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Bhuyan R, Mony J, Kotov O, Castellanos GW, Gómez Rivas J, Shegai TO, Börjesson K. The Rise and Current Status of Polaritonic Photochemistry and Photophysics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10877-10919. [PMID: 37683254 PMCID: PMC10540218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between molecular electronic transitions and electromagnetic fields can be enlarged to the point where distinct hybrid light-matter states, polaritons, emerge. The photonic contribution to these states results in increased complexity as well as an opening to modify the photophysics and photochemistry beyond what normally can be seen in organic molecules. It is today evident that polaritons offer opportunities for molecular photochemistry and photophysics, which has caused an ever-rising interest in the field. Focusing on the experimental landmarks, this review takes its reader from the advent of the field of polaritonic chemistry, over the split into polariton chemistry and photochemistry, to present day status within polaritonic photochemistry and photophysics. To introduce the field, the review starts with a general description of light-matter interactions, how to enhance these, and what characterizes the coupling strength. Then the photochemistry and photophysics of strongly coupled systems using Fabry-Perot and plasmonic cavities are described. This is followed by a description of room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation/polariton lasing in polaritonic systems. The review ends with a discussion on the benefits, limitations, and future developments of strong exciton-photon coupling using organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleg Kotov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel W. Castellanos
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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2
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Pisani F, Gacemi D, Vasanelli A, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield E, Sirtori C, Todorov Y. Electronic transport driven by collective light-matter coupled states in a quantum device. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3914. [PMID: 37400430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the majority of optoelectronic devices, emission and absorption of light are considered as perturbative phenomena. Recently, a regime of highly non-perturbative interaction, ultra-strong light-matter coupling, has attracted considerable attention, as it has led to changes in the fundamental properties of materials such as electrical conductivity, rate of chemical reactions, topological order, and non-linear susceptibility. Here, we explore a quantum infrared detector operating in the ultra-strong light-matter coupling regime driven by collective electronic excitations, where the renormalized polariton states are strongly detuned from the bare electronic transitions. Our experiments are corroborated by microscopic quantum theory that solves the problem of calculating the fermionic transport in the presence of strong collective electronic effects. These findings open a new way of conceiving optoelectronic devices based on the coherent interaction between electrons and photons allowing, for example, the optimization of quantum cascade detectors operating in the regime of strongly non-perturbative coupling with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pisani
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Djamal Gacemi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Angela Vasanelli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alexander Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Edmund Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
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3
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Paul P, Addamane SJ, Liu PQ. Mid-Infrared Intersubband Cavity Polaritons in Flexible Single Quantum Well. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2890-2897. [PMID: 36999755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Strong and ultrastrong coupling between intersubband transitions in quantum wells and cavity photons have been realized in mid-infrared and terahertz spectral regions. However, most previous works employed a large number of quantum wells on rigid substrates to achieve coupling strengths reaching the strong or ultrastrong coupling regime. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate ultrastrong coupling between the intersubband transition in a single quantum well and the resonant mode of photonic nanocavity at room temperature. We also observe strong coupling between the nanocavity resonance and the second-order intersubband transition in a single quantum well. Furthermore, we implement for the first time such intersubband cavity polariton systems on soft and flexible substrates and demonstrate that bending of the single quantum well does not significantly affect the characteristics of the cavity polaritons. This work paves the way to broaden the range of potential applications of intersubband cavity polaritons including soft and wearable photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspita Paul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Sadhvikas J Addamane
- Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Peter Qiang Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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4
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Malerba M, Sotgiu S, Schirato A, Baldassarre L, Gillibert R, Giliberti V, Jeannin M, Manceau JM, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Alabastri A, Ortolani M, Colombelli R. Detection of Strong Light-Matter Interaction in a Single Nanocavity with a Thermal Transducer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20141-20150. [PMID: 36399696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concept of strong light-matter coupling has been demonstrated in semiconductor structures, and it is poised to revolutionize the design and implementation of components, including solid state lasers and detectors. We demonstrate an original nanospectroscopy technique that permits the study of the light-matter interaction in single subwavelength-sized nanocavities where far-field spectroscopy is not possible using conventional techniques. We inserted a thin (∼150 nm) polymer layer with negligible absorption in the mid-infrared range (5 μm < λ < 12 μm) inside a metal-insulator-metal resonant cavity, where a photonic mode and the intersubband transition of a semiconductor quantum well are strongly coupled. The intersubband transition peaks at λ = 8.3 μm, and the nanocavity is overall 270 nm thick. Acting as a nonperturbative transducer, the polymer layer introduces only a limited alteration of the optical response while allowing to reveal the optical power absorbed inside the concealed cavity. Spectroscopy of the cavity losses is enabled by the polymer thermal expansion due to heat dissipation in the active part of the cavity, and performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). This innovative approach allows the typical anticrossing characteristic of the polaritonic dispersion to be identified in the cavity loss spectra at the single nanoresonator level. Results also suggest that near-field coupling of the external drive field to the top metal patch mediated by a metal-coated AFM probe tip is possible, and it enables the near-field mapping of the cavity mode symmetry including in the presence of a strong light-matter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Malerba
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120Palaiseau, France
| | - Simone Sotgiu
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Schirato
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133Milan, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163Genoa, Italy
| | - Leonetta Baldassarre
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Raymond Gillibert
- Center for Life NanoScience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Giliberti
- Center for Life NanoScience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Mathieu Jeannin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Michel Manceau
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120Palaiseau, France
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS29JTLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS29JTLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund H Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS29JTLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Michele Ortolani
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
- Center for Life NanoScience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Colombelli
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120Palaiseau, France
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5
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Microcavity phonon polaritons from the weak to the ultrastrong phonon-photon coupling regime. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6206. [PMID: 34707119 PMCID: PMC8551273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong coupling between molecular vibrations and microcavity modes has been demonstrated to modify physical and chemical properties of the molecular material. Here, we study the less explored coupling between lattice vibrations (phonons) and microcavity modes. Embedding thin layers of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) into classical microcavities, we demonstrate the evolution from weak to ultrastrong phonon-photon coupling when the hBN thickness is increased from a few nanometers to a fully filled cavity. Remarkably, strong coupling is achieved for hBN layers as thin as 10 nm. Further, the ultrastrong coupling in fully filled cavities yields a polariton dispersion matching that of phonon polaritons in bulk hBN, highlighting that the maximum light-matter coupling in microcavities is limited to the coupling strength between photons and the bulk material. Tunable cavity phonon polaritons could become a versatile platform for studying how the coupling strength between photons and phonons may modify the properties of polar crystals. Strong coupling between light and matter can be engineered to influence their properties and behaviour. Here, the authors demonstrate the evolution from weak to ultrastrong coupling of microcavity modes and optical phonons with hexagonal boron nitride layers in a Fabry-Perot resonator.
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6
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Cirio M, Shammah N, Lambert N, De Liberato S, Nori F. Multielectron Ground State Electroluminescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:190403. [PMID: 31144951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.190403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ground state of a cavity-electron system in the ultrastrong coupling regime is characterized by the presence of virtual photons. If an electric current flows through this system, the modulation of the light-matter coupling induced by this nonequilibrium effect can induce an extracavity photon emission signal, even when electrons entering the cavity do not have enough energy to populate the excited states. We show that this ground state electroluminescence, previously identified in a single-qubit system [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 113601 (2016)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.116.113601] can arise in a many-electron system. The collective enhancement of the light-matter coupling makes this effect, described beyond the rotating wave approximation, robust in the thermodynamic limit, allowing its observation in a broad range of physical systems, from a semiconductor heterostructure with flatband dispersion to various implementations of the Dicke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cirio
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nathan Shammah
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Neill Lambert
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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7
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Gubbin CR, Berte R, Meeker MA, Giles AJ, Ellis CT, Tischler JG, Wheeler VD, Maier SA, Caldwell JD, De Liberato S. Hybrid longitudinal-transverse phonon polaritons. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1682. [PMID: 30975986 PMCID: PMC6459832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonon polaritons, hybrid light-matter quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of the electromagnetic field with the lattice vibrations of polar crystals are a promising platform for mid-infrared photonics but for the moment there has been no proposal allowing for their electrical pumping. Electrical currents in fact mainly generate longitudinal optical phonons, while only transverse ones participate in the creation of phonon polaritons. We demonstrate how to exploit long-cell polytypes of silicon carbide to achieve strong coupling between transverse phonon polaritons and zone-folded longitudinal optical phonons. We develop a microscopic theory predicting the existence of the resulting hybrid longitudinal-transverse excitations. We then provide an experimental observation by tuning the resonance of a nanopillar array through the folded longitudinal optical mode, obtaining a clear spectral anti-crossing. The hybridisation of phonon polaritons with longitudinal phonons could represent an important step toward the development of phonon polariton-based electrically pumped mid-infrared emitters. Phonon polaritons are promising for mid-infrared photonics but only longitudinal optical phonons are directly accessed by electrical currents. Here, the authors predict and experimentally confirm hybrid longitudinal-transverse excitations. This could lead to phonon polariton-based electrically pumped mid-infrared emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Gubbin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rodrigo Berte
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF, 70040-020, Brazil.,Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | | | | | - Chase T Ellis
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37205, USA
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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8
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Wang J, Da P, Zhang Z, Luo S, Liao L, Sun Z, Shen X, Wu S, Zheng G, Chen Z. Lasing from lead halide perovskite semiconductor microcavity system. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10371-10376. [PMID: 29809212 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskite semiconductors are ideal gain media for fabricating laser and photonic devices due to high absorption, photoluminescence (PL) efficiency and low nonradiative recombination losses. Herein, organic-inorganic halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 is embedded in the Fabry-Perot (FP) microcavity, and a wavelength-tunable excitonic lasing with a threshold of 12.9 μJ cm-2 and the spectral coherence of 0.76 nm are realized. The lasing threshold decreases and the spectral coherence enhances as the temperature decreases; these results are ascribed to the suppression of exciton irradiative recombination caused by thermal fluctuation. Moreover, both lasing and light emission below threshold from the perovskite microcavity (PM) system demonstrate a redshift with the decreasing temperature. These results provide a feasible platform based on the PM system for the study of light-matter interaction for quantum optics and the development of optoelectronic devices such as polariton lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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9
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Hagenmüller D, Schachenmayer J, Schütz S, Genes C, Pupillo G. Cavity-Enhanced Transport of Charge. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:223601. [PMID: 29286774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate charge transport through electronic bands of a mesoscopic one-dimensional system, where interband transitions are coupled to a confined cavity mode, initially prepared close to its vacuum. This coupling leads to light-matter hybridization where the dressed fermionic bands interact via absorption and emission of dressed cavity photons. Using a self-consistent nonequilibrium Green's function method, we compute electronic transmissions and cavity photon spectra and demonstrate how light-matter coupling can lead to an enhancement of charge conductivity in the steady state. We find that depending on cavity loss rate, electronic bandwidth, and coupling strength, the dynamics involves either an individual or a collective response of Bloch states, and we explain how this affects the current enhancement. We show that the charge conductivity enhancement can reach orders of magnitudes under experimentally relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hagenmüller
- IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Johannes Schachenmayer
- IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefan Schütz
- IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudiu Genes
- IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Guido Pupillo
- IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Cirio M, De Liberato S, Lambert N, Nori F. Ground State Electroluminescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:113601. [PMID: 27035302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescence, the emission of light in the presence of an electric current, provides information on the allowed electronic transitions of a given system. It is commonly used to investigate the physics of strongly coupled light-matter systems, whose eigenfrequencies are split by the strong coupling with the photonic field of a cavity. Here we show that, together with the usual electroluminescence, systems in the ultrastrong light-matter coupling regime emit a uniquely quantum radiation when a flow of current is driven through them. While standard electroluminescence relies on the population of excited states followed by spontaneous emission, the process we describe herein extracts bound photons from the dressed ground state and it has peculiar features that unequivocally distinguish it from usual electroluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cirio
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical Science Research Group (iTHES), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Franco Nori
- CEMS, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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11
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Orgiu E, George J, Hutchison JA, Devaux E, Dayen JF, Doudin B, Stellacci F, Genet C, Schachenmayer J, Genes C, Pupillo G, Samorì P, Ebbesen TW. Conductivity in organic semiconductors hybridized with the vacuum field. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:1123-9. [PMID: 26366850 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Much effort over the past decades has been focused on improving carrier mobility in organic thin-film transistors by optimizing the organization of the material or the device architecture. Here we take a different path to solving this problem, by injecting carriers into states that are hybridized to the vacuum electromagnetic field. To test this idea, organic semiconductors were strongly coupled to plasmonic modes to form coherent states that can extend over as many as 10(5) molecules and should thereby favour conductivity. Experiments show that indeed the current does increase by an order of magnitude at resonance in the coupled state, reflecting mostly a change in field-effect mobility. A theoretical quantum model confirms the delocalization of the wavefunctions of the hybridized states and its effect on the conductivity. Our findings illustrate the potential of engineering the vacuum electromagnetic environment to modify and to improve properties of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Orgiu
- ISIS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J George
- ISIS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J A Hutchison
- ISIS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - E Devaux
- ISIS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J F Dayen
- IPCMS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - B Doudin
- IPCMS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - F Stellacci
- EPFL, STI SMX-GE MXG 030 Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Genet
- ISIS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J Schachenmayer
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - C Genes
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G Pupillo
- ISIS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- IPCMS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - P Samorì
- ISIS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - T W Ebbesen
- ISIS &icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Geiser M, Beck M, Faist J. Terahertz intersubband polariton tuning by electrical gating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:2126-2131. [PMID: 24515222 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.002126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Intersubband polaritons in the THz range are observed by coupling intersubband transitions in parabolic quantum wells to metallic microcavities. The polaritonic states are tuned in frequency by electrically modulating the electron density in the device using a gate. Tuning of 140 Ghz is observed at a lower polariton frequency of 2.5 THz in reflection measurements. Biasing the structure for electroluminescence measurements also modulates the electron density, which can lead to differential electroluminescence line shapes.
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13
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Lu TC, Chen JR, Lin SC, Huang SW, Wang SC, Yamamoto Y. Room temperature current injection polariton light emitting diode with a hybrid microcavity. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2791-2795. [PMID: 21675759 DOI: 10.1021/nl2011164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The strong light-matter interaction within a semiconductor high-Q microcavity has been used to produce half-matter/half-light quasiparticles, exciton-polaritons. The exciton-polaritons have very small effective mass and controllable energy-momentum dispersion relation. These unique properties of polaritons provide the possibility to investigate the fundamental physics including solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics, and dynamical Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Thus far the polariton BEC has been demonstrated using optical excitation. However, from a practical viewpoint, the current injection polariton devices operating at room temperature would be most desirable. Here we report the first realization of a current injection microcavity GaN exciton-polariton light emitting diode (LED) operating under room temperature. The exciton-polariton emission from the LED at photon energy 3.02 eV under strong coupling condition is confirmed through temperature-dependent and angle-resolved electroluminescence spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Chang Lu
- Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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14
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Xu G, Colombelli R, Braive R, Beaudoin G, Le Gratiet L, Talneau A, Ferlazzo L, Sagnes I. Surface-emitting mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers with high-contrast photonic crystal resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:11979-11989. [PMID: 20589060 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.011979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have developed surface-emitting single-mode quantum cascade lasers which employ high-contrast photonic-crystal resonators. The devices operate on band-edge states of the photonic band-structure. The mode profile and polarization characteristics of the band-edge modes are calculated by three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulation. Experimentally, the spectral properties, the far-field patterns, and the polarization characteristics of the lasers are determined and compared with simulations. The good agreement between the simulations and the experiments confirms that the hexapolar mode at the Gamma-point band-edge gives rise to lasing. By using a novel and advanced fabrication method, deep and vertical PhC holes are fabricated with no metal redeposition on the sidewalls, which improves the laser performance with respect to the current status. The angular of the output beam is approximately 15 masculine, and the side mode suppression ratio of the single mode emission is about 25 dB. The threshold current density at 78 K and the maximum operation temperature are 7.6 kA/cm2 and 220 K, respectively. The performance is mainly limited by the loss induced by surface plasmon waveguide, which can be overcome by using an optimized dielectric waveguide structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangyi Xu
- 1Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS, UMR8622, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Todorov Y, Andrews AM, Sagnes I, Colombelli R, Klang P, Strasser G, Sirtori C. Strong light-matter coupling in subwavelength metal-dielectric microcavities at terahertz frequencies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:186402. [PMID: 19518892 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.186402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that a metal-dielectric-metal microcavity combined with quantum well intersubband transitions is an ideal system for the generation of cavity polariton states in the terahertz region. The metallic cavity has highly confined radiation modes that can be tuned in resonance with the intersubband transition. In this system we were able to measure a very strong light-matter splitting (the Rabi splitting 2 variant Planck's over 2pi Omega R), corresponding to 22% of the transition energy. We believe this result to be the first demonstration of intersubband polaritons in the terahertz frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Todorov
- Laboratoire "Matériaux et Phénomenes Quantiques," Unversité Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS-UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
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16
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Rauter P, Fromherz T, Vinh NQ, Murdin BN, Mussler G, Grützmacher D, Bauer G. Continuous voltage tunability of intersubband relaxation times in coupled SiGe quantum well structures using ultrafast spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:147401. [PMID: 19392480 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate continuous voltage control of the nonradiative transition lifetime in semiconductor heterostructures. The results were obtained by picosecond time-resolved experiments on biased SiGe valence band quantum well structures using a free electron laser. By varying the applied voltage, the intersubband hole relaxation times for quantum well structures were varied by a factor of 2 as the wave functions and their overlaps were tuned. The range of magnitudes for the lifetime indicates a possible route to silicon-based quantum cascade lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rauter
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, University of Linz, Linz, Austria
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De Liberato S, Ciuti C. Stimulated scattering and lasing of intersubband cavity polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:136403. [PMID: 19392378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.136403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a microscopic theory describing the stimulated scattering of intersubband polariton excitations in a microcavity-embedded two-dimensional electron gas. In particular, we consider the polariton scattering induced by the interaction with longitudinal optical phonons. Our theory demonstrates the possibility of final-state stimulation for the scattering of such composite excitations, accounting for the deviations from ideal bosonicity occurring at high excitation densities. By using GaAs parameters, we predict a quantum degenerate regime and lasing without electronic population inversion in an optical pumping configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone De Liberato
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7 and CNRS, UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
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Günter G, Anappara AA, Hees J, Sell A, Biasiol G, Sorba L, De Liberato S, Ciuti C, Tredicucci A, Leitenstorfer A, Huber R. Sub-cycle switch-on of ultrastrong light–matter interaction. Nature 2009; 458:178-81. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Imamoğlu A. Cavity QED based on collective magnetic dipole coupling: spin ensembles as hybrid two-level systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:083602. [PMID: 19257738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.083602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the magnetic dipole coupling of an ensemble of spins to a superconducting microwave stripline structure, incorporating a Josephson junction based transmon qubit. We show that this system is described by an embedded Jaynes-Cummings model: in the strong coupling regime, collective spin-wave excitations of the ensemble of spins pick up the nonlinearity of the cavity mode, such that the two lowest eigenstates of the coupled spin wave-microwave cavity-Josephson junction system define a hybrid two-level system. The proposal described here enables new avenues for nonlinear optics using optical photons coupled to spin ensembles via Raman transitions. The possibility of strong coupling cavity QED with magnetic dipole transitions also opens up the possibility of extending quantum information processing protocols to spins in silicon or graphene, without the need for single-spin confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atac Imamoğlu
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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A GaAs polariton light-emitting diode operating near room temperature. Nature 2008; 453:372-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature06979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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