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Latham KE. Preimplantation embryo gene expression: 56 years of discovery, and counting. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:169-200. [PMID: 36812478 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The biology of preimplantation embryo gene expression began 56 years ago with studies of the effects of protein synthesis inhibition and discovery of changes in embryo metabolism and related enzyme activities. The field accelerated rapidly with the emergence of embryo culture systems and progressively evolving methodologies that have allowed early questions to be re-addressed in new ways and in greater detail, leading to deeper understanding and progressively more targeted studies to discover ever more fine details. The advent of technologies for assisted reproduction, preimplantation genetic testing, stem cell manipulations, artificial gametes, and genetic manipulation, particularly in experimental animal models and livestock species, has further elevated the desire to understand preimplantation development in greater detail. The questions that drove enquiry from the earliest years of the field remain drivers of enquiry today. Our understanding of the crucial roles of oocyte-expressed RNA and proteins in early embryos, temporal patterns of embryonic gene expression, and mechanisms controlling embryonic gene expression has increased exponentially over the past five and a half decades as new analytical methods emerged. This review combines early and recent discoveries on gene regulation and expression in mature oocytes and preimplantation stage embryos to provide a comprehensive understanding of preimplantation embryo biology and to anticipate exciting future advances that will build upon and extend what has been discovered so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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2
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Aboelenain M, Schindler K. Aurora kinase B inhibits aurora kinase A to control maternal mRNA translation in mouse oocytes. Development 2021; 148:272443. [PMID: 34636397 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are transcriptionally quiescent, and meiosis and early embryonic divisions rely on translation of stored maternal mRNAs. Activation of these mRNAs is mediated by polyadenylation. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation binding element 1 (CPEB1) regulates mRNA polyadenylation. One message is aurora kinase C (Aurkc), encoding a protein that regulates chromosome segregation. We previously demonstrated that AURKC levels are upregulated in oocytes lacking aurora kinase B (AURKB), and this upregulation caused increased aneuploidy rates, a role we investigate here. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we found that AURKB negatively regulates CPEB1-dependent translation of many messages. To determine why translation is increased, we evaluated aurora kinase A (AURKA), a kinase that activates CPEB1 in other organisms. We find that AURKA activity is increased in Aurkb knockout mouse oocytes and demonstrate that this increase drives the excess translation. Importantly, removal of one copy of Aurka from the Aurkb knockout strain background reduces aneuploidy rates. This study demonstrates that AURKA is required for CPEB1-dependent translation, and it describes a new AURKB requirement to maintain translation levels through AURKA, a function crucial to generating euploid eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Aboelenain
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Karen Schindler
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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3
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Sha QQ, Zhang J, Fan HY. A story of birth and death: mRNA translation and clearance at the onset of maternal-to-zygotic transition in mammals†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:579-590. [PMID: 30715134 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), or oocyte-to-embryo transition, begins with oocyte meiotic resumption due to the sequential translational activation and destabilization of dormant maternal transcripts stored in the ooplasm. It then continues with the elimination of maternal transcripts during oocyte maturation and fertilization and ends with the full transcriptional activation of the zygotic genome during embryonic development. A hallmark of MZT in mammals is its reliance on translation and the utilization of stored RNAs and proteins, rather than de novo transcription of genes, to sustain meiotic maturation and early development. Impaired maternal mRNA clearance at the onset of MZT prevents zygotic genome activation and causes early arrest of developing embryos. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms whereby mRNA translation and degradation are controlled by cytoplasmic polyadenylation and deadenylation which set up the competence of maturing oocyte to accomplish MZT. The emphasis of this review is on the mouse as a model organism for mammals and BTG4 as a licensing factor of MZT under the translational control of the MAPK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Sha
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng-Yu Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province; Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Liu Y, Nie H, Lu F. Dynamic RNA 3' Uridylation and Guanylation during Mitosis. iScience 2020; 23:101402. [PMID: 32771974 PMCID: PMC7415821 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful cell division involves highly regulated transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. The RNA poly(A) tail represents an important layer of RNA post-transcriptional regulation. Previous TAIL-seq analysis of S phase and M phase poly(A) tail information showed that only a small number of genes showed more than 2-fold change in their poly(A) tail length between the two cell cycle stages. In addition, the changes in poly(A) tail length between these two stages showed minimal impact on the translation of the genes as long as the poly(A) tails were longer than 20 nt. Therefore, the significance of poly(A) tail dynamics during the cell cycle remains largely unknown. Here, by re-analyzing the S phase and M phase TAIL-seq data, we uncovered an interesting global dynamics of RNA poly(A) tails in terms of their terminal modifications, implying global RNA regulation between mitotic cell cycles through poly(A) tail terminal modifications. Global RNA 3′ uridylation associated RNA degradation takes place in S phase Global RNA 3′ guanylation accumulates in M phase
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Falong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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5
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Rouhana L, Tasaki J, Saberi A, Newmark PA. Genetic dissection of the planarian reproductive system through characterization of Schmidtea mediterranea CPEB homologs. Dev Biol 2017; 426:43-55. [PMID: 28434803 PMCID: PMC5544531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation is a mechanism of mRNA regulation prevalent in metazoan germ cells; it is largely dependent on Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding proteins (CPEBs). Two CPEB homologs were identified in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Smed-CPEB1 is expressed in ovaries and yolk glands of sexually mature planarians, and required for oocyte and yolk gland development. In contrast, Smed-CPEB2 is expressed in the testes and the central nervous system; its function is required for spermatogenesis as well as non-autonomously for development of ovaries and accessory reproductive organs. Transcriptome analysis of CPEB knockdown animals uncovered a comprehensive collection of molecular markers for reproductive structures in S. mediterranea, including ovaries, testes, yolk glands, and the copulatory apparatus. Analysis by RNA interference revealed contributions for a dozen of these genes during oogenesis, spermatogenesis, or capsule formation. We also present evidence suggesting that Smed-CPEB2 promotes translation of Neuropeptide Y-8, a prohormone required for planarian sexual maturation. These findings provide mechanistic insight into potentially conserved processes of germ cell development, as well as events involved in capsule deposition by flatworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labib Rouhana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Junichi Tasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Amir Saberi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Phillip A Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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6
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Kratassiouk G, Pritchard LL, Cuvellier S, Vislovukh A, Meng Q, Groisman R, Degerny C, Deforzh E, Harel-Bellan A, Groisman I. The WEE1 regulators CPEB1 and miR-15b switch from inhibitor to activators at G2/M. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:667-77. [PMID: 27027998 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1147631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in the AGO-containing RISC complex control messenger RNA (mRNA) translation by binding to mRNA 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). The relationship between miRNAs and other regulatory factors that also bind to mRNA 3'UTR, such as CPEB1 (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein), remains elusive. We found that both CPEB1 and miR-15b control the expression of WEE1, a key mammalian cell cycle regulator. Together, they repress WEE1 protein expression during G1 and S-phase. Interestingly, the 2 factors lose their inhibitory activity at the G2/M transition, at the time of the cell cycle when WEE1 expression is maximal, and, moreover, rather activate WEE1 translation in a synergistic manner. Our data show that translational regulation by RISC and CPEB1 is essential in cell cycle control and, most importantly, is coordinated, and can be switched from inhibition to activation during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gueorgui Kratassiouk
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Linda L Pritchard
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Sylvain Cuvellier
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,d Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Département Génétique et Développement , Paris , France
| | - Andrii Vislovukh
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,e Department of Translation Mechanisms , Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences , Kiev , Ukraine
| | - Qingwei Meng
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,f The Breast Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Regina Groisman
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Cindy Degerny
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Evgeny Deforzh
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Annick Harel-Bellan
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Irina Groisman
- a Université Paris Sud, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Cancer, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3377 , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Gif-Sur-Yvette , France.,c Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) , Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette , France
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7
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Charlesworth A, Meijer HA, de Moor CH. Specificity factors in cytoplasmic polyadenylation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 4:437-61. [PMID: 23776146 PMCID: PMC3736149 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(A) tail elongation after export of an messenger RNA (mRNA) to the cytoplasm is called cytoplasmic polyadenylation. It was first discovered in oocytes and embryos, where it has roles in meiosis and development. In recent years, however, has been implicated in many other processes, including synaptic plasticity and mitosis. This review aims to introduce cytoplasmic polyadenylation with an emphasis on the factors and elements mediating this process for different mRNAs and in different animal species. We will discuss the RNA sequence elements mediating cytoplasmic polyadenylation in the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs, including the CPE, MBE, TCS, eCPE, and C-CPE. In addition to describing the role of general polyadenylation factors, we discuss the specific RNA binding protein families associated with cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements, including CPEB (CPEB1, CPEB2, CPEB3, and CPEB4), Pumilio (PUM2), Musashi (MSI1, MSI2), zygote arrest (ZAR2), ELAV like proteins (ELAVL1, HuR), poly(C) binding proteins (PCBP2, αCP2, hnRNP-E2), and Bicaudal C (BICC1). Some emerging themes in cytoplasmic polyadenylation will be highlighted. To facilitate understanding for those working in different organisms and fields, particularly those who are analyzing high throughput data, HUGO gene nomenclature for the human orthologs is used throughout. Where human orthologs have not been clearly identified, reference is made to protein families identified in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Charlesworth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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8
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Hörmanseder E, Tischer T, Mayer TU. Modulation of cell cycle control during oocyte-to-embryo transitions. EMBO J 2013; 32:2191-203. [PMID: 23892458 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex ovo omnia--all animals come from eggs--this statement made in 1651 by the English physician William Harvey marks a seminal break with the doctrine that all essential characteristics of offspring are contributed by their fathers, while mothers contribute only a material substrate. More than 360 years later, we now have a comprehensive understanding of how haploid gametes are generated during meiosis to allow the formation of diploid offspring when sperm and egg cells fuse. In most species, immature oocytes are arrested in prophase I and this arrest is maintained for few days (fruit flies) or for decades (humans). After completion of the first meiotic division, most vertebrate eggs arrest again at metaphase of meiosis II. Upon fertilization, this second meiotic arrest point is released and embryos enter highly specialized early embryonic divisions. In this review, we discuss how the standard somatic cell cycle is modulated to meet the specific requirements of different developmental stages. Specifically, we focus on cell cycle regulation in mature vertebrate eggs arrested at metaphase II (MII-arrest), the first mitotic cell cycle, and early embryonic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hörmanseder
- Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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9
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Translation initiation factor eIF3h targets specific transcripts to polysomes during embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9818-23. [PMID: 23716667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302934110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) plays a central role in translation initiation and consists of five core (conserved) subunits present in both budding yeast and higher eukaryotes. Higher eukaryotic eIF3 contains additional (noncore or nonconserved) subunits of poorly defined function, including sub-unit h (eIF3h), which in zebrafish is encoded by two distinct genes (eif3ha and eif3hb). Previously we showed that eif3ha encodes the predominant isoform during zebrafish embryogenesis and that depletion of this factor causes defects in the development of the brain and eyes. To investigate the molecular mechanism governing this regulation, we developed a genome-wide polysome-profiling strategy using stage-matched WT and eif3ha morphant zebrafish embryos. This strategy identified a large set of predominantly neural-associated translationally regulated mRNAs. A striking finding was a cohort of lens-associated crystallin isoform mRNAs lost from the eif3ha morphant polysomes, revealing a mechanism by which lens development is translationally controlled. We show that both UTR sequences of a targeted crystallin transcript are necessary but not sufficient for translational regulation by eif3ha. Therefore, our study reveals the role of a noncore eIF3 subunit in modulating a specific developmental program by regulating translation of defined transcripts and highlights the potential of the zebrafish system to identify translational regulatory mechanisms controlling vertebrate development.
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10
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Ha GH, Kim JL, Breuer EKY. Transforming acidic coiled-coil proteins (TACCs) in human cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:24-33. [PMID: 23624299 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fine-tuned regulation of the centrosome/microtubule dynamics during mitosis is essential for faithful cell division. Thus, it is not surprising that deregulations in this dynamic network can contribute to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Indeed, centrosome loss or amplification, spindle multipolarity and aneuploidy are often found in a majority of human malignancies, suggesting that defects in centrosome and associated microtubules may be directly or indirectly linked to cancer. Therefore, future research to identify and characterize genes required for the normal centrosome function and microtubule dynamics may help us gain insight into the complexity of cancer, and further provide new avenues for prognostic, diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. Members of the transforming acidic coiled-coil proteins (TACCs) family are emerging as important players of centrosome and microtubule-associated functions. Growing evidence indicates that TACCs are involved in the progression of certain solid tumors. Here, we will discuss our current understanding of the biological function of TACCs, their relevance to human cancer and possible implications for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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11
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Choudhuri A, Evans T, Maitra U. Non-core subunit eIF3h of translation initiation factor eIF3 regulates zebrafish embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1632-44. [PMID: 20503360 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF3, which plays a central role in translation initiation, consists of five core subunits that are present in both the budding yeast and higher eukaryotes. However, higher eukaryotic eIF3 contains additional (non-core) subunits that are absent in the budding yeast. We investigated the role of one such non-core eIF3 subunit eIF3h, encoded by two distinct genes-eif3ha and eif3hb, as a regulator of embryonic development in zebrafish. Both eif3h genes are expressed during early embryogenesis, and display overlapping yet distinct and highly dynamic spatial expression patterns. Loss of function analysis using specific morpholino oligomers indicates that each isoform has specific as well as redundant functions during early development. The morphant phenotypes correlate with their spatial expression patterns, indicating that eif3h regulates development of the brain, heart, vasculature, and lateral line. These results indicate that the non-core subunits of eIF3 regulate specific developmental programs during vertebrate embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Choudhuri
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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12
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Swetloff A, Conne B, Huarte J, Pitetti JL, Nef S, Vassalli JD. Dcp1-bodies in mouse oocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4951-61. [PMID: 19812249 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-02-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing bodies (P-bodies) are cytoplasmic granules involved in the storage and degradation of mRNAs. In somatic cells, their formation involves miRNA-mediated mRNA silencing. Many P-body protein components are also found in germ cell granules, such as in mammalian spermatocytes. In fully grown mammalian oocytes, where changes in gene expression depend entirely on translational control, RNA granules have not as yet been characterized. Here we show the presence of P-body-like foci in mouse oocytes, as revealed by the presence of Dcp1a and the colocalization of RNA-associated protein 55 (RAP55) and the DEAD box RNA helicase Rck/p54, two proteins associated with P-bodies and translational control. These P-body-like structures have been called Dcp1-bodies and in meiotically arrested primary oocytes, two types can be distinguished based on their size. They also have different protein partners and sensitivities to the depletion of endogenous siRNA/miRNA and translational inhibitors. However, both type progressively disappear during in vitro meiotic maturation and are virtually absent in metaphase II-arrested secondary oocytes. Moreover, this disassembly of hDcp1a-bodies is concomitant with the posttranslational modification of EGFP-hDcp1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Swetloff
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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13
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Baker CC, Fuller MT. Translational control of meiotic cell cycle progression and spermatid differentiation in male germ cells by a novel eIF4G homolog. Development 2007; 134:2863-9. [PMID: 17611220 PMCID: PMC4620998 DOI: 10.1242/dev.003764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Translational control is crucial for proper timing of developmental events that take place in the absence of transcription, as in meiotic activation in oocytes, early embryogenesis in many organisms, and spermatogenesis. Here we show that a novel form of the translation initiation complex component eIF4G in Drosophila, eIF4G2, is required specifically for male germ cells to undergo meiotic division and proper spermatid differentiation. Flies mutant for eIF4G2 are viable and female fertile but male sterile. Spermatocytes form, but the germ cells in mutant males skip the major events of the meiotic divisions and form aberrant spermatids with large nuclei. Consistent with the failure to undergo the meiotic divisions, function of eIF4G2 is required post-transcriptionally for normal accumulation of the core cell cycle regulatory proteins Twine and CycB in mature spermatocytes. Loss of eIF4G2 function also causes widespread defects in spermatid differentiation. Although differentiation markers Dj and Fzo are expressed in late-stage eIF4G2 mutant germ cells, several key steps of spermatid differentiation fail, including formation of a compact mitochondrial derivative and full elongation. Our results suggest that an alternate form of the translation initiation machinery may be required for regulation and execution of key steps in male germ cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C. Baker
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
| | - Margaret T. Fuller
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
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14
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Abstract
The study of in vitro maturation (IVM) of rhesus monkey oocytes has important implications for biomedical research and human infertility treatment. In vitro-matured rhesus monkey oocytes show much less developmental potential than IVM oocytes of other species. Since about 1980 when rhesus monkey IVM, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro embryo culture (IVC) systems were established, numerous efforts have been made to improve the developmental competence of oocytes and to understand the mechanisms regulating oocyte maturation. This review describes recent progress in this area, particularly the effects of factors such as steroid hormones, energy substrates, amino acids, ovarian follicle status, maternal age and breeding season on the developmental competence, gene expression patterns and genome integrity of rhesus IVM oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zheng
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Rm 3132, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-8028, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The kinase Aurora-A (Aur-A), which is enriched at centrosomes, is required for centrosome maturation and accurate chromosome segregation, and recent work implicates centrosomes as sites where the earliest activation of cyclin B1-cdc2 occurs. Here, we have used Xenopus egg extracts to investigate Aur-A's contribution to cell cycle progression and spindle morphology in the presence or absence of centrosomes. We find that addition of active Aur-A accelerates cdc2 activation and mitotic entry. Depletion of endogenous Aur-A or addition of inactive Aur-A, which lead to monopolar spindles, delays but does not block mitotic entry. These effects on timing and spindle structure do not require the presence of centrosomes or chromosomes. The catalytic domain alone of Aur-A is sufficient to restore spindle bipolarity; additional N-terminal sequences function in mitotic timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Liu
- *Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Joan V. Ruderman
- *Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Peset I, Seiler J, Sardon T, Bejarano LA, Rybina S, Vernos I. Function and regulation of Maskin, a TACC family protein, in microtubule growth during mitosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 170:1057-66. [PMID: 16172207 PMCID: PMC2171525 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200504037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Xenopus protein Maskin has been previously identified and characterized in the context of its role in translational control during oocyte maturation. Maskin belongs to the TACC protein family. In other systems, members of this family have been shown to localize to centrosomes during mitosis and play a role in microtubule stabilization. Here we have examined the putative role of Maskin in spindle assembly and centrosome aster formation in the Xenopus egg extract system. Depletion and reconstitution experiments indicate that Maskin plays an essential role for microtubule assembly during M-phase. We show that Maskin interacts with XMAP215 and Eg2, the Xenopus Aurora A kinase in vitro and in the egg extract. We propose that Maskin and XMAP215 cooperate to oppose the destabilizing activity of XKCM1 therefore promoting microtubule growth from the centrosome and contributing to the determination of microtubule steady-state length. Further more, we show that Maskin localization and function is regulated by Eg2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Peset
- Cell Biology and Biophysic Program, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Lequarre AS, Traverso JM, Marchandise J, Donnay I. Poly(A) RNA Is Reduced by Half During Bovine Oocyte Maturation but Increases when Meiotic Arrest Is Maintained with CDK Inhibitors1. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:425-31. [PMID: 15056564 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.026724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the amount of different RNA species were investigated during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes. Total RNA content was estimated to be 2 ng before meiosis, and after meiosis resumption, no decrease was observed. Ribosomal RNA did not appear to be degraded either, whereas poly(A) RNA was reduced by half after meiosis resumption, from 53 pg to 25 pg per oocyte. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), on cyclin B1, and on two genes implicated in the resistance to oxidative stress, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) and peroxiredoxin-6 (PRDX6). When these transcripts were reverse-transcribed with hexamers, the amplification results were not different before or after in vitro maturation. But when reverse transcription was performed with oligo(dT), amplification was dramatically reduced after maturation, except for cyclin B1 mRNA, implying deadenylation without degradation of three transcripts. Although calf oocytes have a lower developmental competence, their poly(A) RNA contents were not different from that of cow oocytes, nor were they differently affected during maturation. When bovine oocytes were maintained in vitro under meiotic arrest with CDK inhibitors, their poly(A) RNA amount increased, but this rise did not change the poly(A) RNA level once maturation was achieved. The increase could not be observed under transcription inhibition and, when impeding transcription and adenylation, the poly(A) RNA decreased to a level normally observed after maturation, in spite of the maintenance of meiotic arrest. These results demonstrate the importance of adenylation and deadenylation processes during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Lequarre
- Unité des Sciences Vétérinaires, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium.
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