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Wang L, Ye JT, Chen H, Chen ZZ, Qiu YQ, Xie HM. A structure-property interplay between the width and height of cages and the static third order nonlinear optical responses for fullerenes: applying gamma density analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:2322-2331. [PMID: 28054686 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06651h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To reveal a new structure-property relationship regarding the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of fullerenes that are associated with gamma (γ) density, fullerenes I (C40, C50, C60 and C70), whose heights range from 4.83 to 7.96 Å, and II (C24, C36, C48 and C72), whose widths range from 4.45 to 8.22 Å, have been the research objects. Calculation of their geometric and electronic structures, absorption spectra, and the second hyperpolarizability (γ) and the γ density analysis have been performed. It is found that the electronic spatial extent and the polarizability (α) value increase linearly as the fullerenes increase by every 12 carbon atoms. Similarly, the γ values are also proportional to the fullerene size. It is worth noting that the relative magnitude of γxxxx and γzzzz was exactly consistent with that of the width and height of fullerenes. The analysis of γ density provides the essential reason for this result, that is, the magnitude of the contribution to γ values associated with γ densities is proportional to the density amplitudes multiplied by the distance between them. Larger fullerenes possess larger density amplitudes and longer distances, resulting in larger γ values with respect to smaller fullerenes. This work presents a new structure-property interplay between the width and height of the fullerenes and their second hyperpolarizability γ. Moreover, the γ density analysis provides a new insight to explore the nature of the relationship between the structure and the NLO properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Ting Ye
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Chen
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen-Zhen Chen
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Qing Qiu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China. and National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ming Xie
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China. and National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Hou WC, Huang SH. Photochemical reactivity of aqueous fullerene clusters: C 60 versus C 70. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 322:310-317. [PMID: 27344404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a strong interest in exploring the potential impact of fullerenes in the environment. Despite that both C60 and C70 have been detected in environmental matrices, the research on the impact of higher fullerenes, such as C70, has been largely missing. This study evaluated and compared the phototransformation of aqueous C60 and C70 clusters (nC60 and nC70) and their 1O2 production under sunlight and lamp light irradiation (315nm, 360nm and 420nm). The nC60 and nC70 samples formed by direct mixing with water adopted a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. The apparent quantum yields (AQYs) of fullerene phototransformed were relatively constant over the examined wavelengths, while 1O2 production AQYs decreased with increased wavelengths. The long-term fate studies with outdoor sunlight indicated that both nC60 and nC70 lost considerable organic carbon contents (>80%) in water after ∼8 months of irradiation and that the intermediate photoproducts of nC60 and nC70 exhibited a progressively increased level of oxygen-containing functionalities. Overall, the study indicates that nC70 can be photochemically removed under sunlight conditions and that the photoreactivity of nC60 based on AQYs is greater than that of nC70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Che Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hong Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
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Liu X, Ding K, Panda A, Forrest SR. Charge Transfer States in Dilute Donor-Acceptor Blend Organic Heterojunctions. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7619-7626. [PMID: 27487403 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the charge transfer (CT) states in small-molecule blend heterojunctions comprising the nonpolar donor, tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP), and the acceptor, C70, using electroluminescence and steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy along with density functional theory calculations. We find that the CT exciton energy blue shifts as the C70 concentration in the blend is either decreased or increased away from 50 vol %. At 20 K, the increase in CT state lifetime is correlated with the increasing diameter of C70 nanocrystallites in the blends. A quantum confinement model is used to quantitatively describe the dependence of both CT energy and lifetime on the C70 or DBP domain size. Two discrete CT emission peaks are observed for blends whose C70 concentration is >65%, at which point C70 nanocrystallites with diameters >4 nm appear in high-resolution transmission electron micrographs. The presence of two CT states is attributed to coexistence of crystalline C70 and amorphous phases in the blends. Furthermore, analysis of CT dissociation efficiency versus photon energy suggests that the >90% dissociation efficiency of delocalized CT2 states from the crystalline phase significantly contributes to surprisingly efficient photogeneration in highly dilute (>80% C70) DBP/C70 heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Physics, and §Departments of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kan Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Physics, and §Departments of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anurag Panda
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Physics, and §Departments of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Physics, and §Departments of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Moor KJ, Snow SD, Kim JH. Differential photoactivity of aqueous [C60] and [C70] fullerene aggregates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5990-8. [PMID: 25950275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Many past studies have focused on the aqueous photochemical properties of colloidal suspensions of C60 and various [C60] fullerene derivatives, yet few have investigated the photochemistry of other larger cage fullerene species (e.g., C70, C74, C84, etc.) in water. This is a critical knowledge gap because these larger fullerenes may exhibit different properties compared to C60, including increased visible light absorption, altered energy level structures, and variable cage geometries, which may greatly affect aggregate properties and resulting aqueous photoactivity. Herein, we take the first steps toward a detailed investigation of the aqueous photochemistry of larger cage fullerene species, by focusing on [C70] fullerene. We find that aqueous suspensions of C60 and C70, nC60 and nC70, respectively, exhibit many similar physicochemical properties, yet nC70 appears to be significantly more photoactive than nC60. Studies are conducted to elucidate the mechanism behind nC70's superior (1)O2 generation, including the measurement of (1)O2 production as a function of incident excitation wavelength, analysis of X-ray diffraction data to determine crystal packing arrangements, and the excited state dynamics of aggregate fullerene species via transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel D Snow
- ‡School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- ‡School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Choi MS, Kim TM, Shim HS, Kim BS, Kim HJ, Kim JJ. Enhancement of the Fill Factor through an Increase of the Crystallinity in Fullerene-Based Small-Molecule Organic Photovoltaic Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9134-9138. [PMID: 25875637 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report that the crystallinity of C70 is improved significantly if CuI is used as a templating layer, leading to remarkable enhancement of hole mobilities from 8.32 × 10(-6) to 3.26 × 10(-5) cm(2)/(V s). As a result, the use of the templating layer in C70-based solar cells with low donor concentration resulted in significant improvement of the fill factor from 0.51 to 0.57 and the power conversion efficiency from 5.56% to 6.23% under simulated AM 1.5G, 1 sun irradiation. This result demonstrates that the CuI templating layer is effective at improving the crystallinity of the fullerene derivatives as well as the donor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Choi
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sub Shim
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Beom-Soo Kim
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- ‡Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Jang-Joo Kim
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
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Song B, Rolin C, Zimmerman JD, Forrest SR. Effect of mixed layer crystallinity on the performance of mixed heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2914-2918. [PMID: 24677269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic vapor-phase deposition (OVPD) is used to grow tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthen (DBP):C70 mixed heterojunction photovoltaic devices. Compared with vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE), the OVPD-grown film develops nanocrystalline domains of C70. Optimized OVPD-grown OPVs have a 61% fill factor for a 100 nm active layer thickness, whereas VTE-grown devices have a 47% fill factor at the same thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseop Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Kim TM, Shim HS, Choi MS, Kim HJ, Kim JJ. Multilayer epitaxial growth of lead phthalocyanine and C(70) using CuBr as a templating layer for enhancing the efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:4286-4291. [PMID: 24575946 DOI: 10.1021/am405946m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular orientation and crystallinity of donor and acceptor molecules are important for high-efficiency organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) because they significantly influence both the absorption of light and charge-transport characteristics. We report that the templating effect extends to multilayers to increase the crystallinity and to modify the orientation of the crystals of lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) and C70 layers at the same time by adopting CuBr as a new templating layer on indium tin oxide (ITO). The formation of a monoclinic phase with a preferred orientation of (320) for PbPc and a fcc phase with a preferred orientation of (220) for C70 on the PbPc layer is revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The multilayer epitaxy results in an increase of the exciton diffusion lengths from 5.6 to 8.8 nm for PbPc and from 6.9 to 13.8 nm for C70 to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the planar heterojunction OPVs composed of PbPc and C70 from 1.4 to 2.3%. The quasi-epitaxy model is proposed to explain the multilayer epitaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Min Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Center for Organic Light Emitting Diode, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, South Korea
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Aksenova VV, Nikonova RM, Lad’yanov VI, Mukhgalin VV, Sterkhova IV. IR-Fourier spectroscopic studies of structural changes in fullerenes C60 and C70-Toluene systems. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413060022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Muhammad S, Fukuda K, Minami T, Kishi R, Shigeta Y, Nakano M. Interplay between the Diradical Character and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties in Fullerene Systems. Chemistry 2012; 19:1677-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Eremina MA, Lad’yanov VI, Nikonova RM. C60-C70-C6H5CH3 crystal solvates: Structure and thermal stability. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024408130086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Claves D. A Prospective Overview of the Potential of Fluorofullerenes as Host Materials for Intercalation Chemistry. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:12399-405. [PMID: 16852534 DOI: 10.1021/jp051273p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical survey of the ability of fluorofullerene crystals to act as host lattices for intercalation chemistry is proposed on a thermochemical basis and from the assumption that complete charge transfer between the fluorocarbon network and an electropositive intercalant species should occur upon insertion. A nearly exhaustive examination is performed throughout the fluoro[60]fullerene family, describing the influence of the intercalated element considered, stoichiometry, structural type, and fluorine content on the potential stability of an intercalated phase. Decomposition of the latter into a metal fluoride is then discussed. When extended to a general scheme, emphasizing the role played by the number of carbon atoms in the initial cluster, the present model shows that stable fluorofulleride salts may be expected to form in some cases. A final insight into the solid state properties of this class of materials, combined with a widespread range of potential applications, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Claves
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Inorganiques, UMR CNRS 6002 - Université Blaise Pascal, 24 Av. des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France.
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Sherman A, Talyzin A, El Gholabzouri M, Lunkenheimer P, Brand R, Loidl A. Dielectric Properties of C70-Solvate Crystals Grown from a Benzene Solution. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982100l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sherman
- A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute RAN, Politechnic str 26, 194021 St-Petersburg, Russia, Ångström Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University of Augsburg, Experimentalphysik V, University str.2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - A. Talyzin
- A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute RAN, Politechnic str 26, 194021 St-Petersburg, Russia, Ångström Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University of Augsburg, Experimentalphysik V, University str.2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - M. El Gholabzouri
- A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute RAN, Politechnic str 26, 194021 St-Petersburg, Russia, Ångström Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University of Augsburg, Experimentalphysik V, University str.2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - P. Lunkenheimer
- A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute RAN, Politechnic str 26, 194021 St-Petersburg, Russia, Ångström Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University of Augsburg, Experimentalphysik V, University str.2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - R. Brand
- A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute RAN, Politechnic str 26, 194021 St-Petersburg, Russia, Ångström Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University of Augsburg, Experimentalphysik V, University str.2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - A. Loidl
- A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute RAN, Politechnic str 26, 194021 St-Petersburg, Russia, Ångström Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University of Augsburg, Experimentalphysik V, University str.2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Talyzin
- Ångström Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry, Box 538, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Engström
- Ångström Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry, Box 538, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
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Dorset DL, Fryer JR. Electron Crystallographic Analysis of Sublimed C70 Buckminsterfullerene. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9639307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L. Dorset
- Electron Diffraction Department, Hauptman-Woodward Institute, 73 High Street, Buffalo, New York 14203-1196
| | - John R. Fryer
- Electron Microscope Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
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Dorset DL. Binary Phases of C60 and C70 Buckminsterfullerenes: An Electron Crystallographic Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961545b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L. Dorset
- Electron Diffraction Department, Hauptman-Woodward Institute, 73 High Street, Buffalo, New York, 14203-1196
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Sundar CS, Sahu PC, Sastry VS, Rao GV, Sridharan V, Premila M, Bharathi A, Hariharan Y, Radhakrishnan TS, Muthu DV, Sood AK. Pressure-induced polymerization of fullerenes: A comparative study of C60 and C70. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:8180-8183. [PMID: 9982302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.8180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Han B, Yu L, Hevesi K, Gensterblum G, Rudolf P, Pireaux J, Thiry PA, Caudano R, Lambin P, Lucas AA. Electronic transitions and excitations in solid C70 studied by EELS and XPS C 1s satellite structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:7179-7185. [PMID: 9977280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.7179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Sundar SC, Premila M, Gopalan P, Hariharan Y, Bharathi A. Studies on Fullerenes Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/153638x9508543816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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