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Abubakar AA, Yilbas BS, Al-Qahtani H, Alzaydi A. Droplet motion on sonically excited hydrophobic meshes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6759. [PMID: 35474095 PMCID: PMC9042877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic excitation of the liquid droplet on a hydrophobic mesh surface gives rise to a different oscillation behavior than that of the flat hydrophobic surface having the same contact angle. To assess the droplet oscillatory behavior over the hydrophobic mesh, the droplet motion is examined under the external sonic excitations for various mesh screen aperture ratios. An experiment is carried out and the droplet motion is recorded by a high-speed facility. The findings revealed that increasing sonic excitation frequencies enhance the droplet maximum displacement in vertical and horizontal planes; however, the vertical displacements remain larger than those of the horizontal displacements. The resonance frequency measured agrees well with the predictions and the excitation frequency at 105 Hz results in a droplet oscillation mode (n) of 4. The maximum displacement of the droplet surface remains larger for the flat hydrophobic surface than that of the mesh surface with the same contact angle. In addition, the damping factor is considerably influenced by the sonic excitation frequencies; hence, increasing sonic frequency enhances the damping factor, which becomes more apparent for the large mesh screen aperture ratios. The small-amplitude surface tension waves create ripples on the droplet surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abba Abdulhamid Abubakar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bekir Sami Yilbas
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. .,Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy & Power Systems, KFUPM, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. .,K.A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center at Dhahran, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. .,Turkish Japanese University of Science and Technology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hussain Al-Qahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Alzaydi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Nath A, Sudeepthi A, Sen AK. Trapping of Aqueous Droplets under Surface Acoustic Wave-Driven Streaming in Oil-Filled Microwells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4763-4773. [PMID: 35395155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microwell arrays are ideal platforms for cell culturing, cell separation, and low-volume liquid handling. The ability to manipulate droplets in microwells could open up the opportunity for developing new biochemical assays. Here, we study the trapping of aqueous droplets in an oil-filled microwell driven by the application of nanometer amplitude vibrations called surface acoustic waves (SAW). We elucidate the dynamics of the droplet within the vortex toward the final trapping location and the physics of the trapping phenomenon using a theoretical model by considering the relevant forces. Our study revealed that the combined effect of acoustic radiation and hydrodynamic forces leads to droplet migration and trapping. We demarcate the trapping and nontrapping regimes in terms of the minimum critical input power required for the trapping of droplets of different sizes and densities. We find that the critical power varies as the square of the droplet size and is higher for a denser droplet. The effects of input power and droplet size on the trapping location and trapping time are also studied.
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Burnside SB, Pasieczynski K, Zarareh A, Mehmood M, Fu YQ, Chen B. Simulations of surface acoustic wave interactions on a sessile droplet using a three-dimensional multiphase lattice Boltzmann model. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:045301. [PMID: 34781429 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.045301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of a three-dimensional numerical model for acoustic interactions with a microscale sessile droplet under surface acoustic wave (SAW) excitation using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). We first validate the model before SAW interactions are added. The results demonstrate good agreement with the analytical results for thermodynamic consistency, Laplace law, static contact angle on a flat surface, and droplet oscillation. We then investigate SAW interactions on the droplet, with resonant frequencies ranging 61.7-250.1 MHz. According to our findings, an increase in wave amplitude elicits an increase in streaming velocity inside the droplet, causing internal mixing, and further increase in wave amplitude leads to pumping and jetting. The boundaries of wave amplitude at various resonant frequencies are predicted for mixing, pumping, and jetting modes. The modeling predictions on the roles of forces (SAW, interfacial tension, inertia, and viscosity) on the dynamics of mixing, pumping, and jetting of a droplet are in good agreement with observations and experimental data. The model is further applied to investigate the effects of SAW substrate surface wettability, viscosity ratio, and interfacial tension on SAW actuation onto the droplet. This work demonstrates the capability of the LBM in the investigation of acoustic wave interactions between SAW and a liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Burnside
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Kamil Pasieczynski
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Zarareh
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mubbashar Mehmood
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Baixin Chen
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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Pillai R, Borg MK, Reese JM. Dynamics of Nanodroplets on Vibrating Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11898-11904. [PMID: 30130394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of molecular dynamics investigations into the behavior of nanoscale water droplets on surfaces subjected to cyclic-frequency normal vibration. Our results show, for the first time, a range of vibration-induced phenomena, including the existence of the following different regimes: evaporation, droplet oscillation, and droplet lift-off. We also describe the effect of different surface wettabilities on evaporation. The outcomes of this work can be utilized in the design of future nanoengineered technologies that employ surface/bulk acoustic waves, such as water-based cooling systems for high-heat-generating processor chips, by tuning the vibration frequency and amplitude, as well as the surface wettability, to obtain the desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pillai
- School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FB , United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K Borg
- School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FB , United Kingdom
| | - Jason M Reese
- School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FB , United Kingdom
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Collins DJ, Ma Z, Ai Y. Highly Localized Acoustic Streaming and Size-Selective Submicrometer Particle Concentration Using High Frequency Microscale Focused Acoustic Fields. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5513-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Collins
- Pillar of Engineering Product
Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Pillar of Engineering Product
Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product
Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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Mao Z, Xie Y, Guo F, Ren L, Huang PH, Chen Y, Rufo J, Costanzo F, Huang TJ. Experimental and numerical studies on standing surface acoustic wave microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:515-24. [PMID: 26698361 PMCID: PMC4856433 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00707k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW) are commonly used in microfluidics to manipulate cells and other micro/nano particles. However, except for a simple one-dimensional (1D) harmonic standing waves (HSW) model, a practical model that can predict particle behaviour in SSAW microfluidics is still lacking. Herein, we established a two-dimensional (2D) SSAW microfluidic model based on the basic theory in acoustophoresis and our previous modelling strategy to predict the acoustophoresis of microparticles in SSAW microfluidics. This 2D SSAW microfluidic model considers the effects of boundary vibrations, channel materials, and channel dimensions on the acoustic propagation; as an experimental validation, the acoustophoresis of microparticles under continuous flow through narrow channels made of PDMS and silicon was studied. The experimentally observed motion of the microparticles matched well with the numerical predictions, while the 1D HSW model failed to predict many of the experimental observations. Particularly, the 1D HSW model cannot account for particle aggregation on the sidewall in PDMS channels, which is well explained by our 2D SSAW microfluidic model. Our model can be used for device design and optimization in SSAW microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Yuliang Xie
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Nama N, Barnkob R, Mao Z, Kähler CJ, Costanzo F, Huang TJ. Numerical study of acoustophoretic motion of particles in a PDMS microchannel driven by surface acoustic waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2700-9. [PMID: 26001199 PMCID: PMC4465433 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00231a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical study of the acoustophoretic motion of particles suspended in a liquid-filled PDMS microchannel on a lithium niobate substrate acoustically driven by surface acoustic waves. We employ a perturbation approach where the flow variables are divided into first- and second-order fields. We use impedance boundary conditions to model the PDMS microchannel walls and we model the acoustic actuation by a displacement function from the literature based on a numerical study of piezoelectric actuation. Consistent with the type of actuation, the obtained first-order field is a horizontal standing wave that travels vertically from the actuated wall towards the upper PDMS wall. This is in contrast to what is observed in bulk acoustic wave devices. The first-order fields drive the acoustic streaming, as well as the time-averaged acoustic radiation force acting on suspended particles. We analyze the motion of suspended particles driven by the acoustic streaming drag and the radiation force. We examine a range of particle diameters to demonstrate the transition from streaming-drag-dominated acoustophoresis to radiation-force-dominated acoustophoresis. Finally, as an application of our numerical model, we demonstrate the capability to tune the position of the vertical pressure node along the channel width by tuning the phase difference between two incoming surface acoustic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania state University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rune Barnkob
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Bundeswehr University Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania state University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Christian J. Kähler
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Bundeswehr University Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania state University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania state University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania state University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania state University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Tarbell JM, Shi ZD, Dunn J, Jo H. Fluid Mechanics, Arterial Disease, and Gene Expression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS 2014; 46:591-614. [PMID: 25360054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review places modern research developments in vascular mechanobiology in the context of hemodynamic phenomena in the cardiovascular system and the discrete localization of vascular disease. The modern origins of this field are traced, beginning in the 1960s when associations between flow characteristics, particularly blood flow-induced wall shear stress, and the localization of atherosclerotic plaques were uncovered, and continuing to fluid shear stress effects on the vascular lining endothelial) cells (ECs), including their effects on EC morphology, biochemical production, and gene expression. The earliest single-gene studies and genome-wide analyses are considered. The final section moves from the ECs lining the vessel wall to the smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts within the wall that are fluid me chanically activated by interstitial flow that imposes shear stresses on their surfaces comparable with those of flowing blood on EC surfaces. Interstitial flow stimulates biochemical production and gene expression, much like blood flow on ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Zhong-Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jessilyn Dunn
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Dentry MB, Yeo LY, Friend JR. Frequency effects on the scale and behavior of acoustic streaming. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:013203. [PMID: 24580352 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.013203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic streaming underpins an exciting range of fluid manipulation phenomena of rapidly growing significance in microfluidics, where the streaming often assumes the form of a steady, laminar jet emanating from the device surface, driven by the attenuation of acoustic energy within the beam of sound propagating through the liquid. The frequencies used to drive such phenomena are often chosen ad hoc to accommodate fabrication and material issues. In this work, we seek a better understanding of the effects of sound frequency and power on acoustic streaming. We present and, using surface acoustic waves, experimentally verify a laminar jet model that is based on the turbulent jet model of Lighthill, which is appropriate for acoustic streaming seen at micro- to nanoscales, between 20 and 936 MHz and over a broad range of input power. Our model eliminates the critically problematic acoustic source singularity present in Lighthill's model, replacing it with a finite emission area and enabling determination of the streaming velocity close to the source. At high acoustic power P (and hence high jet Reynolds numbers ReJ associated with fast streaming), the laminar jet model predicts a one-half power dependence (U∼P1/2∼ ReJ) similar to the turbulent jet model. However, the laminar model may also be applied to jets produced at low powers-and hence low jet Reynolds numbers ReJ-where a linear relationship between the beam power and streaming velocity exists: U∼P∼ReJ2. The ability of the laminar jet model to predict the acoustic streaming behavior across a broad range of frequencies and power provides a useful tool in the analysis of microfluidics devices, explaining peculiar observations made by several researchers in the literature. In particular, by elucidating the effects of frequency on the scale of acoustically driven flows, we show that the choice of frequency is a vitally important consideration in the design of small-scale devices employing acoustic streaming for microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - James R Friend
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, and the Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Blamey J, Yeo LY, Friend JR. Microscale capillary wave turbulence excited by high frequency vibration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3835-3845. [PMID: 23428156 DOI: 10.1021/la304608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency (O(10 Hz-10 kHz)) vibration excitation of capillary waves has been extensively studied for nearly two centuries. Such waves appear at the excitation frequency or at rational multiples of the excitation frequency through nonlinear coupling as a result of the finite displacement of the wave, most often at one-half the excitation frequency in so-called Faraday waves and twice this frequency in superharmonic waves. Less understood, however, are the dynamics of capillary waves driven by high-frequency vibration (>O(100 kHz)) and small interface length scales, an arrangement ideal for a broad variety of applications, from nebulizers for pulmonary drug delivery to complex nanoparticle synthesis. In the few studies conducted to date, a marked departure from the predictions of classical Faraday wave theory has been shown, with the appearance of broadband capillary wave generation from 100 Hz to the excitation frequency and beyond, without a clear explanation. We show that weak wave turbulence is the dominant mechanism in the behavior of the system, as evident from wave height frequency spectra that closely follow the Rayleigh-Jeans spectral response η ≈ ω(-17/12) as a consequence of a period-halving, weakly turbulent cascade that appears within a 1 mm water drop whether driven by thickness-mode or surface acoustic Rayleigh wave excitation. However, such a cascade is one-way, from low to high frequencies. The mechanism of exciting the cascade with high-frequency acoustic waves is an acoustic streaming-driven turbulent jet in the fluid bulk, driving the fundamental capillary wave resonance through the well-known coupling between bulk flow and surface waves. Unlike capillary waves, turbulent acoustic streaming can exhibit subharmonic cascades from high to low frequencies; here it appears from the excitation frequency all the way to the fundamental modes of the capillary wave at some four orders of magnitude in frequency less than the excitation frequency, enabling the capillary weakly turbulent wave cascade to form from the fundamental capillary wave upward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Blamey
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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