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Roussel R, Andonian G, Lynn W, Sanwalka K, Robles R, Hansel C, Deng A, Lawler G, Rosenzweig JB, Ha G, Seok J, Power JG, Conde M, Wisniewski E, Doran DS, Whiteford CE. Single Shot Characterization of High Transformer Ratio Wakefields in Nonlinear Plasma Acceleration. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:044802. [PMID: 32058730 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.044802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasma wakefields can enable very high accelerating gradients for frontier high energy particle accelerators, in excess of 10 GeV/m. To overcome limits on single stage acceleration, specially shaped drive beams can be used in both linear and nonlinear plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFA), to increase the transformer ratio, implying that the drive beam deceleration is minimized relative to acceleration obtained in the wake. In this Letter, we report the results of a nonlinear PWFA, high transformer ratio experiment using high-charge, longitudinally asymmetric drive beams in a plasma cell. An emittance exchange process is used to generate variable drive current profiles, in conjunction with a long (multiple plasma wavelength) witness beam. The witness beam is energy modulated by the wakefield, yielding a response that contains detailed spectral information in a single-shot measurement. Using these methods, we generate a variety of beam profiles and characterize the wakefields, directly observing transformer ratios up to R=7.8. Furthermore, a spectrally based reconstruction technique, validated by 3D particle-in-cell simulations, is introduced to obtain the drive beam current profile from the decelerating wake data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roussel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - G Andonian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Lynn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K Sanwalka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - R Robles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Hansel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - A Deng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - G Lawler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J B Rosenzweig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - G Ha
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Seok
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J G Power
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Conde
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - E Wisniewski
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - D S Doran
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - C E Whiteford
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Thomas AGR. Vlasov simulations of thermal plasma waves with relativistic phase velocity in a Lorentz boosted frame. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:053204. [PMID: 27966999 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.053204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For certain classes of relativistic plasma problems, performing numerical calculations in a Lorentz boosted frame can be even more advantageous for gridded momentum-space-time (e.g., Vlasov) problems than has been demonstrated for position space-time problems and result in a potential reduction in the number of calculations needed by a factor ∼γ_{b}^{6}. In this study, the Lorentz boosted frame technique was applied to the problem of warm wave-breaking limits of plasma waves with relativistic phase velocity. The numerical results are consistent with analytic conclusions. By appropriate normalization and for sufficiently warm plasma, the dynamics for the Vlasov equation in different Lorentz frames were found to be independent of γ_{p}.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G R Thomas
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; and Physics Department, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
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3
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Schroeder CB, Esarey E. Relativistic warm plasma theory of nonlinear laser-driven electron plasma waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:056403. [PMID: 20866340 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.056403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A relativistic, warm fluid model of a nonequilibrium, collisionless plasma is developed and applied to examine nonlinear Langmuir waves excited by relativistically intense, short-pulse lasers. Closure of the covariant fluid theory is obtained via an asymptotic expansion assuming a nonrelativistic plasma temperature. The momentum spread is calculated in the presence of an intense laser field and shown to be intrinsically anisotropic. Coupling between the transverse and longitudinal momentum variances is enabled by the laser field. A generalized dispersion relation is derived for Langmuir waves in a thermal plasma in the presence of an intense laser field. Including thermal fluctuations in three-velocity-space dimensions, the properties of the nonlinear electron plasma wave, such as the plasma temperature evolution and nonlinear wavelength, are examined and the maximum amplitude of the nonlinear oscillation is derived. The presence of a relativistically intense laser pulse is shown to strongly influence the maximum plasma wave amplitude for nonrelativistic phase velocities owing to the coupling between the longitudinal and transverse momentum variances.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Schroeder
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Sengupta S, Saxena V, Kaw PK, Sen A, Das A. Phase mixing of relativistically intense waves in a cold homogeneous plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:026404. [PMID: 19391852 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.026404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on spatiotemporal evolution of relativistically intense longitudinal electron plasma waves in a cold homogeneous plasma, using the physically appealing Dawson sheet model. Calculations presented here in the weakly relativistic limit clearly show that under very general initial conditions, a relativistic wave will always phase mix and eventually break at arbitrarily low amplitudes, in a time scale omegapetaumix approximately {3/64(omegape2delta3/c2k2)|Deltak/k|(|1+Deltak/k|)](1+1|1+Deltak/k|)}(-1). We have verified this scaling with respect to amplitude of perturbation delta and width of the spectrum (Deltakk) using numerical simulations. This result may be of relevance to ultrashort, ultraintense laser pulse-plasma interaction experiments where relativistically intense waves are excited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Sengupta
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382 428, India.
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5
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Oz E, Deng S, Katsouleas T, Muggli P, Barnes CD, Blumenfeld I, Decker FJ, Emma P, Hogan MJ, Ischebeck R, Iverson RH, Kirby N, Krejcik P, O'Connell C, Siemann RH, Walz D, Auerbach D, Clayton CE, Huang C, Johnson DK, Joshi C, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, Zhou M. Ionization-induced electron trapping in ultrarelativistic plasma wakes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:084801. [PMID: 17359103 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.084801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The onset of trapping of electrons born inside a highly relativistic, 3D beam-driven plasma wake is investigated. Trapping occurs in the transition regions of a Li plasma confined by He gas. Li plasma electrons support the wake, and higher ionization potential He atoms are ionized as the beam is focused by Li ions and can be trapped. As the wake amplitude is increased, the onset of trapping is observed. Some electrons gain up to 7.6 GeV in a 30.5 cm plasma. The experimentally inferred trapping threshold is at a wake amplitude of 36 GV/m, in good agreement with an analytical model and PIC simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oz
- Department of Electrophysics and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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6
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Schroeder CB, Esarey E, Shadwick BA. Warm wave breaking of nonlinear plasma waves with arbitrary phase velocities. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:055401. [PMID: 16383678 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.055401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A warm, relativistic fluid theory of a nonequilibrium, collisionless plasma is developed to analyze nonlinear plasma waves excited by intense drive beams. The maximum amplitude and wavelength are calculated for nonrelativistic plasma temperatures and arbitrary plasma wave phase velocities. The maximum amplitude is shown to increase in the presence of a laser field. These results set a limit to the achievable gradient in plasma-based accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Schroeder
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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7
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Dieckmann ME. Particle simulation of an ultrarelativistic two-stream instability. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:155001. [PMID: 15904153 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.155001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A two-stream instability in an unmagnetized plasma is examined by a particle-in-cell simulation. Each beam initially consists of cold electrons and protons that stream at a relative Lorentz factor 100. This is representative for plasma close to the external shocks of gamma-ray bursts. An electrostatic wave develops which saturates by trapping electrons. This wave collapses and the resulting electrostatic turbulence gives an electron momentum distribution that resembles a power law with a spectral break. Some electrons reach Lorentz factors over 1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Dieckmann
- Department of Theoretical Space and Astrophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Suk H, Barov N, Rosenzweig JB, Esarey E. Plasma electron trapping and acceleration in a plasma wake field using a density transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:1011-1014. [PMID: 11177997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new scheme for plasma electron injection into an acceleration phase of a plasma wake field is presented. In this scheme, a single, short electron pulse travels through an underdense plasma with a sharp, localized, downward density transition. Near this transition, a number of background plasma electrons are trapped in the plasma wake field, due to the rapid wavelength increase of the induced wake wave in this region. The viability of this scheme is verified using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. To investigate the trapping and acceleration mechanisms further, a 1D Hamiltonian analysis, as well as 1D simulations, has been performed, with the results presented and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Rosenzweig JB, Breizman B, Katsouleas T, Su JJ. Acceleration and focusing of electrons in two-dimensional nonlinear plasma wake fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1991; 44:R6189-R6192. [PMID: 9905840 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.r6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Krall J, Joyce G, Esarey E. Vlasov simulations of very-large-amplitude-wave generation in the plasma wake-field accelerator. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 44:6854-6861. [PMID: 9905812 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.6854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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11
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Nishida Y, Okazaki T, Yugami N, Nagasawa T. Excitation of large-amplitude ion-wave wake fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 66:2328-2331. [PMID: 10043457 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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12
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Ting A, Esarey E, Sprangle P. Nonlinear wake‐field generation and relativistic focusing of intense laser pulses in plasmas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.859561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Rosenzweig JB. Multiple-fluid models for plasma wake-field phenomena. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1989; 40:5249-5255. [PMID: 9902790 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.40.5249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rosenzweig JB, Schoessow P, Cole B, Gai W, Konecny R, Norem J, Simpson J. Experimental measurement of nonlinear plasma wake fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1989; 39:1586-1589. [PMID: 9901409 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.39.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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