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Liu S, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Liu J. Traditional and emerging strategies using hepatocytes for pancreatic regenerative medicine. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13545. [PMID: 38599852 PMCID: PMC11006621 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although pancreas and islet cell transplantation are the only ways to prevent the late complications of insulin-dependent diabetes, a shortage of donors is a major obstacle to tissue and organ transplantation. Stem cell therapy is an effective treatment for diabetes and other pancreatic-related diseases, which can be achieved by inducing their differentiation into insulin-secreting cells. The liver is considered an ideal source of pancreatic cells due to its similar developmental origin and strong regenerative ability as the pancreas. This article reviews the traditional and emerging strategies using hepatocytes for pancreatic regenerative medicine and evaluates their advantages and challenges. Gene reprogramming and chemical reprogramming technologies are traditional strategies with potential to improve the efficiency and specificity of cell reprogramming and promote the transformation of hepatocytes into islet cells. At the same time, organoid technology, as an emerging strategy, has received extensive attention. Biomaterials provide a three-dimensional culture microenvironment for cells, which helps improve cell survival and differentiation efficiency. In addition, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing technology has brought new opportunities and challenges to the development of organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - YuYing Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - YunFei Luo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - JianPing Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical CollegeNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
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2
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Lin VJT, Hu J, Zolekar A, Yan LJ, Wang YC. Urine Sample-Derived Cerebral Organoids Suitable for Studying Neurodevelopment and Pharmacological Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:304. [PMID: 32528947 PMCID: PMC7247822 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral organoids (COs) developed from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been noticed for their potential in research and clinical applications. While skin fibroblast-derived hiPSCs are proficient at forming COs, the cellular and molecular features of COs developed using hiPSCs generated from other somatic cells have not been systematically examined. Urinary epithelial cells (UECs) isolated from human urine samples are somatic cells that can be non-invasively collected from most individuals. In this work, we streamlined the production of COs using hiPSCs reprogrammed from urine sample-derived UECs. UEC-derived hiPSC-developed COs presented a robust capacity for neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis. Although UEC-derived hiPSCs required specific protocol optimization to properly form COs, the cellular and transcriptomic features of COs developed from UEC-derived hiPSCs were comparable to those of COs developed from embryonic stem cells. UEC-derived hiPSC-developed COs that were initially committed to forebrain development showed cellular plasticity to transition between prosencephalic and rhombencephalic fates in vitro and in vivo, indicating their potential to develop into the cell components of various brain regions. The opposite regulation of AKT activity and neural differentiation was found in these COs treated with AKT and PTEN inhibitors. Overall, our data reveal the suitability, advantage, and possible limitations of human urine sample-derived COs for studying neurodevelopment and pharmacological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J T Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Ashwini Zolekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Yu-Chieh Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive degenerative conditions characterized by the functional deterioration and ultimate loss of neurons. These incurable and debilitating diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and therefore represent a major global health challenge with severe implications for individuals and society. Recently, several neuroprotective drugs have failed in human clinical trials despite promising pre-clinical data, suggesting that conventional cell cultures and animal models cannot precisely replicate human pathophysiology. To bridge the gap between animal and human studies, three-dimensional cell culture models have been developed from human or animal cells, allowing the effects of new therapies to be predicted more accurately by closely replicating some aspects of the brain environment, mimicking neuronal and glial cell interactions, and incorporating the effects of blood flow. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of different cerebral models, from traditional cell cultures to the latest high-throughput three-dimensional systems. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages as well as their potential to investigate the complex mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases. We focus on in vitro models of the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease, and on multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slanzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Iannoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Raasch M, Fritsche E, Kurtz A, Bauer M, Mosig AS. Microphysiological systems meet hiPSC technology - New tools for disease modeling of liver infections in basic research and drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:51-67. [PMID: 29908880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex cell culture models such as microphysiological models (MPS) mimicking human liver functionality in vitro are in the spotlight as alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models. Promising techniques like microfluidic cell culture or micropatterning by 3D bioprinting are gaining increasing importance for the development of MPS to address the needs for more predictivity and cost efficiency. In this context, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer new perspectives for the development of advanced liver-on-chip systems by recreating an in vivo like microenvironment that supports the reliable differentiation of hiPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). In this review we will summarize current protocols of HLC generation and highlight recently established MPS suitable to resemble physiological hepatocyte function in vitro. In addition, we are discussing potential applications of liver MPS for disease modeling related to systemic or direct liver infections and the use of MPS in testing of new drug candidates.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide a broad overview of current trends in stem cell research and its applications in cardiovascular medicine. Researches on different stem cell sources, their inherent characteristics, and the limitations they have in medical applications are discussed. Additionally, uses of stem cells for both modeling and treating cardiovascular disease are discussed, taking note of the obstacles these engineered interventions must overcome to be clinically viable. RECENT FINDINGS Tissue engineering aims to replace dysfunctional tissues with engineered constructs. Stem cell technologies have been a great enabling factor in working toward this goal. Many tissue-engineered products are in development that utilize stem cell technology. Although promising, some refinement must be made to these constructs with respect to safety and functionality. A deeper understanding of basic differentiation and tissue developmental mechanisms is required to allow these engineered tissues to be translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Anderson
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Molecular Cell Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nicole Boardman
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Ste 773A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Ste 773A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jinkyu Park
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Ste 773A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Ste 773A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Castaño J, Morera C, Sesé B, Boue S, Bonet-Costa C, Martí M, Roque A, Jordan A, Barrero MJ. SETD7 Regulates the Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149502. [PMID: 26890252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful use of specialized cells in regenerative medicine requires an optimization in the differentiation protocols that are currently used. Understanding the molecular events that take place during the differentiation of human pluripotent cells is essential for the improvement of these protocols and the generation of high quality differentiated cells. In an effort to understand the molecular mechanisms that govern differentiation we identify the methyltransferase SETD7 as highly induced during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and differentially expressed between induced pluripotent cells and somatic cells. Knock-down of SETD7 causes differentiation defects in human embryonic stem cell including delay in both the silencing of pluripotency-related genes and the induction of differentiation genes. We show that SETD7 methylates linker histone H1 in vitro causing conformational changes in H1. These effects correlate with a decrease in the recruitment of H1 to the pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG during differentiation in the SETD7 knock down that might affect the proper silencing of these genes during differentiation.
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Van der Jeught M, O'Leary T, Duggal G, De Sutter P, Chuva de Sousa Lopes S, Heindryckx B. The post-inner cell mass intermediate: implications for stem cell biology and assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:616-26. [PMID: 26089403 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, the temporal events that precede the generation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their equivalence with specific developmental stages in vivo was poorly understood. Our group has discovered the existence of a transient epiblast-like structure, coined the post-inner cell mass (ICM) intermediate or PICMI, that emerges before human ESC (hESCs) are established, which supports their primed nature (i.e. already showing some predispositions towards certain cell types) of pluripotency. METHODS The PICMI results from the progressive epithelialization of the ICM and it expresses a mixture of early and late epiblast markers, as well as some primordial germ cell markers. The PICMI is a closer progenitor of hESCs than the ICM and it can be seen as the first proof of why all existing hESCs, until recently, display a primed state of pluripotency. RESULTS Even though the pluripotent characteristics of ESCs differ from mouse (naïve) to human (primed), it has recently been shown in mice that a similar process of self-organization at the transition from ICM to (naïve) mouse ESCs (mESCs) transforms the amorphous ICM into a rosette of polarized epiblast cells, a mouse PICMI. The transient PICMI stage is therefore at the origin of both mESCs and hESCs. In addition, several groups have now reported the conversion from primed to the naïve (mESCs-like) hESCs, broadening the pluripotency spectrum and opening new opportunities for the use of pluripotent stem cells. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we discuss the recent discoveries of mouse and human transient states from ICM to ESCs and their relation towards the state of pluripotency in the eventual stem cells, being naïve or primed. We will now further investigate how these intermediate and/or different pluripotent stages may impact the use of human stem cells in regenerative medicine and assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Van der Jeught
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Thomas O'Leary
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium Present address: Coastal Fertility Specialists, 1375 Hospital Drive, Mt Pleasant, SC 29464, USA
| | - Galbha Duggal
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium Present address: Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Petra De Sutter
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Susana Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Hansson ML, Albert S, González Somermeyer L, Peco R, Mejía-Ramírez E, Montserrat N, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Efficient delivery and functional expression of transfected modified mRNA in human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigmented epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5661-72. [PMID: 25555917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene- and cell-based therapies are promising strategies for the treatment of degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, and retinitis pigmentosa. Cellular engineering before transplantation may allow the delivery of cellular factors that can promote functional improvements, such as increased engraftment or survival of transplanted cells. A current challenge in traditional DNA-based vector transfection is to find a delivery system that is both safe and efficient, but using mRNA as an alternative to DNA can circumvent these major roadblocks. In this study, we show that both unmodified and modified mRNA can be delivered to retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells with a high efficiency compared with conventional plasmid delivery systems. On the other hand, administration of unmodified mRNA induced a strong innate immune response that was almost absent when using modified mRNA. Importantly, transfection of mRNA encoding a key regulator of RPE gene expression, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), confirmed the functionality of the delivered mRNA. Immunostaining showed that transfection with either type of mRNA led to the expression of roughly equal levels of MITF, primarily localized in the nucleus. Despite these findings, quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that the activation of the expression of MITF target genes was higher following transfection with modified mRNA compared with unmodified mRNA. Our findings, therefore, show that modified mRNA transfection can be applied to human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE cells and that the method is safe, efficient, and functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus L Hansson
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Silvia Albert
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louisa González Somermeyer
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain, the Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Rubén Peco
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Mejía-Ramírez
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Montserrat
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Rio P, Baños R, Lombardo A, Quintana-Bustamante O, Alvarez L, Garate Z, Genovese P, Almarza E, Valeri A, Díez B, Navarro S, Torres Y, Trujillo JP, Murillas R, Segovia JC, Samper E, Surralles J, Gregory PD, Holmes MC, Naldini L, Bueren JA. Targeted gene therapy and cell reprogramming in Fanconi anemia. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:835-48. [PMID: 24859981 PMCID: PMC4203359 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting is progressively becoming a realistic therapeutic alternative in clinics. It is unknown, however, whether this technology will be suitable for the treatment of DNA repair deficiency syndromes such as Fanconi anemia (FA), with defects in homology-directed DNA repair. In this study, we used zinc finger nucleases and integrase-defective lentiviral vectors to demonstrate for the first time that FANCA can be efficiently and specifically targeted into the AAVS1 safe harbor locus in fibroblasts from FA-A patients. Strikingly, up to 40% of FA fibroblasts showed gene targeting 42 days after gene editing. Given the low number of hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow of FA patients, gene-edited FA fibroblasts were then reprogrammed and re-differentiated toward the hematopoietic lineage. Analyses of gene-edited FA-iPSCs confirmed the specific integration of FANCA in the AAVS1 locus in all tested clones. Moreover, the hematopoietic differentiation of these iPSCs efficiently generated disease-free hematopoietic progenitors. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of correcting the phenotype of a DNA repair deficiency syndrome using gene-targeting and cell reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rio
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Baños
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angelo Lombardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Oscar Quintana-Bustamante
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Alvarez
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zita Garate
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pietro Genovese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Almarza
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Valeri
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Díez
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Navarro
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan P Trujillo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain Universidad Autónoma Barcelona/CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Murillas
- Division of Epithelial Biomedicine, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C Segovia
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan A Bueren
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, CIEMAT/CIBERER, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Ivashchenko CY, Pipes GC, Lozinskaya IM, Lin Z, Xiaoping X, Needle S, Grygielko ET, Hu E, Toomey JR, Lepore JJ, Willette RN. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes exhibit temporal changes in phenotype. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H913-22. [PMID: 23832699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00819.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) have been recently derived and are used for basic research, cardiotoxicity assessment, and phenotypic screening. However, the hiPS-CM phenotype is dependent on their derivation, age, and culture conditions, and there is disagreement as to what constitutes a functional hiPS-CM. The aim of the present study is to characterize the temporal changes in hiPS-CM phenotype by examining five determinants of cardiomyocyte function: gene expression, ion channel functionality, calcium cycling, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to cardioactive compounds. Based on both gene expression and electrophysiological properties, at day 30 of differentiation, hiPS-CMs are immature cells that, with time in culture, progressively develop a more mature phenotype without signs of dedifferentiation. This phenotype is characterized by adult-like gene expression patterns, action potentials exhibiting ventricular atrial and nodal properties, coordinated calcium cycling and beating, suggesting the formation of a functional syncytium. Pharmacological responses to pathological (endothelin-1), physiological (IGF-1), and autonomic (isoproterenol) stimuli similar to those characteristic of isolated adult cardiac myocytes are present in maturing hiPS-CMs. In addition, thyroid hormone treatment of hiPS-CMs attenuated the fetal gene expression in favor of a more adult-like pattern. Overall, hiPS-CMs progressively acquire functionality when maintained in culture for a prolonged period of time. The description of this evolving phenotype helps to identify optimal use of hiPS-CMs for a range of research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Ivashchenko
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Barrero MJ, Sese B, Martí M, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Macro histone variants are critical for the differentiation of human pluripotent cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16110-6. [PMID: 23595991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that macro histone variants (macroH2A) are expressed at low levels in stem cells and are up-regulated during differentiation. Here we show that the knockdown of macro histone variants impaired the in vitro and in vivo differentiation of human pluripotent cells, likely through defects in the silencing of pluripotency-related genes. ChIP experiments showed that during differentiation macro histone variants are recruited to the regulatory regions of pluripotency and developmental genes marked with H3K27me3 contributing to the silencing of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Barrero
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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12
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Barrero M, Sese B, Kuebler B, Bilic J, Boue S, Martí M, Izpisua belmonte J. Macrohistone Variants Preserve Cell Identity by Preventing the Gain of H3K4me2 during Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1005-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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13
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Barrero MJ, Berdasco M, Paramonov I, Bilic J, Vitaloni M, Esteller M, Izpisua Belmonte JC. DNA hypermethylation in somatic cells correlates with higher reprogramming efficiency. Stem Cells 2013; 30:1696-702. [PMID: 22653871 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency using defined factors is dramatically affected by the cell type of origin. Here, we show that human keratinocytes, which can be reprogrammed at a higher efficiency than fibroblast [Nat Biotechnol 2008;26:1276-1284], share more genes hypermethylated at CpGs with human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) than other somatic cells frequently used for reprogramming. Moreover, pluripotent cells reprogrammed from keratinocytes (KiPS) are more similar to ESCs than those reprogrammed from fibroblasts (FiPS) in regard to DNA methylation levels, mostly due to the presence of genes that fail to acquire high levels of DNA methylation in FiPS cells. We propose that higher reprogramming efficiency correlates with the hypermethylation of tissue-specific genes rather than with a more permissive pluripotency gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Barrero
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Crocco MC, Fratnz N, Bos-Mikich A. Substrates and supplements for hESCs: a critical review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30:315-23. [PMID: 23288664 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different laboratories around the world have succeeded in establishing human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. However, culture conditions vary considerably among the protocols used and the vast majority of the lines at some stage of their creation have been in contact with an animal derived component. One of the main problems to be overcome for the generation of a clinical-grade hESC line is the choice of a substrate and medium that allows derivation and culture, where animal derived components are kept to a minimum or completely excluded. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following review describes past and more recent achievements in the creation and culturing of hESC. It describes protocols, giving special attention to the matrices and supplements used for derivation, maintainance and cryostorage, considering whether they included defined, undefined and/or animal-derived components in their formulations. CONCLUSION This information shall be useful for the creation and choice of new substrates and supplements for future research in the field of hESC for therapeutic purposes.
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Abstract
In surgical repair for heart or vascular disease, it is often necessary to implant conduits or correct tissue defects. The most commonly used graft materials to date are (a) artificial grafts; (b) autologous tissues, such as pericardium and saphenous vein; (c) allografts; and (d) xenografts. However, none of these four options offer growth potential, and all are associated with varying levels of thrombogenicity and susceptibility to infection. The lack of growth potential of these four options is particularly important in pediatric cardiac surgery, where patients will often outgrow their vascular grafts and require additional operations. Thus, developing a material with sufficient durability and growth potential that will function as the child grows older will eliminate the need for reoperation and significantly reduce morbidity and mortality of some types of congenital heart defects. Vascular tissue engineering is a relatively new field that has undergone enormous growth over the last decade. The goal of vascular tissue engineering is to produce neovessels and neo-organ tissue from autologous cells using a biodegradable polymer as a scaffold. The most important advantage of tissue-engineered implants is that these tissues can grow, remodel, rebuild, and respond to injury. Once the seeded autologous cells have deposited an extracellular matrix and the original scaffold is biodegraded, the tissue resembles and behaves as native tissue. When tissue-engineered vascular grafts are eventually put to use in the clinical arena, the quality of life in patients after surgery will be drastically improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Kurobe
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8039, USA
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16
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Aran B, Sole M, Rodriguez-Pizà I, Parriego M, Muñoz Y, Boada M, Barri PN, Izpisúa JC, Veiga A. Vitrified blastocysts from Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) as a source for human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) derivation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:1013-20. [PMID: 22735930 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryos diagnosed as abnormal in Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) cycles are useful for the establishment of human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC) lines with genetic disorders. These lines can be helpful for drug screening and for the development of new treatments. Vitrification has proved to be an efficient method to preserve human blastocysts. One hundred and three abnormal or undiagnosed vitrified blastocysts from the PGD programme at Institut Universitari Dexeus were donated for human embryonic stem cell derivation. The overall survival rate after warming was 70.6 %. Our results showed better survival rates when blastocysts have not started the hatching process (initial/expanded 87.8 %, hatching 68.3 % and hatched 27.3 %). Thirty-five blastocysts and 12 partially surviving embryos were seeded. One hESC line with the multiple exostoses type 2 paternal mutation was obtained.
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17
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McLenachan S, Menchón C, Raya A, Consiglio A, Edel MJ. Cyclin A1 is essential for setting the pluripotent state and reducing tumorigenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2891-9. [PMID: 22500553 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper differentiation and threat of cancer rising from the application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are major bottlenecks in the field and are thought to be inherently linked to the pluripotent nature of iPS cells. To address this question, we have compared iPS cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the gold standard of ground state pluripotency, in search for proteins that may improve pluripotency of iPS cells. We have found that when reprogramming somatic cells toward pluripotency, 1%-5% of proteins of 5 important cell functions are not set to the correct expression levels compared to ESCs, including mainly cell cycle proteins. We have shown that resetting cyclin A(1) protein expression of early-passage iPS cells closer to the ground state pluripotent state of mouse ESCs improves the pluripotency and reduces the threat of cancer of iPS cells. This work is a proof of principle that reveals that setting expression of certain proteins correctly during reprogramming is essential for achieving ESC-state pluripotency. This finding would be of immediate help to those researchers in different fields of iPS cell work that specializes in cell cycle, apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell signaling, and cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel McLenachan
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia
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18
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O'Leary T, Duggal G, Lierman S, Van den Abbeel E, Heindryckx B, De Sutter P. The influence of patient and cohort parameters on the incidence and developmental potential of embryos with poor quality traits for use in human embryonic stem cell derivation. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:1581-9. [PMID: 22442247 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are most commonly derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst stage embryos. While the majority of hESC lines originate from good-quality embryos donated after cryogenic storage, poor-quality embryos (PQEs) not suitable for clinical use have also been shown to generate hESC. This provides a newfound function for embryos that would otherwise be discarded following IVF or ICSI. Owing to their lack of clinical importance, however, data on the poorest embryos in a cohort go largely unreported in the literature. It is therefore of interest to better understand the availability of PQEs from IVF/ICSI cycles and to determine their ability to develop into blastocysts with good-quality ICMs for use in hESC derivation. In this study, we investigate the influence of patient parameters and embryo cohort on PQE incidence, blastocyst development, ICM quality and successful hESC derivation from donated PQEs. METHODS PQEs from 736 patient cycles that did not meet our clinical criteria for transfer or cryopreservation were cultured until Day 6 of development and assessed for blastocyst formation and ICM quality. A subset of blastocysts with good-quality ICMs were then used for hESC derivation attempts. Anonymous patient data such as maternal age, embryo history and cohort parameters were then retrospectively compiled and analysed. RESULTS PQEs made up 46.8% of two pronucleate embryos created from IVF/ICSI. Including embryos with abnormal fertilization, a mean of 3.6 ± 2.8 embryos were donated per cycle with 32.6% developing to the blastocyst stage. Good-quality ICM were produced in 13.9% of PQEs cultured. Of good-quality ICM, 15.4% of those used in hESC derivation attempts resulted in a novel line. The PQEs that originated from older patients (>37 year) or from cycles that did not result in pregnancy had significantly diminished blastocyst development and ICM quality. Maternal age was also shown to further influence the ability of good-quality ICMs to generate hESC. CONCLUSIONS PQEs are an abundant source of embryos capable of developing to blastocysts with good-quality ICMs and subsequently generating novel hESC. We have shown that prognostic variables used to predict IVF/ICSI outcome can also help predict which PQEs have the best hESC developmental potential. Owing to the diversity of PQE origin, experiments designed to compare hESC derivation techniques or efficiency using PQEs should consider clinical IVF/ICSI parameters to establish groups with equal developmental competence. Additional investigation is needed to determine if these results are applicable to hESC derivation using good-quality embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O'Leary
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan, Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Sánchez-Danés A, Richaud-Patin Y, Carballo-Carbajal I, Jiménez-Delgado S, Caig C, Mora S, Di Guglielmo C, Ezquerra M, Patel B, Giralt A, Canals JM, Memo M, Alberch J, López-Barneo J, Vila M, Cuervo AM, Tolosa E, Consiglio A, Raya A. Disease-specific phenotypes in dopamine neurons from human iPS-based models of genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:380-95. [PMID: 22407749 PMCID: PMC3403296 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) offer an unprecedented opportunity to model human disease in relevant cell types, but it is unclear whether they could successfully model age-related diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we generated iPSC lines from seven patients with idiopathic PD (ID-PD), four patients with familial PD associated to the G2019S mutation in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene (LRRK2-PD) and four age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (Ctrl). Over long-time culture, dopaminergic neurons (DAn) differentiated from either ID-PD- or LRRK2-PD-iPSC showed morphological alterations, including reduced numbers of neurites and neurite arborization, as well as accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, which were not evident in DAn differentiated from Ctrl-iPSC. Further induction of autophagy and/or inhibition of lysosomal proteolysis greatly exacerbated the DAn morphological alterations, indicating autophagic compromise in DAn from ID-PD- and LRRK2-PD-iPSC, which we demonstrate occurs at the level of autophagosome clearance. Our study provides an iPSC-based in vitro model that captures the patients' genetic complexity and allows investigation of the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial PD cases in a disease-relevant cell type.
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20
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Cai YZ, Zhang GR, Wang LL, Jiang YZ, Ouyang HW, Zou XH. Novel biodegradable three-dimensional macroporous scaffold using aligned electrospun nanofibrous yarns for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1187-94. [PMID: 22345081 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a practical three-dimensional (3D) macroporous scaffold from aligned electrospun nanofibrous yarns for bone tissue engineering. A novel 3D unwoven macroporous nanofibrous (MNF) scaffold was manufactured with electrospun poly(L-lactic acid) and polycaprolactone (w/w 9:1) nanofibers through sequential yarns manufacture and honeycombing process at 65°C. The efficacy of 3D MNF scaffold for bone formation were evaluated using human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hESC-MSCs) differentiation model and rabbit tibia bone defect model. In vitro, more cell proliferation and cell ingrowth were observed in 3D MNF scaffold. Moreover, calcium deposit was obviously detected in vitro differentiation of hESC-MSCs. In vivo, histology and X-ray showed that 3D MNF scaffold treated bone defect had fine 3D bony tissue formation around the scaffold as well as inside the scaffold at 3 weeks and 6 weeks. This study demonstrated that 3D MNF scaffold provides a structural support for hESC-MSCs growth and guides bone formation suggesting that this novel strategy successfully makes use of electrospun fibers for bone tissue engineering, which may help realize the clinical translation of electrospun nanofibers for regenerative medicine in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Zhi Cai
- Center for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Sánchez-Danés A, Consiglio A, Richaud Y, Rodríguez-Pizà I, Dehay B, Edel M, Bové J, Memo M, Vila M, Raya A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Efficient generation of A9 midbrain dopaminergic neurons by lentiviral delivery of LMX1A in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:56-69. [PMID: 21877920 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) offer great hope for in vitro modeling of Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as for designing cell-replacement therapies. To realize these opportunities, there is an urgent need to develop efficient protocols for the directed differentiation of hESC/iPSC into dopamine (DA) neurons with the specific characteristics of the cell population lost to PD, i.e., A9-subtype ventral midbrain DA neurons. Here we use lentiviral vectors to drive the expression of LMX1A, which encodes a transcription factor critical for ventral midbrain identity, specifically in neural progenitor cells. We show that clonal lines of hESC engineered to contain one or two copies of this lentiviral vector retain long-term self-renewing ability and pluripotent differentiation capacity. Greater than 60% of all neurons generated from LMX1A-engineered hESC were ventral midbrain DA neurons of the A9 subtype, compared with ∼10% in green fluorescent protein-engineered controls, as judged by specific marker expression and functional analyses. Moreover, DA neuron precursors differentiated from LMX1A-engineered hESC were able to survive and differentiate when grafted into the brain of adult mice. Finally, we provide evidence that LMX1A overexpression similarly increases the yield of DA neuron differentiation from human iPSC. Taken together, our data show that stable genetic engineering of hESC/iPSC with lentiviral vectors driving controlled expression of LMX1A is an efficient way to generate enriched populations of human A9-subtype ventral midbrain DA neurons, which should prove useful for modeling PD and may be helpful for designing future cell-replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez-Danés
- 1 Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Chikhovskaya J, Jonker M, Meissner A, Breit T, Repping S, van Pelt A. Human testis-derived embryonic stem cell-like cells are not pluripotent, but possess potential of mesenchymal progenitors. Hum Reprod 2011; 27:210-21. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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23
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Terme JM, Sesé B, Millán-Ariño L, Mayor R, Belmonte JCI, Barrero MJ, Jordan A. Histone H1 variants are differentially expressed and incorporated into chromatin during differentiation and reprogramming to pluripotency. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35347-35357. [PMID: 21852237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.281923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are seven linker histone variants in human somatic cells (H1.0 to H1.5 and H1X), and their prevalence varies as a function of cell type and differentiation stage, suggesting that the different variants may have distinct roles. We have revisited this notion by using new methodologies to study pluripotency and differentiation, including the in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) and teratocarcinoma cells and the reprogramming of keratinocytes to induced pluripotent stem cells. Our results show that pluripotent cells (PCs) have decreased levels of H1.0 and increased levels of H1.1, H1.3, and H1.5 compared with differentiated cells. PCs have a more diverse repertoire of H1 variants, whereas in differentiated cells, H1.0 expression represents ∼80% of the H1 transcripts. In agreement with their prevalent expression in ES cells, the regulatory regions of H1.3 and H1.5 genes were found to be occupied by pluripotency factors. Moreover, the H1.0 gene promoter contains bivalent domains (H3K4me2 and H3K27me3) in PCs, suggesting that this variant is likely to have an important role during differentiation. Indeed, the knockdown of H1.0 in human ES did not affect self-renewal but impaired differentiation. Accordingly, H1.0 was recruited to the regulatory regions of differentiation and pluripotency genes during differentiation, confirming that this histone variant plays a critical role in the regulation of these genes. Thus, histone H1 variant expression is controlled by a variety of mechanisms that produce distinct but consistent H1 repertoires in pluripotent and differentiated cells that appear critical to maintain the functionality of such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Terme
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 4, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Sesé
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Millán-Ariño
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 4, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regina Mayor
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 4, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - María José Barrero
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Jordan
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 4, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Vassena R, Boué S, González-Roca E, Aran B, Auer H, Veiga A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Waves of early transcriptional activation and pluripotency program initiation during human preimplantation development. Development 2011; 138:3699-709. [PMID: 21775417 DOI: 10.1242/dev.064741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The events regulating human preimplantation development are still largely unknown owing to a scarcity of material, ethical and legal limitations and a lack of reliable techniques to faithfully amplify the transcriptome of a single cell. Nonetheless, human embryology is gathering renewed interest due to its close relationship with both stem cell biology and epigenetic reprogramming to pluripotency and their importance in regenerative medicine. Carefully timed genome-wide transcript analyses of single oocytes and embryos uncovered a series of successive waves of embryonic transcriptional initiation that start as early as the 2-cell stage. In addition, we identified the hierarchical activation of genes involved in the regulation of pluripotency. Finally, we developed HumER, a database of human preimplantation gene expression, to serve the scientific community. Importantly, our work links early transcription in the human embryo with the correct execution of the pluripotency program later in development and paves the way for the identification of factors to improve epigenetic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vassena
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, CMR[B], Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Adamo A, Sesé B, Boue S, Castaño J, Paramonov I, Barrero MJ, Izpisua Belmonte JC. LSD1 regulates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:652-9. [PMID: 21602794 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We identify LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1; also known as KDM1A and AOF2) as a key histone modifier that participates in the maintenance of pluripotency through the regulation of bivalent domains, a chromatin environment present at the regulatory regions of developmental genes that contains both H3K4 di/trimethylation and H3K27 trimethylation marks. LSD1 occupies the promoters of a subset of developmental genes that contain bivalent domains and are co-occupied by OCT4 and NANOG in human embryonic stem cells, where it controls the levels of H3K4 methylation through its demethylase activity. Thus, LSD1 has a role in maintaining the silencing of several developmental genes in human embryonic stem cells by regulating the critical balance between H3K4 and H3K27 methylation at their regulatory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Adamo
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Gavrilov S, Marolt D, Douglas NC, Prosser RW, Khalid I, Sauer MV, Landry DW, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Papaioannou VE. Derivation of two new human embryonic stem cell lines from nonviable human embryos. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:765378. [PMID: 21716665 PMCID: PMC3118293 DOI: 10.4061/2011/765378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the derivation and characterization of two new human embryonic stem cells (hESC) lines (CU1 and CU2) from embryos with an irreversible loss of integrated organismic function. In addition, we analyzed retrospective data of morphological progression from embryonic day (ED) 5 to ED6 for 2480 embryos not suitable for clinical use to assess grading criteria indicative of loss of viability on ED5. Our analysis indicated that a large proportion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos not suitable for clinical use could be used for hESC derivation. Based on these combined findings, we propose that criteria commonly used in IVF clinics to determine optimal embryos for uterine transfer can be employed to predict the potential for hESC derivation from poor quality embryos without the destruction of vital human embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gavrilov
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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27
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Gourronc FA, Klingelhutz AJ. Therapeutic opportunities: telomere maintenance in inducible pluripotent stem cells. Mutat Res 2011; 730:98-105. [PMID: 21605571 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that exogenous expression of a combination of transcription factors can reprogram differentiated cells such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes into what have been termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These iPS cells are capable of differentiating into all the tissue lineages when placed in the right environment and, in the case of mouse cells, can generate chimeric mice and be transmitted through the germline. Safer and more efficient methods of reprogramming are rapidly being developed. Clearly, iPS cells present a number of exciting possibilities, including disease modeling and therapy. A major question is whether the nuclei of iPS cells are truly rejuvenated or whether they might retain some of the marks of aging from the cells from which they were derived. One measure of cellular aging is the telomere. In this regard, recent studies have demonstrated that telomeres in iPS cells may be rejuvenated. They are not only elongated by reactivated telomerase but they are also epigenetically modified to be similar but not identical to embryonic stem cells. Upon differentiation, the derivative cells turn down telomerase, the telomeres begin to shorten again, and the telomeres and the genome are returned to an epigenetic state that is similar to normal differentiated somatic cells. While these preliminary telomere findings are promising, the overall genomic integrity of reprogrammed cells may still be problematic and further studies are needed to examine the safety and feasibility of using iPS cells in regenerative medicine applications.
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Menchón C, Edel MJ, Izpisua Belmonte JC. The cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip¹ controls self-renewal and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells by regulating the cell cycle, Brachyury and Twist. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1435-47. [PMID: 21478681 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.9.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued turn over of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) while maintaining an undifferentiated state is dependent on the regulation of the cell cycle. Here we asked the question if a single cell cycle gene could regulate the self-renewal or pluripotency properties of hESC. We identified that the protein expression of the p27(Kip)¹ cell cycle inhibitor is low in hESC cells and increased with differentiation. By adopting a gain and loss of function strategy we forced or reduced its expression in undifferentiating conditions to define its functional role in self-renewal and pluripotency. Using undifferentiation conditions, overexpression of p27(Kip)¹ in hESC lead to a G₁phase arrest with an enlarged and flattened hESC morphology and consequent loss of self-renewal ability. Loss of p27(Kip)¹ caused an elongated/scatter cell-like phenotype involving up-regulation of Brachyury and Twist gene expression. We demonstrate the novel finding that p27(Kip)¹ protein occupies the Twist1 gene promoter and manipulation of p27(Kip)¹ by gain and loss of function is associated with Twist gene expression changes. These results define p27(Kip)¹ expression levels as critical for self-renewal and pluripotency in hESC and suggest a role for p27(Kip)¹ in controlling an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hESC.
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29
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O'Leary T, Heindryckx B, Lierman S, Van der Jeught M, Menten B, Deforce D, Cornelissen R, de Sousa Lopes SC, De Sutter P. The Influence of Early Embryo Traits on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derivation Efficiency. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:785-93. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O'Leary
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Lierman
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria Cornelissen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Petra De Sutter
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Montserrat N, Garreta E, González F, Gutiérrez J, Eguizábal C, Ramos V, Borrós S, Belmonte JCI. Simple generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells using poly-beta-amino esters as the non-viral gene delivery system. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12417-28. [PMID: 21285354 PMCID: PMC3069445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.168013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be achieved by the delivery of a combination of transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Retroviral and lentiviral vectors are commonly used to express these four reprogramming factors separately and obtain reprogrammed iPS cells. Although efficient and reproducible, these approaches involve the time-consuming and labor-intensive production of retroviral or lentiviral particles together with a high risk of working with potentially harmful viruses overexpressing potent oncogenes, such as c-Myc. Here, we describe a simple method to produce bona fide iPS cells from human fibroblasts using poly-β-amino esters as the transfection reagent for the delivery of a single CAG-driven polycistronic plasmid expressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and a GFP reporter gene (OSKMG). We demonstrate for the first time that poly-β-amino esters can be used to deliver a single polycistronic reprogramming vector into human fibroblasts, achieving significantly higher transfection efficiency than with conventional transfection reagents. After a protocol of serial transfections using poly-β-amino esters, we report a simple methodology to generate human iPS cells from human fibroblasts avoiding the use of viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Montserrat
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine of Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, p7, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine of Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, p7, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico González
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine of Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, p7, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordán Gutiérrez
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Cristina Eguizábal
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine of Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, p7, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Ramos
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- From the Center of Regenerative Medicine of Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, p7, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
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Santamaria P, Rodriguez-Piza I, Clemente-Casares X, Yamanouchi J, Mulero-Perez L, Aasen T, Raya A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Turning human epidermis into pancreatic endoderm. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7:158-67. [PMID: 21060974 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2010.7.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human embryonic stem (hES) cells can be differentiated into pancreatic endoderm structures in vitro. The study was performed to determine whether induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be differentiated into similar structures with comparable efficiency. METHODS We compared the ability of hES cells and iPS cells derived from human epidermal keratinocytes to progressively differentiate into pancreatic endoderm. Human foreskin keratinocytes were reprogrammed to pluripotency by transduction with retroviruses encoding Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4. The resulting keratinocyte-derived iPS (KiPS) cell lines and a hES cell line were subjected to a modified pancreatic endoderm differentiation protocol. Cells and embryoid-body structures derived from both hES and KiPS cells were compared at different stages of development for expression of stem cell and differentiation markers, including Sox2, Oct4, Mixl1, Brachyury, Gsc, FoxA2, Sox17, Hnf4α, Hnf1β, Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1, Hex, Isl1, Pdx1, and Slc2A, via Taqman real-time PCR, flow-cytometry, and/or immunocytochemistry. RESULTS hES cells and KiPS cells expressed similar levels of the stem cell factors Sox2 and Oct4. Upon differentiation, both cell types underwent remarkably similar changes in gene expression. They acquired the definitive endoderm markers Sox17 and FoxA2. Most Sox17+ and FoxA2+ cells co-expressed Hnf4α and Hnf1β, found in the primitive gut tube, a pancreas precursor. Most FoxA2+ cells were also Pdx1+, and many expressed Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1, and Isl1. CONCLUSIONS Keratinocyte-derived iPS cells can be differentiated into pancreatic endoderm, and the efficiency of this process is comparable to that seen for hES cells. Thus keratinocytes have the potential to serve as a source of patient-specific pancreatic endoderm for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Santamaria
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Edel MJ, Menchon C, Menendez S, Consiglio A, Raya A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Rem2 GTPase maintains survival of human embryonic stem cells as well as enhancing reprogramming by regulating p53 and cyclin D1. Genes Dev 2010; 24:561-73. [PMID: 20231315 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1876710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have the unique abilities of differentiation into any cell type of the organism (pluripotency) and indefinite self-renewal. Here, we show that the Rem2 GTPase, a suppressor of the p53 pathway, is up-regulated in hESCs and, by loss- and gain-of-function studies, that it is a major player in the maintenance of hESC self-renewal and pluripotency. We show that Rem2 mediates the fibroblastic growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling pathway to maintain proliferation of hESCs. We demonstrate that Rem2 effects are mediated by suppressing the transcriptional activity of p53 and cyclin D(1) to maintain survival of hESCs. Importantly, Rem2 does this by preventing protein degradation during DNA damage. Given that Rem2 maintains hESCs, we also show that it is as efficient as c-Myc by enhancing reprogramming of human somatic cells into iPSCs eightfold. Rem2 does this by accelerating the cell cycle and protecting from apoptosis via its effects on cyclin D(1) expression/localization and suppression of p53 transcription. We show that the effects of Rem2 on cyclin D(1) are independent of p53 function. These results define the cell cycle and apoptosis as a rate-limiting step during the reprogramming phenomena. Our studies highlight the possibility of reprogramming somatic cells by imposing hESC-specific cell cycle features for making safer iPSCs for cell therapy use.
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Raya A, Rodríguez-Pizà I, Navarro S, Richaud-Patin Y, Guenechea G, Sánchez-Danés A, Consiglio A, Bueren J, Izpisúa Belmonte JC. A protocol describing the genetic correction of somatic human cells and subsequent generation of iPS cells. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:647-60. [PMID: 20224565 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers unprecedented opportunities for modeling and treating human disease. In combination with gene therapy, the iPSC technology can be used to generate disease-free progenitor cells of potential interest for autologous cell therapy. We explain a protocol for the reproducible generation of genetically corrected iPSCs starting from the skin biopsies of Fanconi anemia patients using retroviral transduction with OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4. Before reprogramming, the fibroblasts and/or keratinocytes of the patients are genetically corrected with lentiviruses expressing FANCA. The same approach may be used for other diseases susceptible to gene therapy correction. Genetically corrected, characterized lines of patient-specific iPSCs can be obtained in 4-5 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Raya
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Rodríguez-Pizà I, Richaud-Patin Y, Vassena R, González F, Barrero MJ, Veiga A, Raya A, Izpisúa Belmonte JC. Reprogramming of human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells under xeno-free conditions. Stem Cells 2010; 28:36-44. [PMID: 19890879 DOI: 10.1002/stem.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The availability of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has created extraordinary opportunities for modeling and perhaps treating human disease. However, all reprogramming protocols used to date involve the use of products of animal origin. Here, we set out to develop a protocol to generate and maintain human iPSC that would be entirely devoid of xenobiotics. We first developed a xeno-free cell culture media that supported the long-term propagation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to a similar extent as conventional media containing animal origin products or commercially available xeno-free medium. We also derived primary cultures of human dermal fibroblasts under strict xeno-free conditions (XF-HFF), and we show that they can be used as both the cell source for iPSC generation as well as autologous feeder cells to support their growth. We also replaced other reagents of animal origin (trypsin, gelatin, matrigel) with their recombinant equivalents. Finally, we used vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped retroviral particles expressing a polycistronic construct encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and GFP to reprogram XF-HFF cells under xeno-free conditions. A total of 10 xeno-free human iPSC lines were generated, which could be continuously passaged in xeno-free conditions and maintained characteristics indistinguishable from hESCs, including colony morphology and growth behavior, expression of pluripotency-associated markers, and pluripotent differentiation ability in vitro and in teratoma assays. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate that human iPSCs can be generated and maintained under strict xeno-free conditions and provide a path to good manufacturing practice (GMP) applicability that should facilitate the clinical translation of iPSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Rodríguez-Pizà
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Aran B, Rodríguez-Pizà I, Raya A, Consiglio A, Muñoz Y, Barri PN, Izpisúa JC, Veiga A. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells at the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:356-66. [PMID: 20177997 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report here the legislative issues related to embryo research and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research in Spain and the derivation of nine hESC lines at the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona. You can find the information for obtaining our lines for research purposes at blc@cmrb.eu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Aran
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Giorgetti A, Montserrat N, Aasen T, Gonzalez F, Rodríguez-Pizà I, Vassena R, Raya A, Boué S, Barrero MJ, Corbella BA, Torrabadella M, Veiga A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human cord blood using OCT4 and SOX2. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 5:353-7. [PMID: 19796614 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mizrak SC, Chikhovskaya JV, Sadri-Ardekani H, van Daalen S, Korver CM, Hovingh SE, Roepers-Gajadien HL, Raya A, Fluiter K, de Reijke TM, de la Rosette JJMCH, Knegt AC, Belmonte JC, van der Veen F, de Rooij DG, Repping S, van Pelt AMM. Embryonic stem cell-like cells derived from adult human testis. Hum Reprod 2009; 25:158-67. [PMID: 19815622 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the significant drawbacks of using human embryonic stem (hES) cells for regenerative medicine, the search for alternative sources of multipotent cells is ongoing. Studies in mice have shown that multipotent ES-like cells can be derived from neonatal and adult testis. Here we report the derivation of ES-like cells from adult human testis. METHODS Testis material was donated for research by four men undergoing bilateral castration as part of prostate cancer treatment. Testicular cells were cultured using StemPro medium. Colonies that appeared sharp edged and compact were collected and subcultured under hES-specific conditions. Molecular characterization of these colonies was performed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. (Epi)genetic stability was tested using bisulphite sequencing and karyotype analysis. Directed differentiation protocols in vitro were performed to investigate the potency of these cells and the cells were injected into immunocompromised mice to investigate their tumorigenicity. RESULTS In testicular cell cultures from all four men, sharp-edged and compact colonies appeared between 3 and 8 weeks. Subcultured cells from these colonies showed alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed hES cell-specific genes (Pou5f1, Sox2, Cripto1, Dnmt3b), proteins and carbohydrate antigens (POU5F1, NANOG, SOX2 and TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SSEA4). These ES-like cells were able to differentiate in vitro into derivatives of all three germ layers including neural, epithelial, osteogenic, myogenic, adipocyte and pancreatic lineages. The pancreatic beta cells were able to produce insulin in response to glucose and osteogenic-differentiated cells showed deposition of phosphate and calcium, demonstrating their functional capacity. Although we observed small areas with differentiated cell types of human origin, we never observed extensive teratomas upon injection of testis-derived ES-like cells into immunocompromised mice. CONCLUSIONS Multipotent cells can be established from adult human testis. Their easy accessibility and ethical acceptability as well as their non-tumorigenic and autogenic nature make these cells an attractive alternative to human ES cells for future stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Mizrak
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Paul D, Samuel SM, Maulik N. Mesenchymal stem cell: present challenges and prospective cellular cardiomyoplasty approaches for myocardial regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1841-55. [PMID: 19260767 PMCID: PMC2848514 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia and cardiac dysfunction have been known to follow ischemic heart diseases (IHDs). Despite a plethora of conventional treatment options, their efficacies are associated with skepticism. Cell therapies harbor a promising potential for vascular and cardiac repair, which is corroborated by adequate preclinical evidence. The underlying objectives behind cardiac regenerative therapies subsume enhancing angiomyogenesis in the ischemic myocardium, ameliorating cellular apoptosis, regenerating the damaged myocardium, repopulating the lost resident myocardial cells (smooth muscle, cardiomyocyte, and endothelial cells), and finally, decreasing fibrosis with a consequent reduction in ventricular remodeling. Although-cell based cardiomyoplasty approaches have an immense potential, their clinical utilization is limited owing to the increased need for better candidates for cellular cardiomyoplasty, better routes of delivery, appropriate dose for efficient engraftment, and better preconditioning or genetic-modification strategies for the progenitor and stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as powerful candidates in mediating myocardial repair owing to their unique properties of multipotency, transdifferentiation, intercellular connection with the resident cardiomyocytes via connexin 43 (Cx43)-positive gap junctions in the myocardium, and most important, immunomodulation. In this review, we present an in-depth discussion on the complexities associated with stem and progenitor cell therapies, the potential of preclinical approaches involving MSCs for myocardial repair, and an account of the past milestones and ongoing MSC-based trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayon Paul
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1110, USA
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Raya A, Rodríguez-Pizà I, Guenechea G, Vassena R, Navarro S, Barrero MJ, Consiglio A, Castellà M, Río P, Sleep E, González F, Tiscornia G, Garreta E, Aasen T, Veiga A, Verma IM, Surrallés J, Bueren J, Izpisúa Belmonte JC. Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2009; 460:53-9. [PMID: 19483674 DOI: 10.1038/nature08129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has enabled the derivation of patient-specific pluripotent cells and provided valuable experimental platforms to model human disease. Patient-specific iPS cells are also thought to hold great therapeutic potential, although direct evidence for this is still lacking. Here we show that, on correction of the genetic defect, somatic cells from Fanconi anaemia patients can be reprogrammed to pluripotency to generate patient-specific iPS cells. These cell lines appear indistinguishable from human embryonic stem cells and iPS cells from healthy individuals. Most importantly, we show that corrected Fanconi-anaemia-specific iPS cells can give rise to haematopoietic progenitors of the myeloid and erythroid lineages that are phenotypically normal, that is, disease-free. These data offer proof-of-concept that iPS cell technology can be used for the generation of disease-corrected, patient-specific cells with potential value for cell therapy applications.
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Aasen T, Raya A, Barrero MJ, Garreta E, Consiglio A, Gonzalez F, Vassena R, Bilić J, Pekarik V, Tiscornia G, Edel M, Boué S, Belmonte JCI. Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:1276-84. [PMID: 18931654 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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