetic processes. We examined AJs formed between ISL1+ cardiovascular progenitor cells during differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro and in mouse embryogenesis in vivo. We found that, in addition to N-CADHERIN, a percentage of ISL1+ cells transiently formed vascular endothelial (VE)-CADHERIN-mediated AJs during in vitro differentiation on days 4 and 5, and the same pattern was observed in vivo. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis extended morphological data showing that VE-CADHERIN+/ISL1+ cells constitute a significant percentage of cardiac progenitors on days 4 and 5. The VE-CADHERIN+/ISL1+ cell population represented one-third of the emerging FLK1+/PDGFRa+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) for a restricted time window (days 4-6). Ablation of VE-CADHERIN during ESC differentiation results in severe inhibition of cardiac differentiation. Disruption of all classic cadherins in the VE-CADHERIN+ population via a cadherin dominant-negative mutant's expression resulted in a dramatic decrease in the ISL1+ population and inhibition of cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta A Maltabe
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna N Melidoni
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Center for Experimental Surgery Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Immunobiology Laboratories, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Kouklis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece.
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6
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Analysis of differential proteins between non-capacitated and capacitated boar sperm and verification of the effect of phosphofructokinase on capacitation. Theriogenology 2023; 199:19-29. [PMID: 36682265 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the differences in the proteins in non-capacitated and capacitated boar sperm and to identify the functions of the differential proteins and key capacitation proteins of boar sperm before and after capacitation. Transwell chambers were used to separate capacitated sperm proteins using a unique polycarbonate membrane. Meanwhile, isotopic tags for relative and absolute quantification combined with LC‒MS/MS analysis were used for quantitative determination of differential proteins. Through the comparative analysis of different databases, 475 different proteins were identified in non-capacitated sperm and capacitated sperm, of which 303 were significantly upregulated and 172 were significantly downregulated. These differentially-expressed proteins are mainly involved in redox processes, cell biosynthesis processes and cell aromatic compound metabolism biological processes. They also participate in the signaling pathways of phosphorylation, ketone synthesis and degradation, most of which interact to varying degrees. Among these differentially-expressed proteins, phosphofructokinase attracted our attention as a potential capacitated protein. We further verified that phosphofructokinase can promote boar sperm capacitation by immunoblotting.
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7
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Ebnet K, Gerke V. Rho and Rab Family Small GTPases in the Regulation of Membrane Polarity in Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948013. [PMID: 35859901 PMCID: PMC9289151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane polarity, defined as the asymmetric distribution of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane, is a critical prerequisite for the development of multicellular tissues, such as epithelia and endothelia. Membrane polarity is regulated by polarized trafficking of membrane components to specific membrane domains and requires the presence of intramembrane diffusion barriers that prevent the intermixing of asymmetrically distributed membrane components. This intramembrane diffusion barrier is localized at the tight junctions (TJs) in these cells. Both the formation of cell-cell junctions and the polarized traffic of membrane proteins and lipids are regulated by Rho and Rab family small GTPases. In this review article, we will summarize the recent developments in the regulation of apico-basal membrane polarity by polarized membrane traffic and the formation of the intramembrane diffusion barrier in epithelial cells with a particular focus on the role of Rho and Rab family small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Klaus Ebnet, ; Volker Gerke,
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Klaus Ebnet, ; Volker Gerke,
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8
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Development of a Methodology to Adapt an Equilibrium Buffer/Wash Applied to the Purification of hGPN2 Protein Expressed in Escherichia coli Using an IMAC Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography System. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9070164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein purification is a complex and non-standardized process; the fact that proteins have different structural types making it difficult to create a standard methodology to obtain them in a pure, soluble, and homogeneous form. The present study shows the selective development of a buffer suitable for proteins of interest that allows high concentrations of hGPN2 protein to be obtained with low polydispersion and high homogeneity and purity. By taking the different reagents used in the construction of different buffers as a basis and performing purifications using different additives in different concentrations to determine the optimal amounts, the developed process helps to minimize the bonds, maintain solubility, release the proteins present in inclusion bodies, and provide an adequate environment for obtaining high concentrations of pure protein. GPN proteins are of unknown function, have not been purified in high concentrations, and have been found as part of the RNA polymerase assembly; if they are not expressed, the cell dies, and overexpression of certain GPN proteins has been linked to decreased survival in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma breast cancer types ER+ and HER2+. The results of the present study show that the use of the buffer developed for recombinant hGPN2 protein expressed in Escherichia coli could be manipulated in order to isolate the protein in a totally pure form and without the use of protease inhibitor tablets. The resulting homogeneity and low polydispersion was corroborated by studies carried out using dynamic dispersion analysis. Thanks to these properties, it can be used for crystallography or structural genomics studies.
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9
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Xu W, Alpha KM, Zehrbach NM, Turner CE. Paxillin Promotes Breast Tumor Collective Cell Invasion through Maintenance of Adherens Junction Integrity. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar14. [PMID: 34851720 PMCID: PMC9236150 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant organ metastasis is linked to poor prognosis during cancer progression. The expression level of the focal adhesion adapter protein paxillin varies among different human cancers, but its role in tumor progression is unclear. Herein, we utilize a newly generated PyMT mammary tumor mouse model with conditional paxillin ablation in breast tumor epithelial cells, combined with in vitro 3D tumor organoids invasion analysis and 2D calcium switch assays, to assess the roles for paxillin in breast tumor cell invasion. Paxillin had little effect on primary tumor initiation and growth but is critical for the formation of distant lung metastasis. In paxillin-depleted 3D tumor organoids, collective cell invasion was substantially perturbed. Two-dimensional cell culture revealed paxillin-dependent stabilization of adherens junctions (AJ). Mechanistically, paxillin is required for AJ assembly through facilitating E-cadherin endocytosis and recycling and HDAC6-mediated microtubule acetylation. Furthermore, Rho GTPase activity analysis and rescue experiments with a RhoA activator or Rac1 inhibitor suggest paxillin is potentially regulating the E-cadherin-dependent junction integrity and contractility through control of the balance of RhoA and Rac1 activities. Together, these data highlight new roles for paxillin in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and collective tumor cell migration to promote the formation of distance organ metastases. [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Kyle M Alpha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Nicholas M Zehrbach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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10
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Ninomiya K, Ohta K, Yamashita K, Mizuno K, Ohashi K. PLEKHG4B enables actin cytoskeletal remodeling during epithelial cell-cell junction formation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:224080. [PMID: 33310911 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junction formation requires actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Here, we show that PLEKHG4B, a Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rho-GEF), plays a crucial role in epithelial cell-cell junction formation. Knockdown of PLEKHG4B decreased Cdc42 activity and tended to increase RhoA activity in A549 cells. A549 monolayer cells showed 'closed junctions' with closely packed actin bundles along the cell-cell contacts, but PLEKHG4B knockdown suppressed closed junction formation, and PLEKHG4B-knockdown cells exhibited 'open junctions' with split actin bundles located away from the cell-cell boundary. In Ca2+-switch assays, PLEKHG4B knockdown delayed the conversion of open junctions to closed junctions and β-catenin accumulation at cell-cell junctions. Furthermore, PLEKHG4B knockdown abrogated the reduction in myosin activity normally seen in the later stage of junction formation. The aberrant myosin activation and impairments in closed junction formation in PLEKHG4B-knockdown cells were reverted by ROCK inhibition or LARG/PDZ-RhoGEF knockdown. These results suggest that PLEKHG4B enables actin remodeling during epithelial cell-cell junction maturation, probably by reducing myosin activity in the later stage of junction formation, through suppressing LARG/PDZ-RhoGEF and RhoA-ROCK pathway activities. We also showed that annexin A2 participates in PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komaki Ninomiya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kai Ohta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan .,Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tohoku University, Kawauchi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ohashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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11
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Veeraval L, O'Leary CJ, Cooper HM. Adherens Junctions: Guardians of Cortical Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:6. [PMID: 32117958 PMCID: PMC7025593 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical radial glia comprise the pseudostratified neuroepithelium lining the embryonic lateral ventricles and give rise to the extensive repertoire of pyramidal neuronal subtypes of the neocortex. The establishment of a highly apicobasally polarized radial glial morphology is a mandatory prerequisite for cortical development as it governs neurogenesis, neural migration and the integrity of the ventricular wall. As in all epithelia, cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs) play an obligate role in the maintenance of radial glial apicobasal polarity and neuroepithelial cohesion. In addition, the assembly of resilient AJs is critical to the integrity of the neuroepithelium which must resist the tensile forces arising from increasing CSF volume and other mechanical stresses associated with the expansion of the ventricles in the embryo and neonate. Junctional instability leads to the collapse of radial glial morphology, disruption of the ventricular surface and cortical lamination defects due to failed neuronal migration. The fidelity of cortical development is therefore dependent on AJ assembly and stability. Mutations in genes known to control radial glial junction formation are causative for a subset of inherited cortical malformations (neuronal heterotopias) as well as perinatal hydrocephalus, reinforcing the concept that radial glial junctions are pivotal determinants of successful corticogenesis. In this review we explore the key animal studies that have revealed important insights into the role of AJs in maintaining apical radial glial morphology and function, and as such, have provided a deeper understanding of the aberrant molecular and cellular processes contributing to debilitating cortical malformations. We highlight the reciprocal interactions between AJs and the epithelial polarity complexes that impose radial glial apicobasal polarity. We also discuss the critical molecular networks promoting AJ assembly in apical radial glia and emphasize the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the stabilization of cadherin adhesion – a crucial factor in buffering the mechanical forces exerted as a consequence of cortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin Veeraval
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Conor J O'Leary
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) play a central role in the homeostasis of epithelial and endothelial tissues, by providing a semipermeable barrier to ions and solutes, by contributing to the maintenance of cell polarity, and by functioning as signaling platforms. TJ are associated with the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and the crosstalk with the cytoskeleton is fundamental for junction biogenesis and physiology. TJ are spatially and functionally connected to adherens junctions (AJ), which are essential for the maintenance of tissue integrity. Mechano-sensing and mechano-transduction properties of several AJ proteins have been characterized during the last decade. However, little is known about how mechanical forces act on TJ and their proteins, how TJ control the mechanical properties of cells and tissues, and what are the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here I review recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the relationships between mechanical force and TJ biology.
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13
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Rübsam M, Broussard JA, Wickström SA, Nekrasova O, Green KJ, Niessen CM. Adherens Junctions and Desmosomes Coordinate Mechanics and Signaling to Orchestrate Tissue Morphogenesis and Function: An Evolutionary Perspective. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029207. [PMID: 28893859 PMCID: PMC6211388 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes are crucial to couple intercellular adhesion to the actin or intermediate filament cytoskeletons, respectively. As such, these intercellular junctions are essential to provide not only integrity to epithelia and other tissues but also the mechanical machinery necessary to execute complex morphogenetic and homeostatic intercellular rearrangements. Moreover, these spatially defined junctions serve as signaling hubs that integrate mechanical and chemical pathways to coordinate tissue architecture with behavior. This review takes an evolutionary perspective on how the emergence of these two essential intercellular junctions at key points during the evolution of multicellular animals afforded metazoans with new opportunities to integrate adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and signaling. We discuss known literature on cross-talk between the two junctions and, using the skin epidermis as an example, provide a model for how these two junctions function in concert to orchestrate tissue organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rübsam
- University of Cologne, Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) at the CECAD Research Center, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Paul Gerson Unna Group, Skin Homeostasis and Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oxana Nekrasova
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Carien M Niessen
- University of Cologne, Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) at the CECAD Research Center, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Machesky L, Braga VMM. So far, yet so close: α-Catenin dimers help migrating cells get together. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3437-3439. [PMID: 29051263 PMCID: PMC5674902 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201709056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells in tissues use their actin cytoskeletons to stick together, whereas unattached cells make active plasma membrane protrusions to migrate. In this issue, Wood et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201612006) show that the junction component α-catenin is critical in freely moving cells to promote adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Machesky
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Vania M M Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, UK
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