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Pinto TS, van der Eerden BC, Schreuders-Koedam M, van de Peppel J, Ayada I, Pan Q, Verstegen MM, van der Laan LJ, Fuhler GM, Zambuzzi WF, Peppelenbosch MP. Interaction of high lipogenic states with titanium on osteogenesis. Bone 2024; 188:117242. [PMID: 39209139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
As obesity rates continue to rise, the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated steatotic liver disease (MetALD), a new term for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), also increases. In an aging population, it is crucial to understand the interplay between metabolic disorders, such as MetALD, and bone health. This understanding becomes particularly significant in the context of implant osseointegration. This study introduces an in vitro model simulating high lipogenesis through the use of human Mesenchymal Stroma Cells-derived adipocytes, 3D intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICO), and Huh7 hepatocytes, to evaluate the endocrine influence on osteoblasts interacting with titanium. We observed a significant increase in intracellular fat accumulation in all three cell types, along with a corresponding elevation in metabolic gene expression compared to the control groups. Notably, osteoblasts undergoing mineralization in this high-lipogenesis environment also displayed lipid vesicle accumulation. The study further revealed that titanium surfaces modulate osteogenic gene expression and impact cell cycle progression, cell survival, and extracellular matrix remodeling under lipogenic conditions. These findings provide new insights into the challenges of implant integration in patients with obesity and MetALD, offering a deeper understanding of the metabolic influences on bone regeneration and implant success.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Pinto
- Lab. of Bioassays and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - B C van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Schreuders-Koedam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I Ayada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Q Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M M Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - L J van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - G M Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W F Zambuzzi
- Lab. of Bioassays and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - M P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Khuc K, des Bordes J, Ogunwale A, Madel MB, Ambrose C, Schulz P, Elefteriou F, Schwartz A, Rianon NJ. Protective Effects of β-Blockers on Bone in Older Adults with Dementia. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 115:14-22. [PMID: 38744723 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-024-01221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Increased β-adrenergic receptor activity has been hypothesized to cause bone loss in those with dementia. We investigated the effect of long-term β-blocker use on rate of bone loss in older adults with dementia. We used a linear mixed-effects model to estimate the relationship between long-term β-blocker use and rate of bone loss in participants from the Health Aging and Body Composition study. Records of 1198 participants were analyzed, 44.7% were men. Among the men, 25.2% had dementia and 20.2% were on β-blockers, while in the women, 22.5% had dementia and 16.6% received β-blockers. In the 135 men with dementia, 23 were taking β-blockers, while 15 of 149 women with dementia were using β-blockers. In men with dementia, β-blocker users had 0.00491 g/cm2 less bone mineral density (BMD) loss per year at the femoral neck (i.e., 0.63% less loss per year) than non-users (p < 0.05). No differences were detected in women with or without dementia and men without dementia. β-blockers may be protective by slowing down bone loss in older men with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiem Khuc
- Department Family and Community Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jude des Bordes
- Department Family and Community Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abayomi Ogunwale
- Department Family and Community Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria-Bernadette Madel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Ambrose
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Schulz
- Department of Neurology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ann Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nahid J Rianon
- Department Family and Community Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
- Joan and Stanford Alexander Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street #MSB G.150, Houston, United States.
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3
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Liao CP, Majeed M, Hobert O. Experience-dependent, sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity defined by sex-specific cadherin expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.593207. [PMID: 38766005 PMCID: PMC11100761 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.593207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We describe here the molecular mechanisms by which juvenile experience defines patterns of sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity in the adult nervous system of the nematode C. elegans. We show that starvation of juvenile males disrupts serotonin-dependent activation of the CREB transcription factor in a nociceptive sensory neuron, PHB. CREB acts through a cascade of transcription factors to control expression of an atypical cadherin protein, FMI-1/Flamingo. During postembryonic development, FMI-1/Flamingo has the capacity to promote and maintain synaptic connectivity of the PHB nociceptive sensory to a command interneuron, AVA, in both sexes, but the serotonin transcriptional regulatory cassette antagonizes FMI-1/Flamingo expression in males, thereby establishing sexually dimorphic connectivity between PHB and AVA. A critical regulatory node in this process is the CREB-target LIN-29, a Zn finger transcription factor which integrates four different layers of information - sexual specificity, past feeding status, time and cell-type specificity. Our findings provide the mechanistic details of how an early juvenile experience defines sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Po Liao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Maryam Majeed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Present address: Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle,
USA
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Yang D, Xu J, Xu K, Xu P. Skeletal interoception in osteoarthritis. Bone Res 2024; 12:22. [PMID: 38561376 PMCID: PMC10985098 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The interoception maintains proper physiological conditions and metabolic homeostasis by releasing regulatory signals after perceving changes in the internal state of the organism. Among its various forms, skeletal interoception specifically regulates the metabolic homeostasis of bones. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex joint disorder involving cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium. The subchondral bone undergoes continuous remodeling to adapt to dynamic joint loads. Recent findings highlight that skeletal interoception mediated by aberrant mechanical loads contributes to pathological remodeling of the subchondral bone, resulting in subchondral bone sclerosis in OA. The skeletal interoception is also a potential mechanism for chronic synovial inflammation in OA. In this review, we offer a general overview of interoception, specifically skeletal interoception, subchondral bone microenviroment and the aberrant subchondral remedeling. We also discuss the role of skeletal interoception in abnormal subchondral bone remodeling and synovial inflammation in OA, as well as the potential prospects and challenges in exploring novel OA therapies that target skeletal interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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Qiu J, Xu J, Cai Y, Li M, Peng Y, Xu Y, Chen G. Catgut embedding in acupoints combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1295429. [PMID: 38606276 PMCID: PMC11008468 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1295429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To date, the clinical modulation for bone metabolism based on the neuro-bone mass regulation theory is still not popular. The stimulation of nerve systems to explore novel treatments for Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is urgent and significant. Preliminary research results suggested that changes brain function and structure may play a crucial role in bone metabolism with PMOP. Thus, we set up a clinical trial to investigate the effect of the combination of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and catgut embedding in acupoints (CEA) for PMOP and to elucidate the central mechanism of this neural stimulation in regulating bone metabolism. Method This trial is a prospective and randomized controlled trial. 96 PMOP participants will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio into a CEA group, an rTMS group, or a combined one. Participants will receive CEA, rTMS, or combined therapy for 3 months with 8 weeks of follow-up. The primary outcomes will be the changes in Bone Mineral Density scores, total efficiency of Chinese Medicine Symptoms before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes include the McGill Pain Questionnaire Short-Form, Osteoporosis Symptom Score, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. The leptin, leptin receptor, and norepinephrine levels of peripheral blood must be measured before and after treatment. Adverse events that occur during the trial will be recorded. Discussion CEA achieves brain-bone mass regulation through the bottom-up way of peripheral-central while rTMS achieves it through the top-down stimulation of central-peripheral. CEA combined with rTMS can stimulate the peripheral-central at the same time and promote peripheral bone mass formation. The combination of CEA and rTMS may play a coordinating, synergistic, and side-effect-reducing role, which is of great clinical significance in exploring better treatment options for PMOP.Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR2300073863.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qiu
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - JiaZi Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyue Cai
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghong Li
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsin Peng
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxiang Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guizhen Chen
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Huang DN, Zeng Y, Ding HR, Zhang ZK, Wang Y, Han DX, Zhang XZ, Song LG. Characteristics of bone metabolism in the male patients with diabetic neuropathy. J Chin Med Assoc 2024; 87:292-298. [PMID: 38289285 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of bone metabolism and fracture risk in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN). METHODS A total of 198 T2DM individuals were recruited from January 2017 to December 2020. Patients with DSPN were evaluated by strict clinical and sensory thresholds. Biochemical parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured. The BMD, bone turnover markers, and probability of fracture were compared between two groups, and the factors related to BMD and probability of hip fracture in 10 years were further explored. RESULTS Compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus without distal symmetric polyneuropathy (T2DN-) patients, type 2 diabetes mellitus with distal symmetric polyneuropathy (T2DN+) patients had lower level of cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) (0.32 ± 0.19 vs 0.38 ± 0.21 ng/mL, p = 0.038) and higher level of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) (15.28 ± 5.56 vs 12.58 ± 4.41 μg/mL, p = 0.003). T2DN+ patients had higher BMD of lumbar L1-L4 (1.05 ± 0.19 vs 0.95 ± 0.37, p = 0.027) and higher probability of hip fracture (0.98 ± 0.88 vs 0.68 ± 0.63, p = 0.009) as compared to T2DN- individuals. Univariate correlation analysis showed that BALP level (coefficient (coef) = -0.054, p = 0.038), CTX level (coef = -2.28, p = 0.001), and hip fracture risk (coef = -1.02, p < 0.001) were negatively related to the BMD of L1-L4. As for the risk of hip fracture evaluated by WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX), age (coef = 0.035, p < 0.001), use of insulin (coef = 0.31, p =0.015), and levels of BALP (coef = 0.031, p = 0.017) and CTX (coef = 0.7, p = 0.047) were positively related to the risk of hip fracture. Multivariate regression analysis showed that CTX level (coef = -1.41, p = 0.043) was still negatively related to BMD at the lumbar spine. CONCLUSION This study indicates that T2DM patients with DSPN have special bone metabolism represented by higher BALP level and lower CTX level which may increase BMD at the lumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ni Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ru Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Kai Zhang
- Division of Science and Research, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Xu Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ge Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Ma C, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Hu CH, Zheng CX, Jin Y, Sui BD. Autonomic neural regulation in mediating the brain-bone axis: mechanisms and implications for regeneration under psychological stress. QJM 2024; 117:95-108. [PMID: 37252831 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient regeneration of bone defects caused by disease or significant trauma is a major challenge in current medicine, which is particularly difficult yet significant under the emerging psychological stress in the modern society. Notably, the brain-bone axis has been proposed as a prominent new concept in recent years, among which autonomic nerves act as an essential and emerging skeletal pathophysiological factor related to psychological stress. Studies have established that sympathetic cues lead to impairment of bone homeostasis mainly through acting on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derivatives with also affecting the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-lineage osteoclasts, and the autonomic neural regulation of stem cell lineages in bone is increasingly recognized to contribute to the bone degenerative disease, osteoporosis. This review summarizes the distribution characteristics of autonomic nerves in bone, introduces the regulatory effects and mechanisms of autonomic nerves on MSC and HSC lineages, and expounds the crucial role of autonomic neural regulation on bone physiology and pathology, which acts as a bridge between the brain and the bone. With the translational perspective, we further highlight the autonomic neural basis of psychological stress-induced bone loss and a series of pharmaceutical therapeutic strategies and implications toward bone regeneration. The summary of research progress in this field will add knowledge to the current landscape of inter-organ crosstalk and provide a medicinal basis for the achievement of clinical bone regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Y Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - C-H Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - C-X Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Y Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - B-D Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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Zhang F, Qiao W, Wei JA, Tao Z, Chen C, Wu Y, Lin M, Ng KMC, Zhang L, Yeung KWK, Chow BKC. Secretin-dependent signals in the ventromedial hypothalamus regulate energy metabolism and bone homeostasis in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1030. [PMID: 38310104 PMCID: PMC10838336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Secretin, though originally discovered as a gut-derived hormone, is recently found to be abundantly expressed in the ventromedial hypothalamus, from which the central neural system controls satiety, energy metabolism, and bone homeostasis. However, the functional significance of secretin in the ventromedial hypothalamus remains unclear. Here we show that the loss of ventromedial hypothalamus-derived secretin leads to osteopenia in male and female mice, which is primarily induced by diminished cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and upregulation in peripheral sympathetic activity. Moreover, the ventromedial hypothalamus-secretin inhibition also contributes to hyperphagia, dysregulated lipogenesis, and impaired thermogenesis, resulting in obesity in male and female mice. Conversely, overexpression of secretin in the ventromedial hypothalamus promotes bone mass accrual in mice of both sexes. Collectively, our findings identify an unappreciated secretin signaling in the central neural system for the regulation of energy and bone metabolism, which may serve as a new target for the clinical management of obesity and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Qiao
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ji-An Wei
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyi Tao
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Congjia Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yefeng Wu
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minghui Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Man Carmen Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Kelvin Wai-Kwok Yeung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Rotstein I, Katz J. Acute periapical abscesses in patients using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2024; 44:143-147. [PMID: 36200767 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Depression and anxiety are severe health problems affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Consequently, the use of antidepressants has constantly been on a rise. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) antidepressant are now commonly used due to fewer side effects as compared to other types of antidepressants. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of periapical abscesses (PAs)in patients using SSRIs. METHODS AND RESULTS Integrated data of hospital patients was used. Data from the corresponding diagnosis codes for SSRIs and acute PAs was retrieved by searching the appropriate query in the database. The different diagnoses were coded using the international coding systems ICD 10. Diagnosis was made by calibrated dentists in a hospital setting based on clinical examination and imaging data. The odds ratio (OR) for the prevalence of acute PAs and its association with the use of SSRIs were calculated and analyzed statistically. It was found that the prevalence of acute PAs was significantly higher in patients using SSRIs as compared to the other hospital patient population. The OR was 2.8 and the difference between patients using SSRIs and patients who do not was statistically significant (p < .0001). CONCLUSION Under the conditions of this study, it appears that the prevalence of acute PAs is higher in patients using SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Rotstein
- Department of Endodontics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph Katz
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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10
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Xiao Y, Han C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Bao R, Li Y, Chen H, Hu B, Liu S. Interoceptive regulation of skeletal tissue homeostasis and repair. Bone Res 2023; 11:48. [PMID: 37669953 PMCID: PMC10480189 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have determined that the nervous system can sense and respond to signals from skeletal tissue, a process known as skeletal interoception, which is crucial for maintaining bone homeostasis. The hypothalamus, located in the central nervous system (CNS), plays a key role in processing interoceptive signals and regulating bone homeostasis through the autonomic nervous system, neuropeptide release, and neuroendocrine mechanisms. These mechanisms control the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts (OBs), the activation of osteoclasts (OCs), and the functional activities of bone cells. Sensory nerves extensively innervate skeletal tissues, facilitating the transmission of interoceptive signals to the CNS. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current research on the generation and coordination of skeletal interoceptive signals by the CNS to maintain bone homeostasis and their potential role in pathological conditions. The findings expand our understanding of intersystem communication in bone biology and may have implications for developing novel therapeutic strategies for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Changhao Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Yunhao Wang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Xinshu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Rong Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Yuange Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Huajiang Chen
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, PR China.
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
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11
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Mukherjee D, Previs RA, Haines C, Al Abo M, Juras PK, Strickland KC, Chakraborty B, Artham S, Whitaker RS, Hebert K, Fontenot J, Patierno SR, Freedman JA, Lau FH, Burow ME, Chang CY, McDonnell DP. Targeting CaMKK2 Inhibits Actin Cytoskeletal Assembly to Suppress Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2023; 83:2889-2907. [PMID: 37335130 PMCID: PMC10472110 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) tend to become invasive and metastatic at early stages in their development. Despite some treatment successes in early-stage localized TNBC, the rate of distant recurrence remains high, and long-term survival outcomes remain poor. In a search for new therapeutic targets for this disease, we observed that elevated expression of the serine/threonine kinase calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) is highly correlated with tumor invasiveness. In validation studies, genetic disruption of CaMKK2 expression or inhibition of its activity with small molecule inhibitors disrupted spontaneous metastatic outgrowth from primary tumors in murine xenograft models of TNBC. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), a high-risk, poor prognosis ovarian cancer subtype, shares many features with TNBC, and CaMKK2 inhibition effectively blocked metastatic progression in a validated xenograft model of this disease. Mechanistically, CaMKK2 increased the expression of the phosphodiesterase PDE1A, which hydrolyzed cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to decrease the cGMP-dependent activity of protein kinase G1 (PKG1). Inhibition of PKG1 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), which in its hypophosphorylated state binds to and regulates F-actin assembly to facilitate cell movement. Together, these findings establish a targetable CaMKK2-PDE1A-PKG1-VASP signaling pathway that controls cancer cell motility and metastasis by impacting the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, it identifies CaMKK2 as a potential therapeutic target that can be exploited to restrict tumor invasiveness in patients diagnosed with early-stage TNBC or localized HGSOC. SIGNIFICANCE CaMKK2 regulates actin cytoskeletal dynamics to promote tumor invasiveness and can be inhibited to suppress metastasis of breast and ovarian cancer, indicating CaMKK2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to arrest disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca A. Previs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Corinne Haines
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Muthana Al Abo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick K. Juras
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kyle C. Strickland
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Binita Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sandeep Artham
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Regina S. Whitaker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine Hebert
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jake Fontenot
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Steven R. Patierno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer A. Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Frank H. Lau
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Donald P. McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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12
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Mukherjee D, Previs RA, Haines CN, Abo MA, Juras PK, Strickland KC, Chakraborty B, Artham S, Whitaker R, Hebert KL, Fontenot J, Patierno SR, Freedman JA, Lau FH, Burow M, Chang CY, McDonnell DP. Ca 2+ /Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase-2 (CaMKK2) promotes Protein Kinase G (PKG)-dependent actin cytoskeletal assembly to increase tumor metastasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.536051. [PMID: 37131673 PMCID: PMC10153149 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.536051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) tend to become highly invasive early during cancer development. Despite some successes in the initial treatment of patients diagnosed with early-stage localized TNBC, the rate of metastatic recurrence remains high with poor long-term survival outcomes. Here we show that elevated expression of the serine/threonine-kinase, Calcium/Calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase-2 (CaMKK2), is highly correlated with tumor invasiveness. We determined that genetic disruption of CaMKK2 expression, or inhibition of its activity, disrupted spontaneous metastatic outgrowth from primary tumors in murine xenograft models of TNBC. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), a high-risk, poor-prognosis ovarian cancer subtype, shares many genetic features with TNBC, and importantly, CaMKK2 inhibition effectively blocked metastatic progression in a validated xenograft model of this disease. Probing the mechanistic links between CaMKK2 and metastasis we defined the elements of a new signaling pathway that impacts actin cytoskeletal dynamics in a manner which increases cell migration/invasion and metastasis. Notably, CaMKK2 increases the expression of the phosphodiesterase PDE1A which decreases the cGMP-dependent activity of protein kinase G1 (PKG1). This inhibition of PKG1 results in decreased phosphorylation of Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein (VASP), which in its hypophosphorylated state binds to and regulates F-actin assembly to facilitate contraction/cell movement. Together, these data establish a targetable CaMKK2-PDE1A-PKG1-VASP signaling pathway that controls cancer cell motility and metastasis. Further, it credentials CaMKK2 as a therapeutic target that can be exploited in the discovery of agents for use in the neoadjuvant/adjuvant setting to restrict tumor invasiveness in patients diagnosed with early-stage TNBC or localized HGSOC.
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13
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Lee Y, Oh H, Jo M, Cho H, Park Y. Synergistic effect of n-3 PUFA and probiotic supplementation on bone loss induced by chronic mild stress through the brain–gut–bone axis. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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14
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Lv X, Gao F, Cao X. Skeletal interoception in bone homeostasis and pain. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1914-1931. [PMID: 36257317 PMCID: PMC9742337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that interoception maintains proper physiological status and orchestrates metabolic homeostasis by regulating feeding behaviors, glucose balance, and lipid metabolism. Continuous skeletal remodeling consumes a tremendous amount of energy to provide skeletal scaffolding, support muscle movement, store vital minerals, and maintain a niche for hematopoiesis, which are processes that also contribute to overall metabolic balance. Although skeletal innervation has been described for centuries, recent work has shown that skeletal metabolism is tightly regulated by the nervous system and that skeletal interoception regulates bone homeostasis. Here, we provide a general discussion of interoception and its effects on the skeleton and whole-body metabolism. We also discuss skeletal interoception-mediated regulation in the context of pathological conditions and skeletal pain as well as future challenges to our understanding of these process and how they can be leveraged for more effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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15
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Body weight changes and bipolar disorder: a molecular pathway analysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:308-320. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Zeng W, Yang F, Shen WL, Zhan C, Zheng P, Hu J. Interactions between central nervous system and peripheral metabolic organs. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1929-1958. [PMID: 35771484 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
According to Descartes, minds and bodies are distinct kinds of "substance", and they cannot have causal interactions. However, in neuroscience, the two-way interaction between the brain and peripheral organs is an emerging field of research. Several lines of evidence highlight the importance of such interactions. For example, the peripheral metabolic systems are overwhelmingly regulated by the mind (brain), and anxiety and depression greatly affect the functioning of these systems. Also, psychological stress can cause a variety of physical symptoms, such as bone loss. Moreover, the gut microbiota appears to play a key role in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Mechanistically, as the command center of the body, the brain can regulate our internal organs and glands through the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system, although it is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control. The autonomic nervous system itself can be further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic division functions a bit like the accelerator pedal on a car, and the parasympathetic division functions as the brake. The high center of the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system is the hypothalamus, which contains several subnuclei that control several basic physiological functions, such as the digestion of food and regulation of body temperature. Also, numerous peripheral signals contribute to the regulation of brain functions. Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, insulin, and leptin are transported into the brain, where they regulate innate behaviors such as feeding, and they are also involved in emotional and cognitive functions. The brain can recognize peripheral inflammatory cytokines and induce a transient syndrome called sick behavior (SB), characterized by fatigue, reduced physical and social activity, and cognitive impairment. In summary, knowledge of the biological basis of the interactions between the central nervous system and peripheral organs will promote the full understanding of how our body works and the rational treatment of disorders. Thus, we summarize current development in our understanding of five types of central-peripheral interactions, including neural control of adipose tissues, energy expenditure, bone metabolism, feeding involving the brain-gut axis and gut microbiota. These interactions are essential for maintaining vital bodily functions, which result in homeostasis, i.e., a natural balance in the body's systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology, and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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17
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Sun Q, Li G, Liu D, Xie W, Xiao W, Li Y, Cai M. Peripheral nerves in the tibial subchondral bone : the role of pain and homeostasis in osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:439-452. [PMID: 35775136 PMCID: PMC9350689 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.117.bjr-2021-0355.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent degenerative joint disorder characterized by joint pain and physical disability. Aberrant subchondral bone induces pathological changes and is a major source of pain in OA. In the subchondral bone, which is highly innervated, nerves have dual roles in pain sensation and bone homeostasis regulation. The interaction between peripheral nerves and target cells in the subchondral bone, and the interplay between the sensory and sympathetic nervous systems, allow peripheral nerves to regulate subchondral bone homeostasis. Alterations in peripheral innervation and local transmitters are closely related to changes in nociception and subchondral bone homeostasis, and affect the progression of OA. Recent literature has substantially expanded our understanding of the physiological and pathological distribution and function of specific subtypes of neurones in bone. This review summarizes the types and distribution of nerves detected in the tibial subchondral bone, their cellular and molecular interactions with bone cells that regulate subchondral bone homeostasis, and their role in OA pain. A comprehensive understanding and further investigation of the functions of peripheral innervation in the subchondral bone will help to develop novel therapeutic approaches to effectively prevent OA, and alleviate OA pain. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(7):439–452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Liu N, Li B, Zhang L, Yang D, Yang F. Basolateral Amygdala Mediates Central Mechanosensory Feedback of Musculoskeletal System. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:834980. [PMID: 35250478 PMCID: PMC8889035 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.834980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia, are tremendous and growing public health concerns. Considering the intimate functional relationship between muscle and bone throughout development, growth, and aging, muscle provides the primary source of skeletal loading through contraction force. However, significant gaps exist in our knowledge regarding the role of muscle in bone homeostasis and little is known regarding the mechanism through which the central nervous system responds and regulates unloading-induced bone loss. Here, we showed that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and medial part of the central nucleus (CeM) are anatomically connected with the musculoskeletal system. Unloading-induced bone loss is accompanied by a decrease in serum semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) levels as well as sensory denervation. In vivo fiber photometry recordings indicated that the mechanical signal is integrated by the BLA and CeM within 24 h and subsequently regulates bone remodeling. Moreover, chemogenetic activation of BLACaMKII neurons mitigates severe bone loss caused by mechanical unloading via increased serum levels of Sema3A and sensory innervation. These results indicate that the BLA integrates the mechanosensory signals rapidly and mediates the systemic hormonal secretion of Sema3A to maintain bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Botai Li
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Dazhi Yang,
| | - Fan Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Fan Yang,
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19
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Qiao W, Pan D, Zheng Y, Wu S, Liu X, Chen Z, Wan M, Feng S, Cheung KMC, Yeung KWK, Cao X. Divalent metal cations stimulate skeleton interoception for new bone formation in mouse injury models. Nat Commun 2022; 13:535. [PMID: 35087048 PMCID: PMC8795158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation induced by divalent metal cations has been widely reported; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we report that these cations stimulate skeleton interoception by promoting prostaglandin E2 secretion from macrophages. This immune response is accompanied by the sprouting and arborization of calcitonin gene-related polypeptide-α+ nerve fibers, which sense the inflammatory cue with PGE2 receptor 4 and convey the interoceptive signals to the central nervous system. Activating skeleton interoception downregulates sympathetic tone for new bone formation. Moreover, either macrophage depletion or knockout of cyclooxygenase-2 in the macrophage abolishes divalent cation-induced skeleton interoception. Furthermore, sensory denervation or knockout of EP4 in the sensory nerves eliminates the osteogenic effects of divalent cations. Thus, our study reveals that divalent cations promote bone formation through the skeleton interoceptive circuit, a finding which could prompt the development of novel biomaterials to elicit the therapeutic power of these divalent cations. Mechanisms underlying bone formation induced by divalent metal cations remain largely unknown. Here the authors show that these cations can activate the skeleton interoceptive circuit through the immune-neural axis to initiate new bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, People's Republic of China.,Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayu Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China.,Cixi Center of Biomaterials Surface Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofan Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shiqin Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelvin W K Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, People's Republic of China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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20
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Negri S, Samuel TJ, Lee S. The Potential Role of Exercise Training and Mechanical Loading on Bone-Associated Skeletal Nerves. J Bone Metab 2021; 28:267-277. [PMID: 34905674 PMCID: PMC8671028 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2021.28.4.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution, innervation, and functional role of the bone-associated skeletal nerves have been previously reported in detail. However, studies examining exercise-induced associations between skeletal nerves and bone metabolism are limited. This review introduces a potential relationship between exercise and the skeletal nerves and discusses how it can contribute to exercise-induced bone anabolism. First, the background and current understanding of nerve fiber types and their functions in the skeleton are provided. Next, the influence of exercise and mechanical loading on the skeletal nervous system is elaborated. Effective synthesis of recent studies could serve as an established baseline for the novel discovery of the effects of exercise on skeletal nerve density and bone anabolic activity in the future. Therefore, this review overviews the existing evidence for the neural control of bone metabolism and the potential positive effects of exercise on the peripheral skeletal nervous system. The influence of exercise training models on the relationships of sensory nerve signals with osteoblast-mediated bone formation and the increased bone volume provides the first insight on the potential importance of exercise training in stimulating positive adaptations in the skeletal nerve-bone interaction and its downstream effect on bone metabolism, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential in a variety of clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negri
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology of the University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - T Jake Samuel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seungyong Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glendale, AZ, USA
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21
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Choi JE, Hong Y, Heo J, Park Y. N-3 PUFA ameliorated bone loss induced by postmenopausal depression following exposure to chronic mild stress and maternal separation by regulating neuronal processes. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 100:108909. [PMID: 34801691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression induced by chronic mild stress (CMS) reduced bone mass in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and maternal separation (MS) during early life aggravated depression-induced bone mass destruction. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to improve bone mass and depression, but the bone-protecting effects of n-3 PUFA were unclear in CMS+MS-induced depression models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether n-3 PUFA improved CMS+MS-induced postmenopausal bone loss via its antidepressant-like action. Rats were fed diets containing 0% of total energy intake (en %) of n-3 PUFA during lifetime or 1 en % n-3 PUFA during pre-weaning or post-weaning periods, or their entire lifetimes and were allocated to CMS or CMS+MS groups after OVX. Lifetime supply of n-3 PUFA enhanced bone mass and microarchitecture, and expression of runt-related transcription factor 2, while decreasing blood levels of amino-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen and the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa Β ligand/osteoprotegerin, activating transcription factor 4, and adrenergic receptor β2. Lifetime supply of n-3 PUFA decreased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone and the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor in the brain but increased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, serotonin-2C receptor, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and calmodulin kinase IV and serotonin levels. Supply of n-3 PUFA during the pre-and post-weaning periods had beneficial effects on the brain but not on the bones. Lifetime supply of n-3 PUFA ameliorated bone loss induced by chronic stress by regulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and serotonin-CREB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuni Hong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhee Heo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongsoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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22
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Muthubharathi BC, Balasubramaniam B, Mir DA, Ravichandiran V, Balamurugan K. Physiological and Metabolite Alterations Associated with Neuronal Signals of Caenorhabditis elegans during Cronobacter sakazakii Infections. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4336-4349. [PMID: 34704733 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic reprogramming plays a crucial role in the activation of several regulatory mechanisms including neuronal responses of the host. In the present study, alterations at physiological and biochemical levels were initially assessed to monitor the impact of the candidate pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii on the nematode host Caenorhabditis elegans. The abnormal behavioral responses were observed in infected worms in terms of hyperosmolarity and high viscous chemicals. The microscopic observations indicated reduction in egg laying and internal hatching of larvae in the host. An increased level of total reactive oxygen species and reduction in antioxidant agents such as glutathione and catalase were observed. These observations suggested the severe effect of C. sakazakii infection on C. elegans. To understand the small molecules which likely mediated neurotransmission, the whole metabolome of C. elegans during the infection of C. sakazakii was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A decrease in the quantity of methyl dopamine and palmitoyl dopamine and an increase in hydroxyl dopamine suggested that reduction in dopamine reuptake and dopamine neuronal stress. The disordered dopaminergic transmission during infection was confirmed using transgenic C. elegans by microscopic observation of Dat-1 protein expression. In addition, reduction in arachidonic acid and short-chain fatty acids revealed their effect on lipid droplet formation as well as neuronal damage. An increase in the quantity of stearoyl CoA underpinned the higher accumulation of lipid droplets in the host. On the other hand, an increased level of metabolites such as palmitoyl serotonin, citalopram N-oxide, and N-acyl palmitoyl serotonin revealed serotonin-mediated potential response for neuroprotection, cytotoxicity, and cellular damage. Based on the metabolomic data, the genes correspond to small molecules involved in biosynthesis and transportation of candidate neurotransmitters were validated through relative gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dilawar Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
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23
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Kunst RF, Langlais AL, Barlow D, Houseknecht KL, Motyl KJ. Housing Temperature Influences Atypical Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Bone Loss in Female C57BL/6J Mice. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10541. [PMID: 34693191 PMCID: PMC8520062 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic (AA) drugs, such as risperidone, are associated with endocrine and metabolic side effects, including impaired bone mineral density (BMD) acquisition and increased fracture risk. We have previously shown that risperidone causes bone loss through the sympathetic nervous system and that bone loss is associated with elevated markers of thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissue. Because rodents are normally housed in sub‐thermoneutral conditions, we wanted to test whether increasing housing temperature would protect against bone loss from risperidone. Four weeks of risperidone treatment in female C57BL/6J mice at thermoneutral (28°C) housing attenuated risperidone‐induced trabecular bone loss and led to a low‐turnover bone phenotype, with indices of both bone formation and resorption suppressed in mice with risperidone treatment at thermoneutrality, whereas indices of bone resorption were elevated by risperidone at room temperature. Protection against trabecular bone loss was not absolute, however, and additional evidence of cortical bone loss emerged in risperidone‐treated mice at thermoneutrality. Taken together, these findings suggest thermal challenge may be in part responsible for bone loss with risperidone treatment and that housing temperature should be considered when assessing bone outcomes of treatments that impact thermogenic pathways. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA
| | - Audrie L Langlais
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Deborah Barlow
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England Biddeford ME USA
| | | | - Katherine J Motyl
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine Orono ME USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University Boston MA USA
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24
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Ortuno MJ, Schneeberger M, Ilanges A, Marchildon F, Pellegrino K, Friedman JM, Ducy P. Melanocortin 4 receptor stimulation prevents anti-depressant-associated weight gain in mice caused by long-term fluoxetine exposure. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:151976. [PMID: 34673574 DOI: 10.1172/jci151976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrasting with the predicted anorexigenic effect of increasing brain serotonin signaling, long-term use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) antidepressants correlates with body weight gain. This adverse outcome increases the risk of transitioning to obesity and interferes with treatment compliance. Here we show that orally administered fluoxetine (Flx), a widely prescribed SSRI, increased body weight by enhancing food intake in healthy mice at two different time points and through two distinct mechanisms. Within hours, Flx decreased the activity of a subset of brainstem serotonergic neurons by triggering autoinhibitory signaling through the Htr1a receptor. Upon longer treatment Flx blunted Htr2c expression/signaling, decreased the phosphorylation of Creb and Stat3 and dampened the production of POMC/α-MSH in hypothalamic neurons, thereby increasing food intake. Accordingly, exogenous stimulation of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) by co-treating mice with Flx and lipocalin-2, an anorexigenic hormone signaling through this receptor, normalized feeding and body weight. Flx and other SSRIs also inhibit CREB/STAT3 phosphorylation in a human neuronal cell line suggesting that these non-canonical effects could also occur in long-term users of SSRIs. By defining the molecular basis of the long-term SSRIs-associated weight gain this study proposes a therapeutic strategy to counter it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Ortuno
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Anoj Ilanges
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - François Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Kyle Pellegrino
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Ducy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
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25
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Zhang RH, Zhang XB, Lu YB, Hu YC, Chen XY, Yu DC, Shi JT, Yuan WH, Wang J, Zhou HY. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and brain-derived serotonin are related to bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 176:85-92. [PMID: 34418462 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) and osteoporotic fracture seriously impair human health in developed countries. The present study aims to explore whether sensory nerves, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and brain-derived serotonin are related to bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS Female rats were grouped into the ovariectomized (OVX) and sham surgery (SHAM) groups. Immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and qPCR were performed to detect CGRP expression in the femurs. The expression levels of serotonin and CGRP in the spinal cord and brainstem were estimated using western blotting, immunofluorescence, and qPCR. ELISA was used to evaluate the serum biomarkers of bone formation and resorption. Bone mineral density was measured using dual-energy X-ray (DXA) analysis. Femur microstructure was imaged by Micro CT. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS ELISA showed that serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), β-crosslaps, and β-ctx were increased in the OVX group. In the OVX group, in vivo bone mineral density, trabecular bone mineral density, bone volume fraction (BV/TV), and trabecular number (Tb. N) were significantly decreased, while trabecular spacing (Tb. Sp) and trabecular bone pattern factor (Tb. Pf) were markedly increased. In the OVX group, the expression levels of CGRP of the femur were significantly downregulated. In contrast, CGRP and serotonin expression was increased in the spinal cord of the OVX group. Serotonin expression was increased in the brainstem, brainstem nucleus raphe magnus (RMG), and nucleus raphe dorsalis (DRN). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that the activation of osteoclast triggered the release of CGRP from nociceptive sensory nerve fibers and transmitted this painful stimulus to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to release increased CGRP. The descending serotonergic inhibitory system was activated by increased CGRP levels of the spinal cord and promoted serotonin release in the brainstem RMG, DRN, and the spinal cord, contributing to the decreased CGRP level in bone tissue, which revealed a novel mechanism of bone loss in PMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yu-Bao Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Yi-Cun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - De-Chen Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jin-Tao Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Wen-Huan Yuan
- Baotou First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- The People's Hospital of Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China.
| | - Hai-Yu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China; Lanzhou Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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26
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Xue P, Wang S, Lyu X, Wan M, Li X, Ma L, Ford NC, Li Y, Guan Y, Ding W, Cao X. PGE2/EP4 skeleton interoception activity reduces vertebral endplate porosity and spinal pain with low-dose celecoxib. Bone Res 2021; 9:36. [PMID: 34334792 PMCID: PMC8326284 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal interoception regulates bone homeostasis through the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration in bone. Vertebral endplates undergo ossification and become highly porous during intervertebral disc degeneration and aging. We found that the PGE2 concentration was elevated in porous endplates to generate spinal pain. Importantly, treatment with a high-dose cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor (celecoxib, 80 mg·kg−1 per day) decreased the prostaglandin E2 concentration and attenuated spinal pain in mice with lumbar spine instability. However, this treatment impaired bone formation in porous endplates, and spinal pain recurred after discontinuing the treatment. Interestingly, low-dose celecoxib (20 mg·kg−1 per day, which is equivalent to one-quarter of the clinical maximum dosage) induced a latent inhibition of spinal pain at 3 weeks post-treatment, which persisted even after discontinuing treatment. Furthermore, when the prostaglandin E2 concentration was maintained at the physiological level with low-dose celecoxib, endplate porosity was reduced significantly, which was associated with decreased sensory nerve innervation and spinal pain. These findings suggest that low-dose celecoxib may help to maintain skeletal interoception and decrease vertebral endplate porosity, thereby reducing sensory innervation and spinal pain in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Shenyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiao Lyu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xialin Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Neil C Ford
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wenyuan Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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27
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Astrocytes in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Involve Chronic Stress-Induced Anxiety and Bone Loss in Mice. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:7806370. [PMID: 34306063 PMCID: PMC8282369 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7806370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is one of the main risk factors of bone loss. While the neurons and neural circuits of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) mediate bone loss induced by chronic stress, the detailed intrinsic mechanisms within the VMH nucleus still need to be explored. Astrocytes in brain regions play important roles in the regulation of metabolism and anxiety-like behavior through interactions with surrounding neurons. However, whether astrocytes in the VMH affect neuronal activity and therefore regulate chronic stress-induced anxiety and bone loss remain elusive. In this study, we found that VMH astrocytes were activated during chronic stress-induced anxiety and bone loss. Pharmacogenetic activation of the Gi and Gq pathways in VMH astrocytes reduced and increased the levels of anxiety and bone loss, respectively. Furthermore, activation of VMH astrocytes by optogenetics induced depolarization in neighboring steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) neurons, which was diminished by administration of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor blocker but not by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor blocker. These results suggest that there may be a functional "glial-neuron microcircuit" in VMH nuclei that mediates anxiety and bone loss induced by chronic stress. This study not only advances our understanding of glial cell function but also provides a potential intervention target for chronic stress-induced anxiety and bone loss therapy.
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28
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Wan Q, Qin W, Ma Y, Shen M, Li J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Tay FR, Niu L, Jiao K. Crosstalk between Bone and Nerves within Bone. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003390. [PMID: 33854888 PMCID: PMC8025013 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
For the past two decades, the function of intrabony nerves on bone has been a subject of intense research, while the function of bone on intrabony nerves is still hidden in the corner. In the present review, the possible crosstalk between bone and intrabony peripheral nerves will be comprehensively analyzed. Peripheral nerves participate in bone development and repair via a host of signals generated through the secretion of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, axon guidance factors and neurotrophins, with additional contribution from nerve-resident cells. In return, bone contributes to this microenvironmental rendezvous by housing the nerves within its internal milieu to provide mechanical support and a protective shelf. A large ensemble of chemical, mechanical, and electrical cues works in harmony with bone marrow stromal cells in the regulation of intrabony nerves. The crosstalk between bone and nerves is not limited to the physiological state, but also involved in various bone diseases including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, heterotopic ossification, psychological stress-related bone abnormalities, and bone related tumors. This crosstalk may be harnessed in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds for repair of bone defects or be targeted for treatment of diseases related to bone and peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian‐Qian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Wen‐Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Yu‐Xuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Min‐Juan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Zi‐Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Ji‐Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- College of Graduate StudiesAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Li‐Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
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29
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Yang F, Liu Y, Chen S, Dai Z, Yang D, Gao D, Shao J, Wang Y, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Lu WW, Li Y, Wang L. A GABAergic neural circuit in the ventromedial hypothalamus mediates chronic stress-induced bone loss. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6539-6554. [PMID: 32910804 DOI: 10.1172/jci136105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis of bone metabolism is regulated by the central nervous system, and mood disorders such as anxiety are associated with bone metabolism abnormalities, yet our understanding of the central neural circuits regulating bone metabolism is limited. Here, we demonstrate that chronic stress in crewmembers resulted in decreased bone density and elevated anxiety in an isolated habitat mimicking a space station. We then used a mouse model to demonstrate that GABAergic neural circuitry in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) mediates chronic stress-induced bone loss. We show that GABAergic inputs in the dorsomedial VMH arise from a specific group of somatostatin neurons in the posterior region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which is indispensable for stress-induced bone loss and is able to trigger bone loss in the absence of stressors. In addition, the sympathetic system and glutamatergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius were employed to regulate stress-induced bone loss. Our study has therefore identified the central neural mechanism by which chronic stress-induced mood disorders, such as anxiety, influence bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanping Chen
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dashuang Gao
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyao Wang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, Wuhan, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William W Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Xy Ling N, Langendorf CG, Hoque A, Galic S, Loh K, Kemp BE, Gundlach AL, Oakhill JS, Scott JW. Functional analysis of an R311C variant of Ca 2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-2 (CaMKK2) found as a de novo mutation in a patient with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2020; 22:841-848. [PMID: 32216002 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the calcium-calmodulin (Ca2+ -CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase-2 (CaMKK2) enzyme are linked to bipolar disorder. Recently, a de novo arginine to cysteine (R311C) mutation in CaMKK2 was identified from a whole exome sequencing study of bipolar patients and their unaffected parents. The aim of the present study was to determine the functional consequences of the R311C mutation on CaMKK2 activity and regulation by Ca2+ -CaM. METHODS The effects of the R311C mutation on CaMKK2 activity and Ca2+ -CaM activation were examined using a radiolabeled adenosine triphosphate (ATP) kinase assay. We performed immunoblot analysis to determine whether the R311C mutation impacts threonine-85 (T85) autophosphorylation, an activating phosphorylation site on CaMKK2 that has also been implicated in bipolar disorder. We also expressed the R311C mutant in CaMKK2 knockout HAP1 cells and used immunoblot analysis and an MTS reduction assay to study its effects on Ca2+ -dependent downstream signaling and cell viability, respectively. RESULTS The R311C mutation maps to the conserved HRD motif within the catalytic loop of CaMKK2 and caused a marked reduction in kinase activity and Ca2+ -CaM activation. The R311C mutation virtually abolished T85 autophosphorylation in response to Ca2+ -CaM and exerted a dominant-negative effect in cells as it impaired the ability of wild-type CaMKK2 to initiate downstream signaling and maintain cell viability. CONCLUSIONS The highly disruptive, loss-of-function impact of the de novo R311C mutation in human CaMKK2 provides a compelling functional rationale for being considered a potential rare monogenic cause of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Xy Ling
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Christopher G Langendorf
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Sandra Galic
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Kim Loh
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John W Scott
- St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
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Picoli CC, Costa AC, Rocha BGS, Silva WN, Santos GSP, Prazeres PHDM, Costa PAC, Oropeza A, da Silva RA, Azevedo VAC, Resende RR, Cunha TM, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Sensory nerves in the spotlight of the stem cell niche. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:346-356. [PMID: 33112056 PMCID: PMC7900586 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Niches are specialized tissue microenvironments that control stem cells functioning. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell niche defines a location within the marrow in which mesenchymal stem cells are retained and produce new cells throughout life. Deciphering the signaling mechanisms by which the niche regulates stem cell fate will facilitate the use of these cells for therapy. Recent studies, by using state-of-the-art methodologies, including sophisticated in vivo inducible genetic techniques, such as lineage-tracing Cre/loxP mediated systems, in combination with pharmacological inhibition, provide evidence that sensory neuron is an important component of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell niche. Strikingly, knockout of a specific receptor in sensory neurons blocked stem cell function in the bone marrow. The knowledge arising from these discoveries will be crucial for stem cell manipulation in the future. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of sensory nerves biology in the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G S Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walison N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabryella S P Santos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro H D M Prazeres
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro A C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Oropeza
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A da Silva
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vasco A C Azevedo
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Takaya D, Niwa H, Mikuni J, Nakamura K, Handa N, Tanaka A, Yokoyama S, Honma T. Protein ligand interaction analysis against new CaMKK2 inhibitors by use of X-ray crystallography and the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 99:107599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Sabbir MG. CAMKK2-CAMK4 signaling regulates transferrin trafficking, turnover, and iron homeostasis. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:80. [PMID: 32460794 PMCID: PMC7251913 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulatory iron is a hazardous biometal. Therefore, iron is transported in a redox-safe state by a serum glycoprotein - transferrin (TF). Different organs acquire iron from the systemic circulation through a tightly regulated mechanism at the blood-tissue interface which involves receptor-mediated internalization of TF. Thus, abnormal TF trafficking may lead to iron dyshomeostasis associated with several diseases including neurodegeneration. Iron -induced toxicity can cause neuronal damage to iron-sensitive brain regions. Recently, it was discovered that CAMKK2, a calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin-activated kinase, controls receptor-mediated TF trafficking in mouse tissues, specifically in the brain. The biological function of CAMKK2 is mediated through multiple downstream effectors. Both CAMKK2 and one of its downstream kinase, CAMK4, exhibit overlapping expression in mouse brain. The role of CAMK4 in vesicular transport has been reported and loss of CAMKK2 or CAMK4 leads to cognitive defects in mouse. Therefore, it was hypothesized that CAMKK2-CAMK4 signaling regulates receptor-mediated TF trafficking and iron homeostasis which may be responsible for the neuronal malfunction observed in CAMKK2- or CAMK4-deficient mice. Methods CAMK4−/− mouse was used to study tissue-specific turnover of TF, TF-receptor (TFRC) and iron. CRISPR/Cas9-based CAMKK2 and/or CAMK4 deleted human embryonic kidney-derived HEK293 cell clones were used to study the molecular defects in receptor-mediated TF trafficking. Further, a “zero functional G protein” condition in HEK293 cell was exploited to study CAMKK2-CAMK4 signaling-mediated regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis which was linked to calcium signaling during TF trafficking. Results Loss of CAMK4 leads to abnormal post-translational modifications (PTMs) and turnover of TF in mouse cerebellum and liver which was associated with iron dyshomeostasis in these tissues. The HEK293 cell-based study revealed that the absence of CAMKK2-CAMK4 signaling altered intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and lead to abnormal calcium signaling during TF trafficking. Also, CAMKK2-CAMK4 signaling deficiency affected the molecular interaction of TF and TF-receptor-associated protein complexes which indicated a potential failure in the recruitment of interacting proteins due to differential PTMs in TF. Conclusion Overall, this study established a novel mechanistic link between intracellular Ca2+ level, receptor-mediated TF trafficking, and iron homeostasis, all regulated by CAMKK2-CAMK4 signaling. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Room R2034 - 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada. .,Alzo Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
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Karsenty G. The Central Regulation of Bone Mass: Genetic Evidence and Molecular Bases. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 262:309-323. [PMID: 32960342 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The alternation of resorption of preexisting bone by the osteoclasts followed by de novo bone formation by osteoblasts is called bone modeling during childhood and bone remodeling during adulthood. A central question raised by this physiological process that is fundamental to longitudinal growth during childhood and adolescence and that is attacked at the other end of life in the context of osteoporosis is to know how it is regulated. This question was rejuvenated in the late 1990s and early 2000s years when the application of mouse genetics made it feasible to test whether there were new endocrine determinants of bone (re)modeling. Addressing this question, taking into account fundamental cell biology features of bone led to the hypothesis that there should be a coordinated control of bone growth/mass, energy metabolism, and reproduction. Testing genetically and molecularly, this hypothesis revealed that, in vivo, the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a powerful inhibitor of bone mass accrual following its signaling in the brain. This chapter details the molecular bases and biological relevance of this regulation of bone mass accrual by leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Karsenty
- Departments of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Frame G, Bretland KA, Dengler-Crish CM. Mechanistic complexities of bone loss in Alzheimer's disease: a review. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:4-18. [PMID: 31184223 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1624734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the primary cause of dementia in the elderly, is one of the leading age-related neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. While AD is notorious for destroying memory and cognition, dementia patients also experience greater incidence of bone loss and skeletal fracture than age-matched neurotypical individuals, greatly impacting their quality of life. Despite the significance of this comorbidity, there is no solid understanding of the mechanisms driving early bone loss in AD. Here, we review studies that have evaluated many of the obvious risk factors shared by dementia and osteoporosis, and illuminate emerging work investigating covert pathophysiological mechanisms shared between the disorders that may have potential as new risk biomarkers or therapeutic targets in AD.Conclusions: Skeletal deficits emerge very early in clinical Alzheimer's progression, and cannot be explained by coincident factors such as aging, female sex, mobility status, falls, or genetics. While research in this area is still in its infancy, studies implicate several potential mechanisms in disrupting skeletal homeostasis that include direct effects of amyloid-beta pathology on bone cells, neurofibrillary tau-induced damage to neural centers regulating skeletal remodeling, and/or systemic Wnt/Beta-catenin signaling deficits. Data from an increasing number of studies substantiate a role for the newly discovered "exercise hormone" irisin and its protein precursor FNDC5 in bone loss and AD-associated neurodegeneration. We conclude that the current status of research on bone loss in AD is insufficient and merits critical attention because this work could uncover novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities desperately needed to address AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Frame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Katie A Bretland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.,Integrated Pharmaceutical Medicine Program, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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Dong H, Cong W, Guo X, Wang Y, Tong S, Li Q, Li C. β-asarone relieves chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depression by regulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3767-3774. [PMID: 31616508 PMCID: PMC6781814 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of β-asarone treatment in a rat model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and to further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. A rat model of depression was established by subjecting rat to CUMS and treated with various concentrations of β-asarone (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg/day) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg/day). Next, behavioral tests, including an open field, sucrose preference and forced swimming tests, were performed. In addition, the apoptosis of hippocampal neuronal cells was determined by flow cytometry, gene expression levels were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and protein levels were determined by western blot assay. The results revealed that β-asarone significantly mitigated CUMS-induced depression-like behavior, evidenced by the increased sucrose intake, crossing and rearing numbers, and decreased immobility time in the forced swimming test. Furthermore, β-asarone significantly decreased the apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuronal cells in rats subjected to CUMS. β-asarone was also found to enhance CREB, BDNF, Trk-B and Bcl-2 levels, and reduce Bad level in the hippocampus of CUMS-treated rats. In addition, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway inhibited by CUMS was promoted by β-asarone treatment. In conclusion, the present study findings indicated the antidepressant-like effects of β-asarone on CUMS-induced depression in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Dong
- Institute of Pathology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Cong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Guo
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Shengju Tong
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Chengchong Li
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
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37
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Idelevich A, Sato K, Nagano K, Rowe G, Gori F, Baron R. ΔFosB Requires Galanin, but not Leptin, to Increase Bone Mass via the Hypothalamus, but both are needed to increase Energy expenditure. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1707-1720. [PMID: 30998833 PMCID: PMC6744351 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Energy metabolism and bone homeostasis share several regulatory pathways. The AP1 transcription factor ΔFosB and leptin both regulate energy metabolism and bone, yet whether their pathways intersect is not known. Transgenic mice overexpressing ΔFosB under the control of the Enolase 2 (ENO2) promoter exhibit high bone mass, high energy expenditure, low fat mass, and low circulating leptin levels. Because leptin is a regulator of bone and ΔFosB acts on leptin-responsive ventral hypothalamic (VHT) neurons to induce bone anabolism, we hypothesized that regulation of leptin may contribute to the central actions of ΔFosB in the VHT. To address this question, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV) expression of ΔFosB in the VHT of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and genetic crossing of ENO2-ΔFosB with ob/ob mice. In both models, leptin deficiency prevented ΔFosB-triggered reduction in body weight, increase in energy expenditure, increase in glucose utilization, and reduction in pancreatic islet size. In contrast, leptin deficiency failed to prevent ΔFosB-triggered increase in bone mass. Unlike leptin deficiency, galanin deficiency blocked both the metabolic and the bone ΔFosB-induced effects. Overall, our data demonstrate that, while the catabolic energy metabolism effects of ΔFosB require intact leptin and galanin signaling, the bone mass-accruing effects of ΔFosB require galanin but are independent of leptin. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Idelevich
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazusa Sato
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glenn Rowe
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Gori
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Yang M, Guo Q, Peng H, Xiao YZ, Xiao Y, Huang Y, Li CJ, Su T, Zhang YL, Lei MX, Chen HL, Jiang TJ, Luo XH. Krüppel-like factor 3 inhibition by mutated lncRNA Reg1cp results in human high bone mass syndrome. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1944-1964. [PMID: 31196982 PMCID: PMC6683986 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report a mutation in the long noncoding RNA Reg1cp that induces osteogenesis via vascular induction in humans. This mutation affects angiogenesis by blocking Klf3’s repressing activity. The Klf3 antagonist Ophiopogonin D could promote CD31hiEmcnhi vessel formation and osteogenesis in osteoporosis mice. High bone mass (HBM) is usually caused by gene mutations, and its mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we identified a novel mutation in the long noncoding RNA Reg1cp that is associated with HBM. Subsequent analysis in 1,465 Chinese subjects revealed that heterozygous Reg1cp individuals had higher bone density compared with subjects with WT Reg1cp. Mutant Reg1cp increased the formation of the CD31hiEmcnhi endothelium in the bone marrow, which stimulated angiogenesis during osteogenesis. Mechanistically, mutant Reg1cp directly binds to Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3) to inhibit its activity. Mice depleted of Klf3 in endothelial cells showed a high abundance of CD31hiEmcnhi vessels and increased bone mass. Notably, we identified a natural compound, Ophiopogonin D, which functions as a KLF3 inhibitor. Administration of Ophiopogonin D increased the abundance of CD31hiEmcnhi vessels and bone formation. Our findings revealed a specific mutation in lncRNA Reg1cp that is involved in the pathogenesis of HBM and provides a new target to treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Lin Zhang
- Department of Metabolic Endocrinology, The Second People's Hospital of Xiangxiang, Xiangxiang, China
| | - Min-Xiang Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tie-Jian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang-Hang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Xi G, D'Costa S, Wai C, Xia SK, Cox ZC, Clemmons DR. IGFBP-2 stimulates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 activation leading to AMP-activated protein kinase induction which is required for osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:23232-23242. [PMID: 31155724 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-2 (IGFBP-2) function coordinately to stimulate osteoblast differentiation. Induction of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is required for differentiation and is stimulated by these two factors. These studies were undertaken to determine how these two peptides lead to activation of AMPK. Enzymatic inhibitors and small interfering RNA were utilized to attenuate calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) activity in osteoblasts, and both manipulations resulted in failure to activate AMPK, thereby resulting in inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. IGFBP-2 and IGF-I stimulated an increase in CaMKK2, and inhibition of IGFBP-2 binding its receptor resulted in failure to induce CaMKK2 and AMPK activation. Injection of a peptide that contained the IGFBP-2 receptor-binding domain into IGFBP-2-/- mice activated CaMKK2 and injection of a CaMKK2 inhibitor into normal mice inhibited both CamKK2 and AMPK activation in osteoblasts. We conclude that induction of CaMKK2 by IGFBP-2 and IGF-I in osteoblasts is an important signaling event that occurs early in differentiation and is responsible for activation of AMPK, which is required for optimal osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan D'Costa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christine Wai
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shalier K Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zach C Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David R Clemmons
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Kumar M, Jiloha RC, Kataria D, Prasad S, Vohora D. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on markers of bone loss. Psychiatry Res 2019; 276:39-44. [PMID: 31003023 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several preclinical and clinical studies show that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) are associated with bone loss and an increase in fracture risk, not many reports on their effect on bone turnover markers. This cross-sectional study evaluated the effect of SSRIs treatment on bone turnover markers in Indian population for the first time. Inclusion criteria were subjects of either sex and age 18-45 years undergoing treatment with an SSRI for at least 3 months, regardless of the indication. The results were compared with age-matched healthy controls. A total of 141 subjects were screened out of which 85 were enrolled, 44 in treatment and 41 in the control group. Serum Procollagen Type 1 Amino Terminal Propeptide (P1NP) levels were decreased in patients on SSRI treatment whereas no change was observed in the beta-C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) levels suggesting that these drugs can reduce bone formation but not resorption. Patients on SSRI treatment also showed reduced pCREB levels indicating that reduced bone formation is possibly through the gut mediated pathway. Our study suggests that SSRIs treatment at therapeutic doses may have a deteriorating effect on bone requiring caution in patients with additional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - R C Jiloha
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Dinesh Kataria
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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41
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Cucu AI, Costea CF, Perciaccante A, Carauleanu A, Turliuc S, Costachescu B, Poeata I, Turliuc MD. The History of Arachne Through Historic Descriptions of Meningiomas with Hyperostosis: From Prehistory to the Present. World Neurosurg 2019; 128:37-46. [PMID: 31048045 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial meningiomas are brain tumors that have probably been known the longest, largely because of the occasional production of grotesque cranial deformities that have attracted the attention and interest of humankind. Because of the tendency of some intracranial meningiomas to cause skull deformation and thickening, these tumors have given rise to various speculations and theories related to their origin, starting in prehistoric times up to the present. METHODS From the Steinheim skull and "pharaonic meningiomas" to the first meningioma monograph and the first explanations of Harvey Cushing regarding the mechanism of hyperostosis, this review aims to weave again the story of Arachne. We identify the main contributors who have tried to understand and explain the tendency of some of these tumors to cause hyperostosis or other skull bone involvements. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of neurosurgeons or pathologists over the centuries is of undeniable importance and is the basis for understanding future molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ionut Cucu
- Neurosurgery Clinic, "Prof. Dr. N. Oblu" Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudia Florida Costea
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Grigore. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | | | - Alexandru Carauleanu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Grigore. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Serban Turliuc
- Department of Psychiatry, "Grigore. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Costachescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Grigore. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ion Poeata
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Grigore. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dana Turliuc
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Grigore. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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Chen H, Hu B, Lv X, Zhu S, Zhen G, Wan M, Jain A, Gao B, Chai Y, Yang M, Wang X, Deng R, Wang L, Cao Y, Ni S, Liu S, Yuan W, Chen H, Dong X, Guan Y, Yang H, Cao X. Prostaglandin E2 mediates sensory nerve regulation of bone homeostasis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:181. [PMID: 30643142 PMCID: PMC6331599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether sensory nerve can sense bone density or metabolic activity to control bone homeostasis is unknown. Here we found prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secreted by osteoblastic cells activates PGE2 receptor 4 (EP4) in sensory nerves to regulate bone formation by inhibiting sympathetic activity through the central nervous system. PGE2 secreted by osteoblasts increases when bone density decreases as demonstrated in osteoporotic animal models. Ablation of sensory nerves erodes the skeletal integrity. Specifically, knockout of the EP4 gene in the sensory nerves or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in the osteoblastic cells significantly reduces bone volume in adult mice. Sympathetic tone is increased in sensory denervation models, and propranolol, a β2-adrenergic antagonist, rescues bone loss. Furthermore, injection of SW033291, a small molecule to increase PGE2 level locally, significantly boostes bone formation, whereas the effect is obstructed in EP4 knockout mice. Thus, we show that PGE2 mediates sensory nerve to control bone homeostasis and promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Section of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shouan Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amit Jain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yu Chai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ruoxian Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Wen Yuan
- Section of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Huajiang Chen
- Section of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Li Y, Meng Y, Yu X. The Unique Metabolic Characteristics of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:69. [PMID: 30800100 PMCID: PMC6375842 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is distinct from white adipose tissue (WAT) or brown adipose tissue (BAT) for its location, feature and function. As a largely ignored adipose depot, it is situated in bone marrow space and resided with bone tissue side-by-side. MAT is considered not only as a regulator of bone metabolism through paracrine, but also as a functionally particular adipose tissue that may contribute to global metabolism. Adipokines, inflammatory factors and other molecules derived from bone marrow adipocytes may exert systematic effects. In this review, we summary the evidence from several aspects including development, distribution, histological features and phenotype to elaborate the basic characteristics of MAT. We discuss the association between bone metabolism and MAT, and highlight our current understanding of this special adipose tissue. We further demonstrate the probable relationship between MAT and energy metabolism, as well as glucose metabolism. On the basis of preliminary results from animal model and clinical studies, we propose that MAT has its unique secretory and metabolic function, although there is no in-depth study at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Li
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xijie Yu ;
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44
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Sabbir MG. Loss of Ca 2+/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 Leads to Aberrant Transferrin Phosphorylation and Trafficking: A Potential Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:99. [PMID: 30525042 PMCID: PMC6256988 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated following an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activates multiple signaling cascades that control physiologically important neuronal processes. CaMKK2 has been implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, it was found that knockdown (KD) of CaMKK2 in cultured adult primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons resulted in the reduction of transferrin (TF) phosphorylation at multiple functionally relevant residues which corresponded to loss of an acidic fraction (pH~3-4) of TF. In vitro studies using CRISPR/Cas9 based CaMKK2 knockout (KO) HEK293 and HepG2 cells lines validated previous findings and revealed that loss of CaMKK2 interfered with TF trafficking and turnover. TF is an iron transporter glycoprotein. Abnormal accumulation of iron and/or deregulated Ca2+ homeostasis leads to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, it was hypothesized that aberrant CaMKK2 in AD may lead to aberrant phosphorylated transferrin (P-TF: pH~3-4 fraction) which may serve as a hallmark biomarker for AD. A significant reduction of P-TF in the brain and serum of CaMKK2 KO mice and a triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) supported this hypothesis. In addition, analysis of early (< 65 years) and late-stage (>65 years) postmortem human AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples revealed that aberrant P-TF (pH~3-4 fraction) profile was associated with both early and late-stage AD compared to age-matched controls. This indicates P-TF (pH~3-4 fraction) profile may be useful as a minimally invasive biomarker for AD. In addition, this study provides a link between aberrant CaMKK2 with TF trafficking and turnover which provides a novel insight into the neurodegeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Nicole O, Bell DM, Leste-Lasserre T, Doat H, Guillemot F, Pacary E. A novel role for CAMKIIβ in the regulation of cortical neuron migration: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2209-2226. [PMID: 29712998 PMCID: PMC6129389 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation of CaMKIIβ expression has been associated with multiple neuropsychiatric diseases, highlighting CaMKIIβ as a gene of interest. Yet, in contrast to CaMKIIα, the specific functions of CaMKIIβ in the brain remain poorly explored. Here, we reveal a novel function for this CaMKII isoform in vivo during neuronal development. By using in utero electroporation, we show that CaMKIIβ is an important regulator of radial migration of projection neurons during cerebral cortex development. Knockdown of CaMKIIβ causes accelerated migration of nascent pyramidal neurons, whereas overexpression of CaMKIIβ inhibits migration, demonstrating that precise regulation of CaMKIIβ expression is required for correct neuronal migration. More precisely, CaMKIIβ controls the multipolar-bipolar transition in the intermediate zone and locomotion in the cortical plate through its actin-binding and -bundling activities. In addition, our data indicate that a fine-tuned balance between CaMKIIβ and cofilin activities is necessary to ensure proper migration of cortical neurons. Thus, our findings define a novel isoform-specific function for CaMKIIβ, demonstrating that CaMKIIβ has a major biological function in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Nicole
- CNRS, UMR5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, F-33000 Bordeaux, France,Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Donald M. Bell
- Confocal and Image Analysis Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Hélène Doat
- Transcriptome Facility, INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Emilie Pacary
- Université de Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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46
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Idelevich A, Baron R. Brain to bone: What is the contribution of the brain to skeletal homeostasis? Bone 2018; 115:31-42. [PMID: 29777919 PMCID: PMC6110971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain, which governs most, if not all, physiological functions in the body, from the complexities of cognition, learning and memory, to the regulation of basal body temperature, heart rate and breathing, has long been known to affect skeletal health. In particular, the hypothalamus - located at the base of the brain in close proximity to the medial eminence, where the blood-brain-barrier is not as tight as in other regions of the brain but rather "leaky", due to fenestrated capillaries - is exposed to a variety of circulating body cues, such as nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids), and hormones (insulin, glucagon, leptin, adiponectin) [1-3].Information collected from the body via these peripheral cues is integrated by hypothalamic sensing neurons and glial cells [4-7], which express receptors for these nutrients and hormones, transforming these cues into physiological outputs. Interestingly, many of the same molecules, including leptin, adiponectin and insulin, regulate both energy and skeletal homeostasis. Moreover, they act on a common set of hypothalamic nuclei and their residing neurons, activating endocrine and neuronal systems, which ultimately fine-tune the body to new physiological states. This review will focus exclusively on the brain-to-bone pathway, highlighting the most important anatomical sites within the brain, which are known to affect bone, but not covering the input pathways and molecules informing the brain of the energy and bone metabolic status, covered elsewhere [8-10]. The discussion in each section will present side by side the metabolic and bone-related functions of hypothalamic nuclei, in an attempt to answer some of the long-standing questions of whether energy is affected by bone remodeling and homeostasis and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Idelevich
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit MGH, Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit MGH, Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Dengler-Crish CM, Ball HC, Lin L, Novak KM, Cooper LN. Evidence of Wnt/β-catenin alterations in brain and bone of a tauopathy mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 67:148-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Lavoie B, Lian JB, Mawe GM. Regulation of Bone Metabolism by Serotonin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1033:35-46. [PMID: 29101650 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The processes of bone growth and turnover are tightly regulated by the actions of various signaling molecules, including hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. Imbalances in these processes can lead to skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or high bone mass disease. It is becoming increasingly clear that serotonin can act through a number of mechanisms, and at different locations in the body, to influence the balance between bone formation and resorption. Its actions on bone metabolism can vary, based on its site of synthesis (central or peripheral) as well as the cells and subtypes of receptors that are activated. Within the central nervous system, serotonergic neurons act via the hypothalamus to suppress sympathetic input to the bone. Since sympathetic input inhibits bone formation, brain serotonin has a net positive effect on bone growth. Gut-derived serotonin is thought to inhibit bone growth by attenuating osteoblast proliferation via activation of receptors on pre-osteoblasts. There is also evidence that serotonin can be synthesized within the bone and act to modulate bone metabolism. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes all have the machinery to synthesize serotonin, and they also express the serotonin-reuptake transporter (SERT). Understanding the roles of serotonin in the tightly balanced system of bone modeling and remodeling is a clinically relevant goal. This knowledge can clarify bone-related side effects of drugs that affect serotonin signaling, including serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and receptor agonists and antagonists, and it can potentially lead to therapeutic approaches for alleviating bone pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Lavoie
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,The University of Vermont, D406 Given Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Dengler-Crish CM, Smith MA, Wilson GN. Early Evidence of Low Bone Density and Decreased Serotonergic Synthesis in the Dorsal Raphe of a Tauopathy Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1605-1619. [PMID: 27814296 PMCID: PMC5181667 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and its clinical sequelae, osteoporosis, occur at a much greater rate in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), often emerging early in the disease before significant cognitive decline is seen. Reduced BMD translates to increased bone fracture risk, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality for AD patients. However, the mechanism responsible for this observation is unclear. We hypothesize that bone loss is an additional component of an AD prodrome-changes that emerge prior to dementia and are mediated by dysfunction of the central serotonergic pathways. We characterized the skeletal phenotype of htau mice that express human forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau that become pathologically hyperphosphorylated in AD. Using radiographic densitometry, we measured BMD in female and male htau mice from 2–6 months of age–time-points prior to the presence of significant tauopathy in the hippocampal/entorhinal regions characteristic of this model. We found a significantly reduced BMD phenotype in htau mice that was most pronounced in males. Using western blotting and immunofluorescence, we showed overall reduced tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) protein in htau brainstem and a 70% reduction in TPH-positive cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)–a pivotal structure in the regulation of the adult skeleton. Elevations of hyperphosphorylated tau (ptau) proteins were also measured in brainstem, and co-labeled immunofluorescence studies showed presence of ptau in TPH-positive cells of the DRN as early as 4 months of age in htau mice. Together, these findings demonstrate that reduced BMD occurs earlier than overt degeneration in a tau-based AD model and that pathological changes in tau phosphorylation occur in the serotonin-producing neurons of the brainstem raphe in these mice. This illuminates a need to define a mechanistic relationship between bone loss and serotonergic deficits in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.,Integrated Pharmaceutical Medicine Program, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Gina N Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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50
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Differential effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine and escitalopram on bone markers and microarchitecture in Wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 825:57-62. [PMID: 29470959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from several studies indicates that the long-term treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is associated with a decrease in bone mass and increase the risk of fractures. The present work evaluated and compared the effect of treatment with two SSRIs viz. fluoxetine and escitalopram on bone biomarkers (P1NP and βCTX) in male Wistar rats. In addition, the effect of these drugs on bone microarchitecture of lumbar and tibia bones was carried out. Fluoxetine (8.2 mg/kg) treatment for 40 days significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the levels of the P1NP while escitalopram (2.0 mg/kg) was without such effects. Both drugs were devoid of any effects on bone resorption marker βCTX. The pCREB levels were reduced by both the antidepressants but the reduction was significantly (P < 0.001) marked in case of fluoxetine. The micro-CT data revealed that fluoxetine, but not escitalopram, treatment resulted in reduced bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness and number while increased trabecular separation, trabecular pattern factor and connectivity density in the proximal tibial metaphysis. No significant changes were, however, discernible in lumbar bones. The study shows that fluoxetine reduces bone formation possibly through reduced pCREB mediated by the action of gut serotonin in osteoblasts and that escitalopram can be a better treatment option as far as adverse effects on bone are concerned.
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