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Théry A, Chamolly A, Lauga E. Controlling Confined Collective Organization with Taxis. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:108301. [PMID: 38518318 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Biased locomotion is a common feature of microorganisms, but little is known about its impact on self-organization. Inspired by recent experiments showing a transition to large-scale flows, we study theoretically the dynamics of magnetotactic bacteria confined to a drop. We reveal two symmetry-breaking mechanisms (one local chiral and one global achiral) leading to self-organization into global vortices and a net torque exerted on the drop. The collective behavior is ultimately controlled by the swimmers' microscopic chirality and, strikingly, the system can exhibit oscillations and memorylike features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane Théry
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Chamolly
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3738, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, F-75015 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric Lauga
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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2
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Ureña Marcos JC, Liebchen B. Inverted Sedimentation of Active Particles in Unbiased ac Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:038201. [PMID: 37540873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.038201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Gaining control over the motion of active particles is crucial for applications ranging from targeted cargo delivery to nanomedicine. While much progress has been made recently to control active motion based on external forces, flows, or gradients in concentration or light intensity, which all have a well-defined direction or bias, little is known about how to steer active particles in situations where no permanent bias can be realized. Here, we show that ac fields with a vanishing time average provide an alternative route to steering active particles. We exemplify this route for inertial active particles in a gravitational field, observing that a substantial fraction of them persistently travels in the upward direction upon switching on the ac field, resulting in an inverted sedimentation profile at the top wall of a confining container. Our results offer a generic control principle that could be used in the future to steer active motion, direct collective behaviors, and purify mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Ureña Marcos
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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David Soto Rodriguez PE, Sirinelli-Kojadinovic M, Rouzaud M, Faivre D. Azide click chemistry on magnetotactic bacteria: A versatile technique to attach a cargo. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100587. [PMID: 36910269 PMCID: PMC9999208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adding biomolecules to living organisms and cells is the basis for creating living materials or biohybrids for robotic systems. Bioorthogonal chemistry allows covalently modifying biomolecules with functional groups not natively present under biological conditions and is therefore applicable to microorganisms and cells. Click chemistry is a biorthogonal chemistry approach that allows the study and manipulation of living entities. Incorporating the bioorthogonal click-chemistry handle, azide groups, into living microorganisms has been achieved by metabolic labeling, i.e., by culturing cells or organisms in a modified culture media having a specific natural molecular building block (e.g., amino acid, nucleotide, carbohydrate) modified with a tagged chemical analog. Here we explore the effect of the azide group incorporation into the magnetotactic bacteria Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense (MSR-1) by adding a modified amino acid, 3-Azido-d-Alanine, during their cultivation. We show the existence of a concentration limit to effectively incorporate the azide group while maintaining the magnetic properties of the cells. We explore the use of this modification to explore the combination with versatile single-cell tagging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maximilien Rouzaud
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Damien Faivre
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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4
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Song SJ, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Vyskočil J, Častorálová M, Ruml T, Pumera M. Precisely Navigated Biobot Swarms of Bacteria Magnetospirillum magneticum for Water Decontamination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7023-7029. [PMID: 36700926 PMCID: PMC10016748 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid biological robots (biobots) prepared from living cells are at the forefront of micro-/nanomotor research due to their biocompatibility and versatility toward multiple applications. However, their precise maneuverability is essential for practical applications. Magnetotactic bacteria are hybrid biobots that produce magnetosome magnetite crystals, which are more stable than synthesized magnetite and can orient along the direction of earth's magnetic field. Herein, we used Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 (M. magneticum AMB-1) for the effective removal of chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate pesticide) in various aqueous solutions by naturally binding with organic matter. Precision control of M. magneticum AMB-1 was achieved by applying a magnetic field. Under a programed clockwise magnetic field, M. magneticum AMB-1 exhibit swarm behavior and move in a circular direction. Consequently, we foresee that M. magneticum AMB-1 can be applied in various environments to remove and retrieve pollutants by directional control magnetic actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Song
- Center
for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemical Technology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez
- Center
for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemical Technology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vyskočil
- Center
for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemical Technology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Častorálová
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center
for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemical Technology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50
Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava 70800, Czech Republic
- Department
of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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5
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Kotakadi SM, Borelli DPR, Nannepaga JS. Therapeutic Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes: A Review Emphasizing on the Cancer Treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:789016. [PMID: 35547173 PMCID: PMC9081342 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.789016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are aquatic microorganisms have the ability to biomineralize magnetosomes, which are membrane-enclosed magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetosomes are organized in a chain inside the MTB, allowing them to align with and traverse along the earth’s magnetic field. Magnetosomes have several potential applications for targeted cancer therapy when isolated from the MTB, including magnetic hyperthermia, localized medication delivery, and tumour monitoring. Magnetosomes features and properties for various applications outperform manufactured magnetic nanoparticles in several ways. Similarly, the entire MTB can be regarded as prospective agents for cancer treatment, thanks to their flagella’s ability to self-propel and the magnetosome chain’s ability to guide them. MTBs are conceptualized as nanobiots that can be guided and manipulated by external magnetic fields and are driven to hypoxic areas, such as tumor sites, while retaining the therapeutic and imaging characteristics of isolated magnetosomes. Furthermore, unlike most bacteria now being studied in clinical trials for cancer treatment, MTB are not pathogenic but might be modified to deliver and express certain cytotoxic chemicals. This review will assess the current and prospects of this burgeoning research field and the major obstacles that must be overcome before MTB can be successfully used in clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Manogna Kotakadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India
| | | | - John Sushma Nannepaga
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India
- *Correspondence: John Sushma Nannepaga, , orcid.org/0000-0002-8739-9936
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Keim CN, da Silva DM, de Melo RD, Acosta-Avalos D, Farina M, de Barros HL. Swimming behavior of the multicellular magnetotactic prokaryote 'Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis' near solid boundaries and natural magnetic grains. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1899-1913. [PMID: 34478018 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The magnetotactic yet uncultured species 'Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis' is a spherical, multicellular ensemble of bacterial cells able to align along magnetic field lines while swimming propelled by flagella. Magnetotaxis is due to intracytoplasmic, membrane-bound magnetic crystals called magnetosomes. The net magnetic moment of magnetosomes interacts with local magnetic fields, imparting the whole microorganism a torque. Previous works investigated 'Ca. M. multicellularis' behavior when free swimming in water; however, they occur in sediments where bumping into solid particles must be routine. In this work, we investigate the swimming trajectories of 'Ca. M. multicellularis' close to solid boundaries using video microscopy. We applied magnetic fields 0.25-8.0 mT parallel to the optical axis of a light microscope, such that microorganisms were driven upwards towards a coverslip. Because their swimming trajectories approach cylindrical helixes, circular profiles would be expected. Nevertheless, at fields 0.25-1.1 mT, most trajectory projections were roughly sinusoidal, and net movements were approximately perpendicular to applied magnetic fields. Closed loops appeared in some trajectory projections at 1.1 mT, which could indicate a transition to the loopy profiles observed at magnetic fields ≥ 2.15 mT. The behavior of 'Ca. M. multicellularis' near natural magnetic grains showed that they were temporarily trapped by the particle's magnetic field but could reverse the direction of movement to flee away. Our results show that interactions of 'Ca. M. multicellularis with solid boundaries and magnetic grains are complex and possibly involve mechano-taxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N Keim
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Mendes da Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Roger Duarte de Melo
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas - CBPF, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-180, Brazil
| | - Daniel Acosta-Avalos
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas - CBPF, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-180, Brazil
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henrique Lins de Barros
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas - CBPF, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-180, Brazil
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Théry A, Le Nagard L, Ono-Dit-Biot JC, Fradin C, Dalnoki-Veress K, Lauga E. Self-organisation and convection of confined magnetotactic bacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13578. [PMID: 32782266 PMCID: PMC7419309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective motion is found at all scales in biological and artificial systems, and extensive research is devoted to describing the interplay between interactions and external cues in collective dynamics. Magnetotactic bacteria constitute a remarkable example of living organisms for which motion can be easily controlled remotely. Here, we report a new type of collective motion where a uniform distribution of magnetotactic bacteria is rendered unstable by a magnetic field. A new state of “bacterial magneto-convection” results, wherein bacterial plumes emerge spontaneously perpendicular to an interface and develop into self-sustained flow convection cells. While there are similarities to gravity driven bioconvection and the Rayleigh–Bénard instability, these rely on a density mismatch between layers of the fluids. Remarkably, here no external forces are applied on the fluid and the magnetic field only exerts an external torque aligning magnetotactic bacteria with the field. Using a theoretical model based on hydrodynamic singularities, we capture quantitatively the instability and the observed long-time growth. Bacterial magneto-convection represents a new class of collective behaviour resulting only from the balance between hydrodynamic interactions and external alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane Théry
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Lucas Le Nagard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | | | - Cécile Fradin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Kari Dalnoki-Veress
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.,UMR CNRS Gulliver 7083, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eric Lauga
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK.
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8
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Bacteria as genetically programmable producers of bioactive natural products. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:172-193. [PMID: 37128046 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Next to plants, bacteria account for most of the biomass on Earth. They are found everywhere, although certain species thrive only in specific ecological niches. These microorganisms biosynthesize a plethora of both primary and secondary metabolites, defined, respectively, as those required for the growth and maintenance of cellular functions and those not required for survival but offering a selective advantage for the producer under certain conditions. As a result, bacterial fermentation has long been used to manufacture valuable natural products of nutritional, agrochemical and pharmaceutical interest. The interactions of secondary metabolites with their biological targets have been optimized by millions of years of evolution and they are, thus, considered to be privileged chemical structures, not only for drug discovery. During the last two decades, functional genomics has allowed for an in-depth understanding of the underlying biosynthetic logic of secondary metabolites. This has, in turn, paved the way for the unprecedented use of bacteria as programmable biochemical workhorses. In this Review, we discuss the multifaceted use of bacteria as biological factories in diverse applications and highlight recent advances in targeted genetic engineering of bacteria for the production of valuable bioactive compounds. Emphasis is on current advances to access nature's abundance of natural products.
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9
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Pierce CJ, Osborne E, Mumper E, Lower BH, Lower SK, Sooryakumar R. Thrust and Power Output of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor: A Micromagnetic Tweezers Approach. Biophys J 2019; 117:1250-1257. [PMID: 31540710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common swimming strategies employed by microorganisms is based on the use of rotating helical filaments, called flagella, that are powered by molecular motors. Determining the physical properties of this propulsive system is crucial to understanding the behavior of these organisms. Furthermore, the ability to dynamically monitor the activity of the flagellar motor is a valuable indicator of the overall energetics of the cell. In this work, inherently magnetic bacteria confined in micromagnetic CoFe traps are used to directly and noninvasively determine the flagellar thrust force and swimming speed of motile cells. The technique permits determination of the ratio of propulsive force/swimming speed (the hydrodynamic resistance) and the power output of the flagellar motor for individual cells over extended time periods. Cells subjected to ultraviolet radiation are observed to experience exponential decays in power output as a function of exposure time. By noninvasively measuring thrust, velocity, and power output over time at a single-cell level, this technique can serve as the foundation for fundamental studies of bacterial hydrodynamics and also provides a novel, to our knowledge, tether-free probe of single-cell energetics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Osborne
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric Mumper
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian H Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven K Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Pierce CJ, Wijesinghe H, Mumper E, Lower BH, Lower SK, Sooryakumar R. Hydrodynamic Interactions, Hidden Order, and Emergent Collective Behavior in an Active Bacterial Suspension. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:188001. [PMID: 30444412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.188001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous self-organization (clustering) in magnetically oriented bacteria arises from attractive pairwise hydrodynamics, which are directly determined through experiment and corroborated by a simple analytical model. Lossless compression algorithms are used to identify the onset of many-body self-organization as a function of experimental tuning parameters. Cluster growth is governed by the interplay between hydrodynamic attraction and magnetic dipole repulsion, leading to logarithmic time dependence of the cluster size. The dynamics of these complex, far-from-equilibrium structures are relevant to broader phenomena in condensed matter, statistical mechanics, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Pierce
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Wijesinghe
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - E Mumper
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - B H Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - S K Lower
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - R Sooryakumar
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Vargas G, Cypriano J, Correa T, Leão P, Bazylinski DA, Abreu F. Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria, Magnetosomes and Magnetosome Crystals in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology: Mini-Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E2438. [PMID: 30249983 PMCID: PMC6222368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize magnetosomes, which are defined as intracellular nanocrystals of the magnetic minerals magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) enveloped by a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The synthesis of magnetosomes is controlled by a specific set of genes that encode proteins, some of which are exclusively found in the magnetosome membrane in the cell. Over the past several decades, interest in nanoscale technology (nanotechnology) and biotechnology has increased significantly due to the development and establishment of new commercial, medical and scientific processes and applications that utilize nanomaterials, some of which are biologically derived. One excellent example of a biological nanomaterial that is showing great promise for use in a large number of commercial and medical applications are bacterial magnetite magnetosomes. Unlike chemically-synthesized magnetite nanoparticles, magnetosome magnetite crystals are stable single-magnetic domains and are thus permanently magnetic at ambient temperature, are of high chemical purity, and display a narrow size range and consistent crystal morphology. These physical/chemical features are important in their use in biotechnological and other applications. Applications utilizing magnetite-producing MTB, magnetite magnetosomes and/or magnetosome magnetite crystals include and/or involve bioremediation, cell separation, DNA/antigen recovery or detection, drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, magnetic hyperthermia and contrast enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging. Metric analysis using Scopus and Web of Science databases from 2003 to 2018 showed that applied research involving magnetite from MTB in some form has been focused mainly in biomedical applications, particularly in magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vargas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Tarcisio Correa
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA.
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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12
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Accumulation and Dissolution of Magnetite Crystals in a Magnetically Responsive Ciliate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02865-17. [PMID: 29439993 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02865-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a group of microorganisms that are widespread in aquatic habitats and thrive at oxic-anoxic interfaces. They are able to scavenge high concentrations of iron thanks to the biomineralization of magnetic crystals in their unique organelles, the so-called magnetosome chains. Although their biodiversity has been intensively studied, their ecology and impact on iron cycling remain largely unexplored. Predation by protozoa was suggested as one of the ecological processes that could be involved in the release of iron back into the ecosystem. Magnetic protozoa were previously observed in aquatic environments, but their diversity and the fate of particulate iron during grazing are poorly documented. In this study, we report the morphological and molecular characterizations of a magnetically responsive MTB-grazing protozoan able to ingest high quantities of MTB. This protozoan is tentatively identified as Uronema marinum, a ciliate known to be a predator of bacteria. Using light and electron microscopy, we investigated in detail the vacuoles in which the lysis of phagocytized prokaryotes occurs. We carried out high-resolution observations of aligned magnetosome chains and ongoing dissolution of crystals. Particulate iron in the ciliate represented approximately 0.01% of its total volume. We show the ubiquity of this interaction in other types of environments and describe different grazing strategies. These data contribute to the mounting evidence that the interactions between MTB and protozoa might play a significant role in iron turnover in microaerophilic habitats.IMPORTANCE Identifying participants of each biogeochemical cycle is a prerequisite to our understanding of ecosystem functioning. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) participate in iron cycling by concentrating large amounts of biomineralized iron minerals in their cells, which impacts their chemical environment at, or below, the oxic-anoxic transition zone in aquatic habitats. It was shown that some protozoa inhabiting this niche could become magnetic by the ingestion of magnetic crystals biomineralized by grazed MTB. In this study, we show that magnetic MTB grazers are commonly observed in marine and freshwater sediments and can sometimes accumulate very large amounts of particulate iron. We describe here different phagocytosis strategies, determined using magnetic particles from MTB as tracers after their ingestion by the protozoa. This study paves the way for potential scientific or medical applications using MTB grazers as magnetosome hyperaccumulators.
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13
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Rismani Yazdi S, Nosrati R, Stevens CA, Vogel D, Davies PL, Escobedo C. Magnetotaxis Enables Magnetotactic Bacteria to Navigate in Flow. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702982. [PMID: 29205792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) play an important role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles by transporting minerals in aquatic ecosystems, and have shown promise for controlled transport of microscale objects in flow conditions. However, how MTB traverse complex flow environments is not clear. Here, using microfluidics and high-speed imaging, it is revealed that magnetotaxis enables directed motion of Magnetospirillum magneticum over long distances in flow velocities ranging from 2 to 1260 µm s-1 , corresponding to shear rates ranging from 0.2 to 142 s-1 -a range relevant to both aquatic environments and biomedical applications. The ability of MTB to overcome a current is influenced by the flow, the magnetic field, and their relative orientation. MTB can overcome 2.3-fold higher flow velocities when directed to swim perpendicular to the flow as compared to upstream, as the latter orientation induces higher drag. The results indicate a threshold drag of 9.5 pN, corresponding to a flow velocity of 550 µm s-1 , where magnetotaxis enables MTB to overcome counterdirectional flow. These findings bring new insights into the interactions of MTB with complex flow environments relevant to aquatic ecosystems, while suggesting opportunities for in vivo applications of MTB in microbiorobotics and targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rismani Yazdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corey A Stevens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David Vogel
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Carlos Escobedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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