1
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Li F, Dalichaouch TN, Pierce JR, Xu X, Tsung FS, Lu W, Joshi C, Mori WB. Ultrabright Electron Bunch Injection in a Plasma Wakefield Driven by a Superluminal Flying Focus Electron Beam. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:174803. [PMID: 35570446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.174803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new method for self-injection of high-quality electron bunches in the plasma wakefield structure in the blowout regime utilizing a "flying focus" produced by a drive beam with an energy chirp. In a flying focus the speed of the density centroid of the drive bunch can be superluminal or subluminal by utilizing the chromatic dependence of the focusing optics. We first derive the focal velocity and the characteristic length of the focal spot in terms of the focal length and an energy chirp. We then demonstrate using multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations that a wake driven by a superluminally propagating flying focus of an electron beam can generate GeV-level electron bunches with ultralow normalized slice emittance (∼30 nm rad), high current (∼17 kA), low slice energy spread (∼0.1%), and therefore high normalized brightness (>10^{19} A/m^{2}/rad^{2}) in a plasma of density ∼10^{19} cm^{-3}. The injection process is highly controllable and tunable by changing the focal velocity and shaping the drive beam current. Near-term experiments at FACET II where the capabilities to generate tens of kA, <10 fs drivers are planned, could potentially produce beams with brightness near 10^{20} A/m^{2}/rad^{2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - T N Dalichaouch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J R Pierce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - X Xu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - F S Tsung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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2
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Ellis IN, Strozzi DJ, Mori WB, Li F, Graziani FR. Stopping-power enhancement from discrete particle-wake correlations in high-energy-density plasmas. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:035203. [PMID: 34654072 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.035203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) simulations of electron beams propagating in high-energy-density plasmas using the quasistatic Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code QuickPIC demonstrate a significant increase in stopping power when beam electrons mutually interact via their wakes. Each beam electron excites a plasma wave wake of wavelength ∼2πc/ω_{pe}, where c is the speed of light and ω_{pe} is the background plasma frequency. We show that a discrete collection of electrons undergoes a beam-plasma-like instability caused by mutual particle-wake interactions that causes electrons to bunch in the beam, even for beam densities n_{b} for which fluid theory breaks down. This bunching enhances the beam's stopping power, which we call "correlated stopping," and the effect increases with the "correlation number" N_{b}≡n_{b}(c/ω_{pe})^{3}. For example, a beam of monoenergetic 9.7 MeV electrons with N_{b}=1/8, in a cold background plasma with n_{e}=10^{26}cm^{-3} (450 g cm^{-3} DT), has a stopping power of 2.28±0.04 times the single-electron value, which increases to 1220±5 for N_{b}=64. The beam also experiences transverse filamentation, which eventually limits the stopping enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Ellis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D J Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F R Graziani
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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3
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Shaw JL, Romo-Gonzalez MA, Lemos N, King PM, Bruhaug G, Miller KG, Dorrer C, Kruschwitz B, Waxer L, Williams GJ, Ambat MV, McKie MM, Sinclair MD, Mori WB, Joshi C, Chen H, Palastro JP, Albert F, Froula DH. Microcoulomb (0.7 ± [Formula: see text] μC) laser plasma accelerator on OMEGA EP. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7498. [PMID: 33820945 PMCID: PMC8021563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) driven by picosecond-scale, kilojoule-class lasers can generate particle beams and x-ray sources that could be utilized in experiments driven by multi-kilojoule, high-energy-density science (HEDS) drivers such as the OMEGA laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) or the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This paper reports on the development of the first LPA driven by a short-pulse, kilojoule-class laser (OMEGA EP) connected to a multi-kilojoule HEDS driver (OMEGA). In experiments, electron beams were produced with electron energies greater than 200 MeV, divergences as low as 32 mrad, charge greater than 700 nC, and conversion efficiencies from laser energy to electron energy up to 11%. The electron beam charge scales with both the normalized vector potential and plasma density. These electron beams show promise as a method to generate MeV-class radiography sources and improved-flux broadband x-ray sources at HEDS drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Shaw
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - M. A. Romo-Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
- California State University Stanislaus, Turlock, CA 95382 USA
| | - N. Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - P. M. King
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705 USA
| | - G. Bruhaug
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - K. G. Miller
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C. Dorrer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - B. Kruschwitz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - L. Waxer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - G. J. Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - M. V. Ambat
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - M. M. McKie
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - M. D. Sinclair
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - W. B. Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C. Joshi
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - J. P. Palastro
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - F. Albert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - D. H. Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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4
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Higginson A, Zhang S, Bailly-Grandvaux M, McGuffey C, Bhutwala K, Winjum BJ, Strehlow J, Edghill B, Dozières M, Tsung FS, Lee R, Andrews S, Spencer SJ, Lemos N, Albert F, King P, Wei MS, Mori WB, Manuel MJE, Beg FN. Electron acceleration at oblique angles via stimulated Raman scattering at laser irradiance >10^{16}Wcm^{-2}μm^{2}. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:033203. [PMID: 33862755 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.033203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The generation of hot, directional electrons via laser-driven stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a topic of great importance in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) schemes. Little recent research has been dedicated to this process at high laser intensity, in which back, side, and forward scatter simultaneously occur in high energy density plasmas, of relevance to, for example, shock ignition ICF. We present an experimental and particle-in-cell (PIC) investigation of hot electron production from SRS in the forward and near-forward directions from a single speckle laser of wavelength λ_{0}=1.053μm, peak laser intensities in the range I_{0}=0.2-1.0×10^{17}Wcm^{-2} and target electron densities between n_{e}=0.3-1.6%n_{c}, where n_{c} is the plasma critical density. As the intensity and density are increased, the hot electron spectrum changes from a sharp cutoff to an extended spectrum with a slope temperature T=34±1keV and maximum measured energy of 350 keV experimentally. Multidimensional PIC simulations indicate that the high energy electrons are primarily generated from SRS-driven electron plasma wave phase fronts with k vectors angled ∼50^{∘} with respect to the laser axis. These results are consistent with analytical arguments that the spatial gain is maximized at an angle which balances the tendency for the growth rate to be larger for larger scattered light wave angles until the kinetic damping of the plasma wave becomes important. The efficiency of generated high energy electrons drops significantly with a reduction in either laser intensity or target electron density, which is a result of the rapid drop in growth rate of Raman scattering at angles in the forward direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Higginson
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - M Bailly-Grandvaux
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - C McGuffey
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - K Bhutwala
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - B J Winjum
- Office of Advanced Research Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Strehlow
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - B Edghill
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - M Dozières
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - F S Tsung
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - R Lee
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - S Andrews
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S J Spencer
- Centre for Fusion, Space, and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - N Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Albert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P King
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M S Wei
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M J-E Manuel
- General Atomics, Inertial Fusion Technologies, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - F N Beg
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
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5
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Alves EP, Mori WB, Fiuza F. Numerical heating in particle-in-cell simulations with Monte Carlo binary collisions. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:013306. [PMID: 33601593 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.013306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The binary Monte Carlo (MC) collision algorithm is a standard and robust method to include binary Coulomb collision effects in particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of plasmas. Here we show that the coupling between PIC and MC algorithms can give rise to (nonphysical) numerical heating of the system that significantly exceeds that observed when these algorithms operate independently. We argue that this deleterious effect results from an inconsistency between the particle motion associated with MC collisions and the work performed by the collective electromagnetic field on the PIC grid. This inconsistency manifests as the (artificial) stochastic production of electromagnetic energy, which ultimately heats the plasma particles. The MC-induced numerical heating can significantly impact the evolution of the simulated system for long simulation times (≳10^{3} collision periods, for typical numerical parameters). We describe the source of the MC-induced numerical heating analytically and discuss strategies to minimize it.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Alves
- High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Fiuza
- High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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6
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Wan Y, Andriyash IA, Lu W, Mori WB, Malka V. Effects of the Transverse Instability and Wave Breaking on the Laser-Driven Thin Foil Acceleration. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:104801. [PMID: 32955303 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acceleration of ultrathin foils by the laser radiation pressure promises a compact alternative to the conventional ion sources. Among the challenges on the way to practical realization, one fundamental is a strong transverse plasma instability, which develops density perturbations and breaks the acceleration. In this Letter, we develop a theoretical model supported by three-dimensional numerical simulations to explain the transverse instability growth from noise to wave breaking and its crucial effect on stopping the acceleration. The wave-broken nonlinear mode triggers rapid stochastic heating that finally explodes the target. Possible paths to mitigate this problem for getting efficient ion acceleration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - I A Andriyash
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W B Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - V Malka
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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7
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San Miguel Claveria P, Adli E, Amorim LD, An W, Clayton CE, Corde S, Gessner S, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Kononenko O, Litos M, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, O'Shea B, Raj G, Storey D, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, White G, Xu X, Yakimenko V. Betatron radiation and emittance growth in plasma wakefield accelerators. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20180173. [PMID: 31230577 PMCID: PMC6602914 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) has demonstrated significant progress during the past two decades of research. The new Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET) II, currently under construction, will provide 10 GeV electron beams with unprecedented parameters for the next generation of PWFA experiments. In the context of the FACET II facility, we present simulation results on expected betatron radiation and its potential application to diagnose emittance preservation and hosing instability in the upcoming PWFA experiments. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. San Miguel Claveria
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - E. Adli
- University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - L. D. Amorim
- Stonybrook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - W. An
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C. E. Clayton
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S. Corde
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - M. J. Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - C. Joshi
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - O. Kononenko
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - M. Litos
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - W. Lu
- Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China
| | - K. A. Marsh
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W. B. Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - B. O'Shea
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - G. Raj
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - D. Storey
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - G. White
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xinlu Xu
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - V. Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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8
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Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Amorim LD, Adli E, An W, Clarke CI, Clayton CE, Corde S, Gessner S, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Kononenko O, Lindstrøm CA, Litos M, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, San Miguel Claveria P, O'Shea B, Raj G, Storey D, White G, Xu X, Yakimenko V. Producing multi-coloured bunches through beam-induced ionization injection in plasma wakefield accelerator. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20180184. [PMID: 31230576 PMCID: PMC6602915 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the properties of electron beams formed in plasma wakefield accelerators through ionization injection. In particular, the potential for generating a beam composed of co-located multi-colour beamlets is demonstrated in the case where the ionization is initiated by the evolving charge field of the drive beam itself. The physics of the processes of ionization and injection are explored through OSIRIS simulations. Experimental evidence showing similar features are presented from the data obtained in the E217 experiment at the FACET facility of the SLAC National Laboratory. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. D. Amorim
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - E. Adli
- University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - W. An
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C. I. Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - C. E. Clayton
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S. Corde
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91762, France
| | | | - S. Z. Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - M. J. Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - C. Joshi
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - O. Kononenko
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91762, France
| | | | - M. Litos
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - W. Lu
- Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China
| | - K. A. Marsh
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W. B. Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - P. San Miguel Claveria
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91762, France
| | - B. O'Shea
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - G. Raj
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91762, France
| | - D. Storey
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - G. White
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xinlu Xu
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - V. Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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9
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Wu YP, Hua JF, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Liu S, Peng B, Fang Y, Nie Z, Ning XN, Pai CH, Du YC, Lu W, Zhang CJ, Mori WB, Joshi C. Phase Space Dynamics of a Plasma Wakefield Dechirper for Energy Spread Reduction. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:204804. [PMID: 31172777 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.204804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-based accelerators have made impressive progress in recent years. However, the beam energy spread obtained in these accelerators is still at the ∼1% level, nearly one order of magnitude larger than what is needed for challenging applications like coherent light sources or colliders. In plasma accelerators, the beam energy spread is mainly dominated by its energy chirp (longitudinally correlated energy spread). Here we demonstrate that when an initially chirped electron beam from a linac with a proper current profile is sent through a low-density plasma structure, the self-wake of the beam can significantly reduce its energy chirp and the overall energy spread. The resolution-limited energy spectrum measurements show at least a threefold reduction of the beam energy spread from 1.28% to 0.41% FWHM with a dechirping strength of ∼1 (MV/m)/(mm pC). Refined time-resolved phase space measurements, combined with high-fidelity three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, further indicate the real energy spread after the dechirper is only about 0.13% (FWHM), a factor of 10 reduction of the initial energy spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Z Zhou
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - S Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B Peng
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Fang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Z Nie
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - X N Ning
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y C Du
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C J Zhang
- University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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10
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Wan Y, Pai CH, Zhang CJ, Li F, Wu YP, Hua JF, Lu W, Joshi C, Mori WB, Malka V. Physical mechanism of the electron-ion coupled transverse instability in laser pressure ion acceleration for different regimes. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:013202. [PMID: 30110864 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.013202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In radiation pressure ion acceleration (RPA) research, the transverse stability within laser plasma interaction has been a long-standing, crucial problem over the past decades. In this paper, we present a one-dimensional two-fluid theory extended from a recent work Wan et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 234801 (2016)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.117.234801 to clearly clarify the origin of the intrinsic transverse instability in the RPA process. It is demonstrated that the purely growing density fluctuations are more likely induced due to the strong coupling between the fast oscillating electrons and quasistatic ions via the ponderomotive force with spatial variations. The theory contains a full analysis of both electrostatic (ES) and electromagnetic modes and confirms that the ES mode actually dominates the whole RPA process at the early linear stage. By using this theory one can predict the mode structure and growth rate of the transverse instability in terms of a wide range of laser plasma parameters. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are systematically carried out to verify the theory and formulas in different regimes, and good agreements have been obtained, indicating that the electron-ion coupled instability is the major factor that contributes the transverse breakup of the target in RPA process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C J Zhang
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Li
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C Joshi
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - V Malka
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA-CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, UMR7639, 91761 Palaiseau, France
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11
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Luo J, Chen M, Wu WY, Weng SM, Sheng ZM, Schroeder CB, Jaroszynski DA, Esarey E, Leemans WP, Mori WB, Zhang J. Multistage Coupling of Laser-Wakefield Accelerators with Curved Plasma Channels. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:154801. [PMID: 29756877 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.154801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multistage coupling of laser-wakefield accelerators is essential to overcome laser energy depletion for high-energy applications such as TeV-level electron-positron colliders. Current staging schemes feed subsequent laser pulses into stages using plasma mirrors while controlling electron beam focusing with plasma lenses. Here a more compact and efficient scheme is proposed to realize the simultaneous coupling of the electron beam and the laser pulse into a second stage. A partly curved channel, integrating a straight acceleration stage with a curved transition segment, is used to guide a fresh laser pulse into a subsequent straight channel, while the electrons continue straight. This scheme benefits from a shorter coupling distance and continuous guiding of the electrons in plasma while suppressing transverse beam dispersion. Particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate that the electron beam from a previous stage can be efficiently injected into a subsequent stage for further acceleration while maintaining high capture efficiency, stability, and beam quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luo
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - M Chen
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - W Y Wu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - S M Weng
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Z M Sheng
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - C B Schroeder
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D A Jaroszynski
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - E Esarey
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W P Leemans
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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12
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Lindstrøm CA, Adli E, Allen JM, An W, Beekman C, Clarke CI, Clayton CE, Corde S, Doche A, Frederico J, Gessner SJ, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Litos M, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, O'Shea BD, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Yakimenko V. Measurement of Transverse Wakefields Induced by a Misaligned Positron Bunch in a Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:124802. [PMID: 29694092 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.124802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hollow channel plasma wakefield acceleration is a proposed method to provide high acceleration gradients for electrons and positrons alike: a key to future lepton colliders. However, beams which are misaligned from the channel axis induce strong transverse wakefields, deflecting beams and reducing the collider luminosity. This undesirable consequence sets a tight constraint on the alignment accuracy of the beam propagating through the channel. Direct measurements of beam misalignment-induced transverse wakefields are therefore essential for designing mitigation strategies. We present the first quantitative measurements of transverse wakefields in a hollow plasma channel, induced by an off-axis 20 GeV positron bunch, and measured with another 20 GeV lower charge trailing positron probe bunch. The measurements are largely consistent with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lindstrøm
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - E Adli
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - J M Allen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W An
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Beekman
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - C I Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C E Clayton
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - S Corde
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Doche
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - J Frederico
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S J Gessner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Z Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Litos
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - W Lu
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - K A Marsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - B D O'Shea
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - N Vafaei-Najafabadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - V Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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13
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Doche A, Beekman C, Corde S, Allen JM, Clarke CI, Frederico J, Gessner SJ, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, O'Shea B, Yakimenko V, An W, Clayton CE, Joshi C, Marsh KA, Mori WB, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Litos MD, Adli E, Lindstrøm CA, Lu W. Acceleration of a trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14180. [PMID: 29079817 PMCID: PMC5660186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High gradients of energy gain and high energy efficiency are necessary parameters for compact, cost-efficient and high-energy particle colliders. Plasma Wakefield Accelerators (PWFA) offer both, making them attractive candidates for next-generation colliders. In these devices, a charge-density plasma wave is excited by an ultra-relativistic bunch of charged particles (the drive bunch). The energy in the wave can be extracted by a second bunch (the trailing bunch), as this bunch propagates in the wake of the drive bunch. While a trailing electron bunch was accelerated in a plasma with more than a gigaelectronvolt of energy gain, accelerating a trailing positron bunch in a plasma is much more challenging as the plasma response can be asymmetric for positrons and electrons. We report the demonstration of the energy gain by a distinct trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator, spanning nonlinear to quasi-linear regimes, and unveil the beam loading process underlying the accelerator energy efficiency. A positron bunch is used to drive the plasma wake in the experiment, though the quasi-linear wake structure could as easily be formed by an electron bunch or a laser driver. The results thus mark the first acceleration of a distinct positron bunch in plasma-based particle accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doche
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91762, Palaiseau, France.
| | - C Beekman
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91762, Palaiseau, France
| | - S Corde
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91762, Palaiseau, France.
| | - J M Allen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - C I Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - J Frederico
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S J Gessner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S Z Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - B O'Shea
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - V Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - W An
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - C E Clayton
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - K A Marsh
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - M D Litos
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - E Adli
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - C A Lindstrøm
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
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14
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Zhang CJ, Hua JF, Wan Y, Pai CH, Guo B, Zhang J, Ma Y, Li F, Wu YP, Chu HH, Gu YQ, Xu XL, Mori WB, Joshi C, Wang J, Lu W. Femtosecond Probing of Plasma Wakefields and Observation of the Plasma Wake Reversal Using a Relativistic Electron Bunch. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:064801. [PMID: 28949606 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.064801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that a high-energy electron bunch can be used to capture the instantaneous longitudinal and transverse field structures of the highly transient, microscopic, laser-excited relativistic wake with femtosecond resolution. The spatiotemporal evolution of wakefields in a plasma density up ramp is measured and the reversal of the plasma wake, where the wake wavelength at a particular point in space increases until the wake disappears completely only to reappear at a later time but propagating in the opposite direction, is observed for the first time by using this new technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B Guo
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Ma
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - H-H Chu
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhong-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Y Q Gu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - X L Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhong-Li 32001, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IFSA Collaborative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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15
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Shaw JL, Lemos N, Amorim LD, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Marsh KA, Tsung FS, Mori WB, Joshi C. Role of Direct Laser Acceleration of Electrons in a Laser Wakefield Accelerator with Ionization Injection. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:064801. [PMID: 28234524 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.064801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We show the first experimental demonstration that electrons being accelerated in a laser wakefield accelerator operating in the forced or blowout regimes gain significant energy from both the direct laser acceleration (DLA) and the laser wakefield acceleration mechanisms. Supporting full-scale 3D particle-in-cell simulations elucidate the role of the DLA of electrons in a laser wakefield accelerator when ionization injection of electrons is employed. An explanation is given for how electrons can maintain the DLA resonance condition in a laser wakefield accelerator despite the evolving properties of both the drive laser and the electrons. The produced electron beams exhibit characteristic features that are indicative of DLA as an additional acceleration mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Shaw
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - N Lemos
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - L D Amorim
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Physics and Astronomy, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N Vafaei-Najafabadi
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K A Marsh
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F S Tsung
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Physics and Astronomy, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Physics and Astronomy, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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16
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Wan Y, Pai CH, Zhang CJ, Li F, Wu YP, Hua JF, Lu W, Gu YQ, Silva LO, Joshi C, Mori WB. Physical Mechanism of the Transverse Instability in Radiation Pressure Ion Acceleration. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:234801. [PMID: 27982647 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.234801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The transverse stability of the target is crucial for obtaining high quality ion beams using the laser radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) mechanism. In this Letter, a theoretical model and supporting two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are presented to clarify the physical mechanism of the transverse instability observed in the RPA process. It is shown that the density ripples of the target foil are mainly induced by the coupling between the transverse oscillating electrons and the quasistatic ions, a mechanism similar to the oscillating two stream instability in the inertial confinement fusion research. The predictions of the mode structure and the growth rates from the theory agree well with the results obtained from the PIC simulations in various regimes, indicating the model contains the essence of the underlying physics of the transverse breakup of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Y Q Gu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - L O Silva
- GoLP/instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Joshi
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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17
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Clayton CE, Adli E, Allen J, An W, Clarke CI, Corde S, Frederico J, Gessner S, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Litos M, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Xu X, Yakimenko V. Self-mapping the longitudinal field structure of a nonlinear plasma accelerator cavity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12483. [PMID: 27527569 PMCID: PMC4990705 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of emittance of the accelerating beam is the next challenge for plasma-based accelerators envisioned for future light sources and colliders. The field structure of a highly nonlinear plasma wake is potentially suitable for this purpose but has not been yet measured. Here we show that the longitudinal variation of the fields in a nonlinear plasma wakefield accelerator cavity produced by a relativistic electron bunch can be mapped using the bunch itself as a probe. We find that, for much of the cavity that is devoid of plasma electrons, the transverse force is constant longitudinally to within ±3% (r.m.s.). Moreover, comparison of experimental data and simulations has resulted in mapping of the longitudinal electric field of the unloaded wake up to 83 GV m(-1) to a similar degree of accuracy. These results bode well for high-gradient, high-efficiency acceleration of electron bunches while preserving their emittance in such a cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Clayton
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - E Adli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - J Allen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W An
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C I Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Corde
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91762, France
| | - J Frederico
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Gessner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Z Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Litos
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - K A Marsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - N Vafaei-Najafabadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - X Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - V Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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18
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Xu XL, Pai CH, Zhang CJ, Li F, Wan Y, Wu YP, Hua JF, Lu W, An W, Yu P, Joshi C, Mori WB. Nanoscale Electron Bunching in Laser-Triggered Ionization Injection in Plasma Accelerators. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:034801. [PMID: 27472116 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.034801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionization injection is attractive as a controllable injection scheme for generating high quality electron beams using plasma-based wakefield acceleration. Because of the phase-dependent tunneling ionization rate and the trapping dynamics within a nonlinear wake, the discrete injection of electrons within the wake is nonlinearly mapped to a discrete final phase space structure of the beam at the location where the electrons are trapped. This phenomenon is theoretically analyzed and examined by three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations which show that three-dimensional effects limit the wave number of the modulation to between >2k_{0} and about 5k_{0}, where k_{0} is the wave number of the injection laser. Such a nanoscale bunched beam can be diagnosed by and used to generate coherent transition radiation and may find use in generating high-power ultraviolet radiation upon passage through a resonant undulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Xu
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - W An
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P Yu
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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19
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Zhang CJ, Hua JF, Xu XL, Li F, Pai CH, Wan Y, Wu YP, Gu YQ, Mori WB, Joshi C, Lu W. Capturing relativistic wakefield structures in plasmas using ultrashort high-energy electrons as a probe. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29485. [PMID: 27403561 PMCID: PMC4939525 DOI: 10.1038/srep29485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method capable of capturing coherent electric field structures propagating at nearly the speed of light in plasma with a time resolution as small as a few femtoseconds is proposed. This method uses a few femtoseconds long relativistic electron bunch to probe the wake produced in a plasma by an intense laser pulse or an ultra-short relativistic charged particle beam. As the probe bunch traverses the wake, its momentum is modulated by the electric field of the wake, leading to a density variation of the probe after free-space propagation. This variation of probe density produces a snapshot of the wake that can directly give many useful information of the wake structure and its evolution. Furthermore, this snapshot allows detailed mapping of the longitudinal and transverse components of the wakefield. We develop a theoretical model for field reconstruction and verify it using 3-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. This model can accurately reconstruct the wakefield structure in the linear regime, and it can also qualitatively map the major features of nonlinear wakes. The capturing of the injection in a nonlinear wake is demonstrated through 3D PIC simulations as an example of the application of this new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.,IFSA Collaborative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - X L Xu
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Q Gu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,IFSA Collaborative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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20
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Xu XL, Hua JF, Wu YP, Zhang CJ, Li F, Wan Y, Pai CH, Lu W, An W, Yu P, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Mori WB. Physics of Phase Space Matching for Staging Plasma and Traditional Accelerator Components Using Longitudinally Tailored Plasma Profiles. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:124801. [PMID: 27058082 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.124801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phase space matching between two plasma-based accelerator (PBA) stages and between a PBA and a traditional accelerator component is a critical issue for emittance preservation. The drastic differences of the transverse focusing strengths as the beam propagates between stages and components may lead to a catastrophic emittance growth even when there is a small energy spread. We propose using the linear focusing forces from nonlinear wakes in longitudinally tailored plasma density profiles to control phase space matching between sections with negligible emittance growth. Several profiles are considered and theoretical analysis and particle-in-cell simulations show how these structures may work in four different scenarios. Good agreement between theory and simulation is obtained, and it is found that the adiabatic approximation misses important physics even for long profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - W An
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P Yu
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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21
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Corde S, Adli E, Allen JM, An W, Clarke CI, Clayton CE, Delahaye JP, Frederico J, Gessner S, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Lipkowitz N, Litos M, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, Schmeltz M, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Walz D, Yakimenko V, Yocky G. Multi-gigaelectronvolt acceleration of positrons in a self-loaded plasma wakefield. Nature 2015; 524:442-5. [PMID: 26310764 DOI: 10.1038/nature14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrical breakdown sets a limit on the kinetic energy that particles in a conventional radio-frequency accelerator can reach. New accelerator concepts must be developed to achieve higher energies and to make future particle colliders more compact and affordable. The plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) embodies one such concept, in which the electric field of a plasma wake excited by a bunch of charged particles (such as electrons) is used to accelerate a trailing bunch of particles. To apply plasma acceleration to electron-positron colliders, it is imperative that both the electrons and their antimatter counterpart, the positrons, are efficiently accelerated at high fields using plasmas. Although substantial progress has recently been reported on high-field, high-efficiency acceleration of electrons in a PWFA powered by an electron bunch, such an electron-driven wake is unsuitable for the acceleration and focusing of a positron bunch. Here we demonstrate a new regime of PWFAs where particles in the front of a single positron bunch transfer their energy to a substantial number of those in the rear of the same bunch by exciting a wakefield in the plasma. In the process, the accelerating field is altered--'self-loaded'--so that about a billion positrons gain five gigaelectronvolts of energy with a narrow energy spread over a distance of just 1.3 metres. They extract about 30 per cent of the wake's energy and form a spectrally distinct bunch with a root-mean-square energy spread as low as 1.8 per cent. This ability to transfer energy efficiently from the front to the rear within a single positron bunch makes the PWFA scheme very attractive as an energy booster to an electron-positron collider.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Corde
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - E Adli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - J M Allen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W An
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C I Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C E Clayton
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J P Delahaye
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Frederico
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Gessner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Z Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - N Lipkowitz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Litos
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - K A Marsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Schmeltz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - N Vafaei-Najafabadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D Walz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Yocky
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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22
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Pollock BB, Tsung FS, Albert F, Shaw JL, Clayton CE, Davidson A, Lemos N, Marsh KA, Pak A, Ralph JE, Mori WB, Joshi C. Formation of Ultrarelativistic Electron Rings from a Laser-Wakefield Accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:055004. [PMID: 26274427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.055004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrarelativistic-energy electron ring structures have been observed from laser-wakefield acceleration experiments in the blowout regime. These electron rings had 170-280 MeV energies with 5%-25% energy spread and ∼10 pC of charge and were observed over a range of plasma densities and compositions. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that laser intensity enhancement in the wake leads to sheath splitting and the formation of a hollow toroidal pocket in the electron density around the wake behind the first wake period. If the laser propagates over a distance greater than the ideal dephasing length, some of the dephasing electrons in the second period can become trapped within the pocket and form an ultrarelativistic electron ring that propagates in free space over a meter-scale distance upon exiting the plasma. Such a structure acts as a relativistic potential well, which has applications for accelerating positively charged particles such as positrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F S Tsung
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Albert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J L Shaw
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C E Clayton
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - A Davidson
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - N Lemos
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K A Marsh
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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23
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Zeng M, Chen M, Yu LL, Mori WB, Sheng ZM, Hidding B, Jaroszynski DA, Zhang J. Multichromatic narrow-energy-spread electron bunches from laser-wakefield acceleration with dual-color lasers. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:084801. [PMID: 25768765 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.084801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A method based on laser wakefield acceleration with controlled ionization injection triggered by another frequency-tripled laser is proposed, which can produce electron bunches with low energy spread. As two color pulses copropagate in the background plasma, the peak amplitude of the combined laser field is modulated in time and space during the laser propagation due to the plasma dispersion. Ionization injection occurs when the peak amplitude exceeds a certain threshold. The threshold is exceeded for limited duration periodically at different propagation distances, leading to multiple ionization injections and separated electron bunches. The method is demonstrated through multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Such electron bunches may be used to generate multichromatic x-ray sources for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - M Chen
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - L L Yu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Z M Sheng
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - B Hidding
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - D A Jaroszynski
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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24
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Tzoufras M, Tsung FS, Mori WB, Sahai AA. Improving the self-guiding of an ultraintense laser by tailoring its longitudinal profile. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:245001. [PMID: 25541774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.245001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-guiding of an ultraintense laser requires the refractive index to build up rapidly to a sufficient value before the main body of the pulse passes by. We show that placing a low-intensity precursor in front of the main pulse mitigates the diffraction of its leading edge and facilitates reaching a self-guided state that remains stable for more than 10 Rayleigh lengths. Furthermore, this precursor slows the phase slippage between the trapped electrons and the wakefield and leads to an accelerating structure that is more stable, contains more energy, and is sustained longer. Examples from three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the conversion efficiency from the laser to the self-trapped electrons increases by an order of magnitude when using the precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tzoufras
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F S Tsung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - A A Sahai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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25
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Litos M, Adli E, An W, Clarke CI, Clayton CE, Corde S, Delahaye JP, England RJ, Fisher AS, Frederico J, Gessner S, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, Muggli P, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Walz D, White G, Wu Z, Yakimenko V, Yocky G. High-efficiency acceleration of an electron beam in a plasma wakefield accelerator. Nature 2014; 515:92-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Li FY, Sheng ZM, Chen M, Yu LL, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Mori WB, Zhang J. Radially polarized, half-cycle, attosecond pulses from laser wakefields through coherent synchrotronlike radiation. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:043104. [PMID: 25375611 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.043104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond bursts of coherent synchrotronlike radiation are found when driving ultrathin relativistic electron disks in a quasi-one-dimensional regime of wakefield acceleration, in which the laser waist is larger than the wake wavelength. The disks of overcritical density shrink radially due to focusing wakefields, thus providing the transverse currents for the emission of an intense, radially polarized, half-cycle pulse of about 100 attoseconds in duration. The electromagnetic pulse first focuses to a peak intensity (7×10(20)W/cm(2)) 10 times larger than the driving pulse and then emerges as a conical beam. Basic dynamics of the radiative process are derived analytically and in agreement with particle-in-cell simulations. By making use of gas targets instead of solids to form the ultrathin disks, this method allows for high repetition rates required for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Li
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Z M Sheng
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China and SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - M Chen
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - L L Yu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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27
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Fang Y, Yakimenko VE, Babzien M, Fedurin M, Kusche KP, Malone R, Vieira J, Mori WB, Muggli P. Seeding of self-modulation instability of a long electron bunch in a plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:045001. [PMID: 24580460 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally that a relativistic electron bunch shaped with a sharp rising edge drives plasma wakefields with one to seven periods along the bunch as the plasma density is increased. The plasma density is varied in the 10(15)-10(17) cm(-3) range. The wakefields generation is observed after the plasma as a periodic modulation of the correlated energy spectrum of the incoming bunch. We choose a low bunch charge of 50 pC for optimum visibility of the modulation at all plasma densities. The longitudinal wakefields creating the modulation are in the MV/m range and are indirect evidence of the generation of transverse wakefields that can seed the self-modulation instability, although the instability does not grow significantly over the short plasma length (2 cm). We show that the seeding provides a phase reference for the wakefields, a necessary condition for the deterministic external injection of a witness bunch in an accelerator. This electron work supports the concept of similar experiments in the future, e.g., SMI experiments using long bunches of relativistic protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - V E Yakimenko
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, California 94309, USA
| | - M Babzien
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Fedurin
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York 11973, USA
| | - K P Kusche
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York 11973, USA
| | - R Malone
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P Muggli
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA and Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
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28
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Xu XL, Hua JF, Li F, Zhang CJ, Yan LX, Du YC, Huang WH, Chen HB, Tang CX, Lu W, Yu P, An W, Joshi C, Mori WB. Phase-space dynamics of ionization injection in plasma-based accelerators. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:035003. [PMID: 24484147 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.035003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of beam phase space in ionization injection into plasma wakefields is studied using theory and particle-in-cell simulations. The injection process involves both longitudinal and transverse phase mixing, leading initially to a rapid emittance growth followed by oscillation, decay, and a slow growth to saturation. An analytic theory for this evolution is presented and verified through particle-in-cell simulations. This theory includes the effects of injection distance (time), acceleration distance, wakefield structure, and nonlinear space charge forces, and it also shows how ultralow emittance beams can be produced using ionization injection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - L X Yan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y C Du
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W H Huang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - H B Chen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C X Tang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P Yu
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W An
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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29
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Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Marsh KA, Clayton CE, An W, Mori WB, Joshi C, Lu W, Adli E, Corde S, Litos M, Li S, Gessner S, Frederico J, Fisher AS, Wu Z, Walz D, England RJ, Delahaye JP, Clarke CI, Hogan MJ, Muggli P. Beam loading by distributed injection of electrons in a plasma wakefield accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:025001. [PMID: 24484020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show through experiments and supporting simulations that propagation of a highly relativistic and dense electron bunch through a plasma can lead to distributed injection of electrons, which depletes the accelerating field, i.e., beam loads the wake. The source of the injected electrons is ionization of the second electron of rubidium (Rb II) within the wake. This injection of excess charge is large enough to severely beam load the wake, and thereby reduce the transformer ratio T. The reduction of the average T with increasing beam loading is quantified for the first time by measuring the ratio of peak energy gain and loss of electrons while changing the beam emittance. Simulations show that beam loading by Rb II electrons contributes to the reduction of the peak accelerating field from its weakly loaded value of 43 GV/m to a strongly loaded value of 26 GV/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vafaei-Najafabadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K A Marsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C E Clayton
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W An
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Department of Physics and astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - W Lu
- Department of Physics and astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - E Adli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA and Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - S Corde
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Litos
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Gessner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Frederico
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A S Fisher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Wu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Walz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R J England
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J P Delahaye
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C I Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Muggli
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
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30
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Li F, Hua JF, Xu XL, Zhang CJ, Yan LX, Du YC, Huang WH, Chen HB, Tang CX, Lu W, Joshi C, Mori WB, Gu YQ. Generating high-brightness electron beams via ionization injection by transverse colliding lasers in a plasma-wakefield accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:015003. [PMID: 23863007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of ultrabright electron bunches using ionization injection triggered by two transversely colliding laser pulses inside a beam-driven plasma wake is examined via three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The relatively low intensity lasers are polarized along the wake axis and overlap with the wake for a very short time. The result is that the residual momentum of the ionized electrons in the transverse plane of the wake is reduced, and the injection is localized along the propagation axis of the wake. This minimizes both the initial thermal emittance and the emittance growth due to transverse phase mixing. Simulations show that ultrashort (~8 fs) high-current (0.4 kA) electron bunches with a normalized emittance of 8.5 and 6 nm in the two planes, respectively, and a brightness of 1.7×10(19) A rad(-2) m(-2) can be obtained for realistic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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31
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Winjum BJ, Fahlen JE, Tsung FS, Mori WB. Anomalously hot electrons due to rescatter of stimulated Raman scattering in the kinetic regime. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:165001. [PMID: 23679608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using particle-in-cell simulations, we examine hot electron generation from electron plasma waves excited by stimulated Raman scattering and rescattering in the kinetic regime where the wave number times the Debye length (kλ(D)) is >/~0.3 for backscatter. We find that for laser and plasma conditions of possible relevance to experiments at the National Ignition Facility, anomalously energetic electrons can be produced through the interaction of a discrete spectrum of plasma waves generated from stimulated Raman scattering (back and forward scatter), rescatter, and the Langmuir decay of the rescatter-generated plasma waves. Electrons are bootstrapped in energy as they propagate into plasma waves with progressively higher phase velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Winjum
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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32
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Abstract
Electron response in an intense laser is studied in the regime where the electron temperature is relativistic. Equations for laser envelope and plasma density evolution, both in the electron plasma wave and ion acoustic wave regimes, are rederived from the relativistic fluid equations to include relativistic plasma temperature effect. These equations are used to study short-pulse and long-pulse laser hosing instabilities using a variational method approach. The analysis shows that relativistic electron temperatures reduce the hosing growth rates and shift the fastest-growing modes to longer wavelengths. These results resolve a long-standing discrepancy between previous nonrelativistic theory and simulations or experiments on hosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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33
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Li FY, Sheng ZM, Liu Y, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Mori WB, Lu W, Zhang J. Dense attosecond electron sheets from laser wakefields using an up-ramp density transition. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:135002. [PMID: 23581329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.135002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Controlled electron injection into a laser-driven wakefield at a well defined space and time is reported based on particle-in-cell simulations. Key novel ingredients are an underdense plasma target with an up-ramp density profile followed by a plateau and a fairly large laser focus diameter that leads to an essentially one-dimensional (1D) regime of laser wakefield, which is different from the bubble (complete blowout) regime occurring for tightly focused drive beams. The up-ramp profile causes 1D wave breaking to occur sharply at the up-ramp-plateau transition. As a result, it generates an ultrathin (few nanometer, corresponding to attosecond duration), strongly overdense relativistic electron sheet that is injected and accelerated in the wakefield. A peaked electron energy spectrum and high charge (∼nC) distinguish the final sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Li
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MoE) and Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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34
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Fiuza F, Stockem A, Boella E, Fonseca RA, Silva LO, Haberberger D, Tochitsky S, Gong C, Mori WB, Joshi C. Laser-driven shock acceleration of monoenergetic ion beams. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:215001. [PMID: 23215596 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.215001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show that monoenergetic ion beams can be accelerated by moderate Mach number collisionless, electrostatic shocks propagating in a long scale-length exponentially decaying plasma profile. Strong plasma heating and density steepening produced by an intense laser pulse near the critical density can launch such shocks that propagate in the extended plasma at high velocities. The generation of a monoenergetic ion beam is possible due to the small and constant sheath electric field associated with the slowly decreasing density profile. The conditions for the acceleration of high-quality, energetic ion beams are identified through theory and multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The scaling of the ion energy with laser intensity shows that it is possible to generate ~200 MeV proton beams with state-of-the-art 100 TW class laser systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fiuza
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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35
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Abstract
The effects of plasma ion motion in self-modulated plasma-based accelerators are examined. An analytical model describing ion motion in the narrow beam limit is developed and confirmed through multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations. It is shown that the ion motion can lead to the early saturation of the self-modulation instability and to the suppression of the accelerating gradients. This can reduce the total energy that can be transformed into kinetic energy of accelerated particles. For the parameters of future proton-driven plasma accelerator experiments, the ion dynamics can have a strong impact. Possible methods to mitigate the effects of the ion motion in future experiments are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal.
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36
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Fiuza F, Fonseca RA, Tonge J, Mori WB, Silva LO. Weibel-instability-mediated collisionless shocks in the laboratory with ultraintense lasers. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:235004. [PMID: 23003965 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.235004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nonrelativistic collisionless shocks in the laboratory with ultrahigh intensity lasers is studied via ab initio multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The microphysics behind shock formation and dissipation and the detailed shock structure are analyzed, illustrating that the Weibel instability plays a crucial role in the generation of strong subequipartition magnetic fields that isotropize the incoming flow and lead to the formation of a collisionless shock, similar to what occurs in astrophysical scenarios. The possibility of generating such collisionless shocks in the laboratory opens the way to the direct study of the physics associated with astrophysical shocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fiuza
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Lisboa, Portugal.
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37
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Yan R, Ren C, Li J, Maximov AV, Mori WB, Sheng ZM, Tsung FS. Generating energetic electrons through staged acceleration in the two-plasmon-decay instability in inertial confinement fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:175002. [PMID: 22680873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.175002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new hot-electron generation mechanism in two-plasmon-decay instabilities is described based on a series of 2D, long-term (~10 ps) particle-in-cell and fluid simulations under parameters relevant to inertial confinement fusion. The simulations show that significant laser absorption and hot-electron generation occur in the nonlinear stage. The hot electrons are stage accelerated from the low-density region to the high-density region. New modes with small phase velocities develop in the low-density region in the nonlinear stage and form the first stage for electron acceleration. Electron-ion collisions are shown to significantly reduce the efficiency of this acceleration mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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38
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May J, Tonge J, Fiuza F, Fonseca RA, Silva LO, Ren C, Mori WB. Mechanism of generating fast electrons by an intense laser at a steep overdense interface. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 84:025401. [PMID: 21929052 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.025401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The acceleration and heating of electrons by an intense laser normally incident on a steep overdense plasma interface is investigated using the particle-in-cell code osiris. Energetic electrons are generated by the laser's electric field in the vacuum region within λ/4 of the surface. Only those electrons which originate within the plasma with a sufficiently large transverse momentum can escape the plasma. This mechanism relies on the standing wave structure created by the incoming and reflected wave and is therefore very different for linear and circularly polarized light.
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Affiliation(s)
- J May
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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39
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Pollock BB, Clayton CE, Ralph JE, Albert F, Davidson A, Divol L, Filip C, Glenzer SH, Herpoldt K, Lu W, Marsh KA, Meinecke J, Mori WB, Pak A, Rensink TC, Ross JS, Shaw J, Tynan GR, Joshi C, Froula DH. Demonstration of a narrow energy spread, ∼0.5 GeV electron beam from a two-stage laser wakefield accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:045001. [PMID: 21867013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Laser wakefield acceleration of electrons holds great promise for producing ultracompact stages of GeV scale, high-quality electron beams for applications such as x-ray free electron lasers and high-energy colliders. Ultrahigh intensity laser pulses can be self-guided by relativistic plasma waves (the wake) over tens of vacuum diffraction lengths, to give >1 GeV energy in centimeter-scale low density plasmas using ionization-induced injection to inject charge into the wake even at low densities. By restricting electron injection to a distinct short region, the injector stage, energetic electron beams (of the order of 100 MeV) with a relatively large energy spread are generated. Some of these electrons are then further accelerated by a second, longer accelerator stage, which increases their energy to ∼0.5 GeV while reducing the relative energy spread to <5% FWHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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40
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Vieira J, Martins SF, Pathak VB, Fonseca RA, Mori WB, Silva LO. Magnetic control of particle injection in plasma based accelerators. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:225001. [PMID: 21702605 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.225001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of an external transverse magnetic field to trigger and to control electron self-injection in laser- and particle-beam driven wakefield accelerators is examined analytically and through full-scale particle-in-cell simulations. A magnetic field can relax the injection threshold and can be used to control main output beam features such as charge, energy, and transverse dynamics in the ion channel associated with the plasma blowout. It is shown that this mechanism could be studied using state-of-the-art magnetic fields in next generation plasma accelerator experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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41
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Fahlen JE, Winjum BJ, Grismayer T, Mori WB. Transverse plasma-wave localization in multiple dimensions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 83:045401. [PMID: 21599232 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.045401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-wave behavior in multiple dimensions is studied using two- and three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. We find that large-amplitude waves with kλ(D)≳0.2, where k is the wave number of the wave and λ(D) is the Debye length, localize in the transverse direction around their axis due to nonlinear, local damping caused by transiting particles. The center of the wave behaves like a plane wave in which trapped particles maintain a quasisteady state at approximately constant amplitude, while the transverse edges damp away.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fahlen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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42
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Kaluza MC, Schlenvoigt HP, Mangles SPD, Thomas AGR, Dangor AE, Schwoerer H, Mori WB, Najmudin Z, Krushelnick KM. Measurement of magnetic-field structures in a laser-wakefield accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:115002. [PMID: 20867577 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.115002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Experimental measurements of magnetic fields generated in the cavity of a self-injecting laser-wakefield accelerator are presented. Faraday rotation is used to determine the existence of multimegagauss fields, constrained to a transverse dimension comparable to the plasma wavelength ∼λp and several λp longitudinally. The fields are generated rapidly and move with the driving laser. In our experiment, the appearance of the magnetic fields is correlated with the production of relativistic electrons, indicating that they are inherently tied to the growth and wave breaking of the nonlinear plasma wave. This evolution is confirmed by numerical simulations, showing that these measurements provide insight into the wakefield evolution with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Kaluza
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07743 Jena, Germany
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43
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Clayton CE, Ralph JE, Albert F, Fonseca RA, Glenzer SH, Joshi C, Lu W, Marsh KA, Martins SF, Mori WB, Pak A, Tsung FS, Pollock BB, Ross JS, Silva LO, Froula DH. Self-guided laser wakefield acceleration beyond 1 GeV using ionization-induced injection. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:105003. [PMID: 20867526 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The concepts of matched-beam, self-guided laser propagation and ionization-induced injection have been combined to accelerate electrons up to 1.45 GeV energy in a laser wakefield accelerator. From the spatial and spectral content of the laser light exiting the plasma, we infer that the 60 fs, 110 TW laser pulse is guided and excites a wake over the entire 1.3 cm length of the gas cell at densities below 1.5 × 10(18) cm(-3). High-energy electrons are observed only when small (3%) amounts of CO2 gas are added to the He gas. Computer simulations confirm that it is the K-shell electrons of oxygen that are ionized and injected into the wake and accelerated to beyond 1 GeV energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Clayton
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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44
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Winjum BJ, Fahlen JE, Tsung FS, Mori WB. Effects of plasma wave packets and local pump depletion in stimulated Raman scattering. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2010; 81:045401. [PMID: 20481778 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.045401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Through one-dimensional and two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell simulations of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), we show that nonlinear plasma wave packets that are created during SRS and convect through the system after saturation can have a dramatic effect on the recurrence of the instability. The recurrence rate is shown to depend on the propagation speed and frequency content of these packets. Furthermore, SRS can be driven to higher amplitudes via backscattered light traveling between packets. In 2D, the influence of the plasma wave packets is also seen, but the average reflectivity is substantially less due to geometric effects and transverse localization of the packets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Winjum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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45
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Pak A, Marsh KA, Martins SF, Lu W, Mori WB, Joshi C. Injection and trapping of tunnel-ionized electrons into laser-produced wakes. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:025003. [PMID: 20366604 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method, which utilizes the large difference in ionization potentials between successive ionization states of trace atoms, for injecting electrons into a laser-driven wakefield is presented. Here a mixture of helium and trace amounts of nitrogen gas was used. Electrons from the K shell of nitrogen were tunnel ionized near the peak of the laser pulse and were injected into and trapped by the wake created by electrons from majority helium atoms and the L shell of nitrogen. The spectrum of the accelerated electrons, the threshold intensity at which trapping occurs, the forward transmitted laser spectrum, and the beam divergence are all consistent with this injection process. The experimental measurements are supported by theory and 3D OSIRIS simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pak
- Department of Electrical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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46
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Froula DH, Clayton CE, Döppner T, Marsh KA, Barty CPJ, Divol L, Fonseca RA, Glenzer SH, Joshi C, Lu W, Martins SF, Michel P, Mori WB, Palastro JP, Pollock BB, Pak A, Ralph JE, Ross JS, Siders CW, Silva LO, Wang T. Measurements of the critical power for self-injection of electrons in a laser wakefield accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:215006. [PMID: 20366048 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.215006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A laser wakefield acceleration study has been performed in the matched, self-guided, blowout regime producing 720 +/- 50 MeV quasimonoenergetic electrons with a divergence Deltatheta_{FWHM} of 2.85 +/- 0.15 mrad using a 10 J, 60 fs 0.8 microm laser. While maintaining a nearly constant plasma density (3 x 10{18} cm{-3}), the energy gain increased from 75 to 720 MeV when the plasma length was increased from 3 to 8 mm. Absolute charge measurements indicate that self-injection of electrons occurs when the laser power P exceeds 3 times the critical power P{cr} for relativistic self-focusing and saturates around 100 pC for P/P{cr} > 5. The results are compared with both analytical scalings and full 3D particle-in-cell simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Froula
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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47
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Kneip S, Nagel SR, Martins SF, Mangles SPD, Bellei C, Chekhlov O, Clarke RJ, Delerue N, Divall EJ, Doucas G, Ertel K, Fiuza F, Fonseca R, Foster P, Hawkes SJ, Hooker CJ, Krushelnick K, Mori WB, Palmer CAJ, Phuoc KT, Rajeev PP, Schreiber J, Streeter MJV, Urner D, Vieira J, Silva LO, Najmudin Z. Near-GeV acceleration of electrons by a nonlinear plasma wave driven by a self-guided laser pulse. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:035002. [PMID: 19659287 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The acceleration of electrons to approximately 0.8 GeV has been observed in a self-injecting laser wakefield accelerator driven at a plasma density of 5.5x10(18) cm(-3) by a 10 J, 55 fs, 800 nm laser pulse in the blowout regime. The laser pulse is found to be self-guided for 1 cm (>10zR), by measurement of a single filament containing >30% of the initial laser energy at this distance. Three-dimensional particle in cell simulations show that the intensity within the guided filament is amplified beyond its initial focused value to a normalized vector potential of a0>6, thus driving a highly nonlinear plasma wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kneip
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom
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48
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Fahlen JE, Winjum BJ, Grismayer T, Mori WB. Propagation and damping of nonlinear plasma wave packets. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:245002. [PMID: 19659016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.245002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear electron plasma wave packets are shown to locally damp at the rear of the packet. Resonant particles enter the back of the packet and linearly damp the first few wavelengths, thereby carrying energy away from the back edge and eventually eroding the packet. This process could significantly affect the recurrence and long-time behavior of stimulated Raman scattering because it is predicted that a nonlinear packet will erode away before it travels a speckle length. The effects of a density gradient on the packet's propagation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fahlen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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49
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Ralph JE, Marsh KA, Pak AE, Lu W, Clayton CE, Fang F, Mori WB, Joshi C. Self-guiding of ultrashort, relativistically intense laser pulses through underdense plasmas in the blowout regime. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:175003. [PMID: 19518790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.175003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The self-guiding of relativistically intense but ultrashort laser pulses has been experimentally investigated as a function of laser power, plasma density, and plasma length in the blowout regime. The extent of self-guiding, observed by imaging the plasma exit, is shown to be limited by nonlinear pump depletion with observed self-guiding of over tens of Rayleigh lengths. Spectrally resolved images of the plasma exit show evidence consistent with self-guiding in the plasma wake. Minimal losses of the self-guided pulse resulted when the initial spot size was matched to the blowout radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Ralph
- Department of Electrical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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50
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Tzoufras M, Lu W, Tsung FS, Huang C, Mori WB, Katsouleas T, Vieira J, Fonseca RA, Silva LO. Beam loading in the nonlinear regime of plasma-based acceleration. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:145002. [PMID: 18851537 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.145002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A theory that describes how to load negative charge into a nonlinear, three-dimensional plasma wakefield is presented. In this regime, a laser or an electron beam blows out the plasma electrons and creates a nearly spherical ion channel, which is modified by the presence of the beam load. Analytical solutions for the fields and the shape of the ion channel are derived. It is shown that very high beam-loading efficiency can be achieved, while the energy spread of the bunch is conserved. The theoretical results are verified with the particle-in-cell code OSIRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tzoufras
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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