1
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Bui HT, Wolf C, Wang Y, Haze M, Ardavan A, Heinrich AJ, Phark SH. All-Electrical Driving and Probing of Dressed States in a Single Spin. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12187-12193. [PMID: 38698541 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The subnanometer distance between tip and sample in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) enables the application of very large electric fields with a strength as high as ∼1 GV/m. This has allowed for efficient electrical driving of Rabi oscillations of a single spin on a surface at a moderate radiofrequency (RF) voltage on the order of tens of millivolts. Here, we demonstrate the creation of dressed states of a single electron spin localized in the STM tunnel junction by using resonant RF driving voltages. The read-out of these dressed states was achieved all electrically by a weakly coupled probe spin. Our work highlights the strength of the atomic-scale geometry inherent to the STM that facilitates the creation and control of dressed states, which are promising for the design of atomic scale quantum devices using individual spins on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong T Bui
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Christoph Wolf
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yu Wang
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Masahiro Haze
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - Arzhang Ardavan
- CAESR, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyon Phark
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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2
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John V, Borsoi F, György Z, Wang CA, Széchenyi G, van Riggelen-Doelman F, Lawrie WIL, Hendrickx NW, Sammak A, Scappucci G, Pályi A, Veldhorst M. Bichromatic Rabi Control of Semiconductor Qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:067001. [PMID: 38394602 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.067001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrically driven spin resonance is a powerful technique for controlling semiconductor spin qubits. However, it faces challenges in qubit addressability and off-resonance driving in larger systems. We demonstrate coherent bichromatic Rabi control of quantum dot hole spin qubits, offering a spatially selective approach for large qubit arrays. By applying simultaneous microwave bursts to different gate electrodes, we observe multichromatic resonance lines and resonance anticrossings that are caused by the ac Stark shift. Our theoretical framework aligns with experimental data, highlighting interdot motion as the dominant mechanism for bichromatic driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin John
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Borsoi
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Zoltán György
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chien-An Wang
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gábor Széchenyi
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Floor van Riggelen-Doelman
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - William I L Lawrie
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Nico W Hendrickx
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Amir Sammak
- QuTech and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, Netherlands
| | - Giordano Scappucci
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - András Pályi
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Quantum Dynamics and Correlations Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Menno Veldhorst
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
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3
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Kitzman JM, Lane JR, Undershute C, Harrington PM, Beysengulov NR, Mikolas CA, Murch KW, Pollanen J. Phononic bath engineering of a superconducting qubit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3910. [PMID: 37400431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phonons, the ubiquitous quanta of vibrational energy, play a vital role in the performance of quantum technologies. Conversely, unintended coupling to phonons degrades qubit performance and can lead to correlated errors in superconducting qubit systems. Regardless of whether phonons play an enabling or deleterious role, they do not typically admit control over their spectral properties, nor the possibility of engineering their dissipation to be used as a resource. Here we show that coupling a superconducting qubit to a bath of piezoelectric surface acoustic wave phonons enables a novel platform for investigating open quantum systems. By shaping the loss spectrum of the qubit via the bath of lossy surface phonons, we demonstrate preparation and dynamical stabilization of superposition states through the combined effects of drive and dissipation. These experiments highlight the versatility of engineered phononic dissipation and advance the understanding of mechanical losses in superconducting qubit systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kitzman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - J R Lane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - C Undershute
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - P M Harrington
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - N R Beysengulov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - C A Mikolas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - K W Murch
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - J Pollanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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4
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Dusanowski Ł, Gustin C, Hughes S, Schneider C, Höfling S. All-Optical Tuning of Indistinguishable Single Photons Generated in Three-Level Quantum Systems. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3562-3568. [PMID: 35486678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Resonance fluorescence of two-level quantum systems has emerged as a powerful tool in quantum information processing. Extension of this approach to higher-level systems provides new opportunities for quantum optics applications. Here we introduce an all-optical tuning functionality into a well-established resonance fluorescence coherent driving scheme. We accomplish this by resonant excitation of a three-level ladder system with two laser fields utilizing Autler-Townes and ac Stark effects. We propose theoretically and demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of this approach toward all-optical spectral tuning of quantum-dot-based single-photon sources and investigate photon indistinguishability and purity levels. Our tuning technique allows for fast optical control of the quantum emitter spectrum which paves the way toward temporal and spectral shaping of the single photons, formation of topological Floquet states, or generation of high-dimensional frequency-encoded quantum states of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Dusanowski
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chris Gustin
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Stephen Hughes
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Cui C, Zhang L, Fan L. Photonic analog of Mollow triplet with on-chip photon-pair generation in dressed modes. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4753-4756. [PMID: 34598191 DOI: 10.1364/ol.428659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Making analogy with atomic physics is a powerful tool for photonic technology, witnessed by the recent development in topological photonics and non-Hermitian photonics based on parity-time symmetry. The Mollow triplet is a prominent atomic effect with both fundamental and technological importance. Here we demonstrate the analog of the Mollow triplet with quantum photonic systems. Photonic entanglement is generated with spontaneous nonlinear processes in dressed photonic modes, which are introduced through coherent multimode coupling. We further demonstrate the possibility of the photonic system to realize different configurations of dressed states, leading to modification of the Mollow triplet. Our work would enable the investigation of complex atomic processes and the realization of unique quantum functionalities based on photonic systems.
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6
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Sung Y, Vepsäläinen A, Braumüller J, Yan F, Wang JIJ, Kjaergaard M, Winik R, Krantz P, Bengtsson A, Melville AJ, Niedzielski BM, Schwartz ME, Kim DK, Yoder JL, Orlando TP, Gustavsson S, Oliver WD. Multi-level quantum noise spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:967. [PMID: 33574240 PMCID: PMC7878521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
System noise identification is crucial to the engineering of robust quantum systems. Although existing quantum noise spectroscopy (QNS) protocols measure an aggregate amount of noise affecting a quantum system, they generally cannot distinguish between the underlying processes that contribute to it. Here, we propose and experimentally validate a spin-locking-based QNS protocol that exploits the multi-level energy structure of a superconducting qubit to achieve two notable advances. First, our protocol extends the spectral range of weakly anharmonic qubit spectrometers beyond the present limitations set by their lack of strong anharmonicity. Second, the additional information gained from probing the higher-excited levels enables us to identify and distinguish contributions from different underlying noise mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyu Sung
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Antti Vepsäläinen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jochen Braumüller
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fei Yan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Joel I-Jan Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Morten Kjaergaard
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roni Winik
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philip Krantz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Bengtsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Terry P Orlando
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon Gustavsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William D Oliver
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Hazard TM, Gyenis A, Di Paolo A, Asfaw AT, Lyon SA, Blais A, Houck AA. Nanowire Superinductance Fluxonium Qubit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:010504. [PMID: 31012689 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We characterize a fluxonium qubit consisting of a Josephson junction inductively shunted with a NbTiN nanowire superinductance. We explain the measured energy spectrum by means of a multimode theory accounting for the distributed nature of the superinductance and the effect of the circuit nonlinearity to all orders in the Josephson potential. Using multiphoton Raman spectroscopy, we address multiple fluxonium transitions, observe multilevel Autler-Townes splitting and measure an excited state lifetime of T_{1}=20 μs. By measuring T_{1} at different magnetic flux values, we find a crossover in the lifetime limiting mechanism from capacitive to inductive losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hazard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Gyenis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Di Paolo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A T Asfaw
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - S A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Blais
- Institut quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1 Quebec, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, M5G 1M1 Ontario, Canada
| | - A A Houck
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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8
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Tan X, Zhao YX, Liu Q, Xue G, Yu HF, Wang ZD, Yu Y. Simulation and Manipulation of Tunable Weyl-Semimetal Bands Using Superconducting Quantum Circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:010501. [PMID: 31012718 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We simulated highly tunable Weyl-semimetal bands using superconducting quantum circuits. Driving the superconducting quantum circuits with microwave fields, we mapped the momentum space of a lattice to the parameter space, realizing the Hamiltonian of a Weyl semimetal. By measuring the energy spectrum, we directly imaged the Weyl points, whose topological winding numbers were further determined from the Berry curvature measurement. In addition, we manipulated the band structure with an additional pump microwave field, producing a momentum-dependent Weyl-point energy together with an artificial magnetic field, which are indispensable for generating chiral magnetic topological currents in some special Weyl semimetals and may have significant impact on topological physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Tan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Y X Zhao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guangming Xue
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hai-Feng Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Z D Wang
- Department of Physics and Center of Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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9
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Koski JV, Landig AJ, Pályi A, Scarlino P, Reichl C, Wegscheider W, Burkard G, Wallraff A, Ensslin K, Ihn T. Floquet Spectroscopy of a Strongly Driven Quantum Dot Charge Qubit with a Microwave Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:043603. [PMID: 30095954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.043603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate a strongly driven GaAs double quantum dot charge qubit weakly coupled to a superconducting microwave resonator. The Floquet states emerging from strong driving are probed by tracing the qubit-resonator resonance condition. In this way, we probe the resonance of a qubit that is driven in an adiabatic, a nonadiabatic, or an intermediate rate, showing distinct quantum features of multiphoton processes and a fringe pattern similar to Landau-Zener-Stückelberg interference. Our resonant detection scheme enables the investigation of novel features when the drive frequency is comparable to the resonator frequency. Models based on the adiabatic approximation, rotating wave approximation, and Floquet theory explain our experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Koski
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A J Landig
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Pályi
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Exotic Quantum Phases "Momentum" Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Scarlino
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Reichl
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Wegscheider
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Burkard
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - A Wallraff
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Ensslin
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Ihn
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Ding JH, Huai SN, Ian H, Liu YX. Vacuum induced transparency and photon number resolved Autler-Townes splitting in a three-level system. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540786 PMCID: PMC5852031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the absorption spectrum of a probe field by a Λ-type three-level system, which is coupled to a quantized control field through the two upper energy levels. The probe field is applied to the ground and the second excited states. When the quantized control field is in vacuum, we derive a threshold condition to discern vacuum induced transparency (VIT) and vacuum induced Autler-Townes splitting (ATS). We also find that the parameter changing from VIT to vacuum induced ATS is very similar to that from broken PT symmetry to PT symmetry. Moreover, we find the photon number resolved spectrum in the parameter regime of vacuum induced ATS when the mean photon number of the quantized control field is changed from zero (vacuum) to a finite number. However, there is no photon number resolved spectrum in the parameter regime of VIT even that the quantized control field contains the finite number of photons. Finally, we further discuss possible experimental realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hao Ding
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China
| | - Sai-Nan Huai
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hou Ian
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China
| | - Yu-Xi Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology (TNList), Beijing, 100084, China.
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11
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Long J, Ku HS, Wu X, Gu X, Lake RE, Bal M, Liu YX, Pappas DP. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics with Nested Polariton States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:083602. [PMID: 29543019 PMCID: PMC5983892 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.083602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum networks will enable extraordinary capabilities for communicating and processing quantum information. These networks require a reliable means of storage, retrieval, and manipulation of quantum states at the network nodes. A node receives one or more coherent inputs and sends a conditional output to the next cascaded node in the network through a quantum channel. Here, we demonstrate this basic functionality by using the quantum interference mechanism of electromagnetically induced transparency in a transmon qubit coupled to a superconducting resonator. First, we apply a microwave bias, i.e., drive, to the qubit-cavity system to prepare a Λ-type three-level system of polariton states. Second, we input two interchangeable microwave signals, i.e., a probe tone and a control tone, and observe that transmission of the probe tone is conditional upon the presence of the control tone that switches the state of the device with up to 99.73% transmission extinction. Importantly, our electromagnetically induced transparency scheme uses all dipole allowed transitions. We infer high dark state preparation fidelities of >99.39% and negative group velocities of up to -0.52±0.09 km/s based on our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Long
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - H. S. Ku
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Xian Wu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Xiu Gu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Russell E. Lake
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Mustafa Bal
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Yu-xi Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology (TNList), Beijing 100084, China
| | - David P. Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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12
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Liu T, Guo BQ, Yu CS, Zhang WN. One-step implementation of a hybrid Fredkin gate with quantum memories and single superconducting qubit in circuit QED and its applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:4498-4511. [PMID: 29475300 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.004498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In a recent remarkable experiment [Sci. Adv. 2, e1501531 (2016)], a 3-qubit quantum Fredkin (i.e., controlled-SWAP) gate was demonstrated by using linear optics. Here we propose a simple experimental scheme by utilizing the dispersive interaction in superconducting quantum circuit to implement a hybrid Fredkin gate with a superconducting flux qubit as the control qubit and two separated quantum memories as the target qudits. The quantum memories considered here are prepared by the superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators or nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles. In particular, it is shown that this Fredkin gate can be realized using a single-step operation and more importantly, each target qudit can be in an arbitrary state with arbitrary degrees of freedom. Furthermore, we show that this experimental scheme has many potential applications in quantum computation and quantum information processing such as generating arbitrary entangled states (discrete-variable states or continuous-variable states) of the two memories, measuring the fidelity and the entanglement between the two memories. With state-of-the-art circuit QED technology, the numerical simulation is performed to demonstrate that two-memory NOON states, entangled coherent states, and entangled cat states can be efficiently synthesized.
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13
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Joas T, Waeber AM, Braunbeck G, Reinhard F. Quantum sensing of weak radio-frequency signals by pulsed Mollow absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:964. [PMID: 29042543 PMCID: PMC5645369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensors—qubits sensitive to external fields—have become powerful detectors for various small acoustic and electromagnetic fields. A major key to their success have been dynamical decoupling protocols which enhance sensitivity to weak oscillating (AC) signals. Currently, those methods are limited to signal frequencies below a few MHz. Here we harness a quantum-optical effect, the Mollow triplet splitting of a strongly driven two-level system, to overcome this limitation. We microscopically understand this effect as a pulsed dynamical decoupling protocol and find that it enables sensitive detection of fields close to the driven transition. Employing a nitrogen-vacancy center, we detect GHz microwave fields with a signal strength (Rabi frequency) below the current detection limit, which is set by the center’s spectral linewidth \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$1{\rm{/}}T_2^*$$\end{document}1∕T2*. Pushing detection sensitivity to the much lower 1/T2 limit, this scheme could enable various applications, most prominently coherent coupling to single phonons and microwave photons. Dynamical decoupling protocols can enhance the sensitivity of quantum sensors but this is limited to signal frequencies below a few MHz. Here, Joas et al. use the Mollow triplet splitting in a nitrogen-vacancy centre to overcome this limitation, enabling sensitive detection of signals in the GHz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Joas
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - A M Waeber
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - G Braunbeck
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - F Reinhard
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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14
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Transferring arbitrary d-dimensional quantum states of a superconducting transmon qudit in circuit QED. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7039. [PMID: 28765631 PMCID: PMC5539217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A qudit (d-level quantum system) has a large Hilbert space and thus can be used to achieve many quantum information and communication tasks. Here, we propose a method to transfer arbitrary d-dimensional quantum states (known or unknown) between two superconducting transmon qudits coupled to a single cavity. The state transfer can be performed by employing resonant interactions only. In addition, quantum states can be deterministically transferred without measurement. Numerical simulations show that high-fidelity transfer of quantum states between two superconducting transmon qudits (d ≤ 5) is feasible with current circuit QED technology. This proposal is quite general and can be applied to accomplish the same task with natural or artificial atoms of a ladder-type level structure coupled to a cavity or resonator.
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15
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Silveri MP, Tuorila JA, Thuneberg EV, Paraoanu GS. Quantum systems under frequency modulation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:056002. [PMID: 28379844 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We review the physical phenomena that arise when quantum mechanical energy levels are modulated in time. The dynamics resulting from changes in the transition frequency is a problem studied since the early days of quantum mechanics. It has been of constant interest both experimentally and theoretically since, with the simple two-state model providing an inexhaustible source of novel concepts. When the transition frequency of a quantum system is modulated, several phenomena can be observed, such as Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana interference, motional averaging and narrowing, and the formation of dressed states with the appearance of sidebands in the spectrum. Adiabatic changes result in the accumulation of geometric phases, which can be used to create topological states. In recent years, an exquisite experimental control in the time domain was gained through the parameters entering the Hamiltonian, and high-fidelity readout schemes allowed the state of the system to be monitored non-destructively. These developments were made in the field of quantum devices, especially in superconducting qubits, as a well as in atomic physics, in particular in ultracold gases. As a result of these advances, it became possible to demonstrate many of the fundamental effects that arise in a quantum system when its transition frequencies are modulated. The purpose of this review is to present some of these developments, from two-state atoms and harmonic oscillators to multilevel and many-particle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Silveri
- Department of Physics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland. Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
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16
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Lagoudakis KG, Fischer KA, Sarmiento T, McMahon PL, Radulaski M, Zhang JL, Kelaita Y, Dory C, Müller K, Vučković J. Observation of Mollow Triplets with Tunable Interactions in Double Lambda Systems of Individual Hole Spins. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:013602. [PMID: 28106434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.013602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although individual spins in quantum dots have been studied extensively as qubits, their investigation under strong resonant driving in the scope of accessing Mollow physics is still an open question. Here, we have grown high quality positively charged quantum dots embedded in a planar microcavity that enable enhanced light-matter interactions. Under a strong magnetic field in the Voigt configuration, individual positively charged quantum dots provide a double lambda level structure. Using a combination of above-band and resonant excitation, we observe the formation of Mollow triplets on all optical transitions. We find that when the strong resonant drive power is used to tune the Mollow-triplet lines through each other, we observe anticrossings. We also demonstrate that the interaction that gives rise to the anticrossings can be controlled in strength by tuning the polarization of the resonant laser drive. Quantum-optical modeling of our system fully captures the experimentally observed spectra and provides insight on the complicated level structure that results from the strong driving of the double lambda system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Lagoudakis
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K A Fischer
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Sarmiento
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - P L McMahon
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Radulaski
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J L Zhang
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Kelaita
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C Dory
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K Müller
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Vučković
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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17
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Laucht A, Kalra R, Simmons S, Dehollain JP, Muhonen JT, Mohiyaddin FA, Freer S, Hudson FE, Itoh KM, Jamieson DN, McCallum JC, Dzurak AS, Morello A. A dressed spin qubit in silicon. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:61-66. [PMID: 27749833 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coherent dressing of a quantum two-level system provides access to a new quantum system with improved properties-a different and easily tunable level splitting, faster control and longer coherence times. In our work we investigate the properties of the dressed, donor-bound electron spin in silicon, and assess its potential as a quantum bit in scalable architectures. The two dressed spin-polariton levels constitute a quantum bit that can be coherently driven with an oscillating magnetic field, an oscillating electric field, frequency modulation of the driving field or a simple detuning pulse. We measure coherence times of and , one order of magnitude longer than those of the undressed spin. Furthermore, the use of the dressed states enables coherent coupling of the solid-state spins to electric fields and mechanical oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Laucht
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rachpon Kalra
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie Simmons
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Juan P Dehollain
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Juha T Muhonen
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Fahd A Mohiyaddin
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Solomon Freer
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Fay E Hudson
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - David N Jamieson
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C McCallum
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew S Dzurak
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - A Morello
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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18
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19
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Liu T, Su QP, Xiong SJ, Liu JM, Yang CP, Nori F. Generation of a macroscopic entangled coherent state using quantum memories in circuit QED. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32004. [PMID: 27562055 PMCID: PMC4999958 DOI: 10.1038/srep32004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
W-type entangled states can be used as quantum channels for, e.g., quantum teleportation, quantum dense coding, and quantum key distribution. In this work, we propose a way to generate a macroscopic W-type entangled coherent state using quantum memories in circuit QED. The memories considered here are nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles (NVEs), each located in a different cavity. This proposal does not require initially preparing each NVE in a coherent state instead of a ground state, which should significantly reduce its experimental difficulty. For most of the operation time, each cavity remains in a vacuum state, thus decoherence caused by the cavity decay and the unwanted inter-cavity crosstalk are greatly suppressed. Moreover, only one external-cavity coupler qubit is needed, which simplifies the circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Qi-Ping Su
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Shao-Jie Xiong
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Jin-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chui-Ping Yang
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Franco Nori
- CEMS, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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20
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Kumar KS, Vepsäläinen A, Danilin S, Paraoanu GS. Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in a three-level superconducting circuit. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10628. [PMID: 26902454 PMCID: PMC4766393 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The adiabatic manipulation of quantum states is a powerful technique that opened up new directions in quantum engineering—enabling tests of fundamental concepts such as geometrical phases and topological transitions, and holding the promise of alternative models of quantum computation. Here we benchmark the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage for circuit quantum electrodynamics by employing the first three levels of a transmon qubit. In this ladder configuration, we demonstrate a population transfer efficiency >80% between the ground state and the second excited state using two adiabatic Gaussian-shaped control microwave pulses. By doing quantum tomography at successive moments during the Raman pulses, we investigate the transfer of the population in time domain. Furthermore, we show that this protocol can be reversed by applying a third adiabatic pulse, we study a hybrid nondiabatic–adiabatic sequence, and we present experimental results for a quasi-degenerate intermediate level. The precise control and manipulation of the states of a multi-level quantum system are fundamental for quantum information processing. Here, the authors demonstrate the robust adiabatic manipulation of the quantum states of a superconducting circuit via stimulated Raman adiabatic passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kumar
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, PO Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - A Vepsäläinen
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, PO Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - S Danilin
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, PO Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - G S Paraoanu
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, PO Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
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21
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Jamonneau P, Hétet G, Dréau A, Roch JF, Jacques V. Coherent Population Trapping of a Single Nuclear Spin Under Ambient Conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:043603. [PMID: 26871331 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.043603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent population trapping of a single nuclear spin in a room-temperature solid. To this end, we exploit a three-level system with a Λ configuration in the microwave domain, which consists of nuclear spin states addressed through their hyperfine coupling to the electron spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond. Moreover, the Λ-scheme relaxation is externally controlled through incoherent optical pumping and separated in time from consecutive coherent microwave excitations. Such a scheme allows us (i) to monitor the sequential accumulation of population into the dark state and (ii) to reach a novel regime of coherent population trapping dynamics for which periodic arrays of dark resonances can be observed, owing to multiple constructive interferences. This Letter offers new prospects for quantum state preparation, information storage in hybrid quantum systems, and metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jamonneau
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - G Hétet
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot and Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A Dréau
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - J-F Roch
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - V Jacques
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
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22
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Liu T, Xiong SJ, Cao XZ, Su QP, Yang CP. Efficient transfer of an arbitrary qutrit state in circuit quantum electrodynamics. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:5602-5605. [PMID: 26625061 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.005602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Compared with a qubit, a qutrit (i.e., three-level quantum system) has a larger Hilbert space and thus can be used to encode more information in quantum information processing and communication. Here, we propose a method to transfer an arbitrary quantum state between two flux qutrits coupled to two resonators. This scheme is simple because it only requires two basic operations. The state-transfer operation can be performed fast because only resonant interactions are used. Numerical simulations show that the high-fidelity transfer of quantum states between the two qutrits is feasible with current circuit-QED technology. This scheme is quite general and can be applied to accomplish the same task for other solid-state qutrits coupled to resonators.
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23
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Observation of a phononic Mollow triplet in a multimode hybrid spin-nanomechanical system. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8603. [PMID: 26477639 PMCID: PMC4634217 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reminiscent of the bound character of a qubit's dynamics confined on the Bloch sphere, the observation of a Mollow triplet in the resonantly driven qubit fluorescence spectrum represents one of the founding signatures of quantum electrodynamics. Here we report on its observation in a hybrid spin-nanomechanical system, where a nitrogen-vacancy spin qubit is magnetically coupled to the vibrations of a silicon carbide nanowire. A resonant microwave field turns the originally parametric hybrid interaction into a resonant process, where acoustic phonons are now able to induce transitions between the dressed qubit states, leading to synchronized spin-oscillator dynamics. We further explore the vectorial character of the hybrid coupling to the bidimensional deformations of the nanowire. The demonstrated microwave assisted synchronization of the spin-oscillator dynamics opens novel perspectives for the exploration of spin-dependent forces, the key ingredient for quantum state transfer. The Mollow triplet, originally observed in the fluorescence spectrum of an optically excited two level system, is a signature of quantum electrodynamics. Here, the authors observe its phononic equivalent by magnetically coupling a single nitrogen-vacancy qubit to the vibrations of a silicon carbide nanowire.
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24
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Xiong SJ, Sun Z, Liu JM, Liu T, Yang CP. Efficient scheme for generation of photonic NOON states in circuit QED. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2221-2224. [PMID: 26393704 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose an efficient scheme for generating photonic NOON states of two resonators coupled to a four-level superconducting flux device (coupler). This proposal operates essentially by employing a technique of a coupler resonantly interacting with two resonators simultaneously. As a consequence, the NOON-state preparation requires only N+1 operational steps and thus is much faster when compared with a recent proposal [Su et al, Sci. Rep.4, 3898 (2014)] requiring 2N steps of operation. Moreover, due to the use of only two resonators and a coupler, the experimental setup is much simplified when compared with previous proposals requiring three resonators and two superconducting qubits/qutrits.
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25
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Su QP, Yang CP, Zheng SB. Fast and simple scheme for generating NOON states of photons in circuit QED. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3898. [PMID: 24469334 PMCID: PMC3904151 DOI: 10.1038/srep03898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation, manipulation and fundamental understanding of entanglement lies at very heart of quantum mechanics. Among various types of entangled states, the NOON states are a kind of special quantum entangled states with two orthogonal component states in maximal superposition, which have a wide range of potential applications in quantum communication and quantum information processing. Here, we propose a fast and simple scheme for generating NOON states of photons in two superconducting resonators by using a single superconducting transmon qutrit. Because only one superconducting qutrit and two resonators are used, the experimental setup for this scheme is much simplified when compared with the previous proposals requiring a setup of two superconducting qutrits and three cavities. In addition, this scheme is easier and faster to implement than the previous proposals, which require using a complex microwave pulse, or a small pulse Rabi frequency in order to avoid nonresonant transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ping Su
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Chui-Ping Yang
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shi-Biao Zheng
- Department of Physics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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26
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Koshino K, Terai H, Inomata K, Yamamoto T, Qiu W, Wang Z, Nakamura Y. Observation of the three-state dressed states in circuit quantum electrodynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:263601. [PMID: 23848874 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.263601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the microwave response of a transmon qubit coupled directly to a transmission line. In a transmon qubit, owing to its weak anharmonicity, a single driving field may generate dressed states involving more than two bare states. We confirmed the formation of three-state dressed states by observing all of the six associated Rabi sidebands, which appear as either amplification or attenuation of the probe field. The experimental results are reproduced with good precision by a theoretical model incorporating the radiative coupling between the qubit and the microwave.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koshino
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827, Japan
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27
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Thomas R, Kupchak C, Agarwal GS, Lvovsky AI. Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency in evanescent fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:6880-6888. [PMID: 23546070 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.006880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We observe and investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, electromagnetically-induced transparency experienced by evanescent fields arising due to total internal reflection from an interface of glass and hot rubidium vapor. This phenomenon manifests itself as a non-Lorentzian peak in the reflectivity spectrum, which features a sharp cusp with a sub-natural width of about 1 MHz. The width of the peak is independent of the thickness of the interaction region, which indicates that the main source of decoherence is likely due to collisions with the cell walls rather than diffusion of atoms. With the inclusion of a coherence-preserving wall coating, this system could be used as an ultra-compact frequency reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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28
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Leung PM, Sanders BC. Coherent control of microwave pulse storage in superconducting circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:253603. [PMID: 23368461 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.253603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Coherent pulse control for quantum memory is viable in the optical domain but nascent in microwave quantum circuits. We show how to realize coherent storage and on-demand pulse retrieval entirely within a superconducting circuit by exploiting and extending existing electromagnetically induced transparency technology in superconducting quantum circuits. Our scheme employs a linear array of superconducting artificial atoms coupled to a microwave transmission line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Leung
- Institute for Quantum Information Science, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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29
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Li J, Paraoanu GS, Cicak K, Altomare F, Park JI, Simmonds RW, Sillanpää MA, Hakonen PJ. Dynamical Autler-Townes control of a phase qubit. Sci Rep 2012; 2:645. [PMID: 22966420 PMCID: PMC3437518 DOI: 10.1038/srep00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Routers, switches, and repeaters are essential components of modern information-processing systems. Similar devices will be needed in future superconducting quantum computers. In this work we investigate experimentally the time evolution of Autler-Townes splitting in a superconducting phase qubit under the application of a control tone resonantly coupled to the second transition. A three-level model that includes independently determined parameters for relaxation and dephasing gives excellent agreement with the experiment. The results demonstrate that the qubit can be used as a ON/OFF switch with 100 ns operating time-scale for the reflection/transmission of photons coming from an applied probe microwave tone. The ON state is realized when the control tone is sufficiently strong to generate an Autler-Townes doublet, suppressing the absorption of the probe tone photons and resulting in a maximum of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University, PO Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland.
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30
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Hoi IC, Wilson CM, Johansson G, Palomaki T, Peropadre B, Delsing P. Demonstration of a single-photon router in the microwave regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:073601. [PMID: 21902392 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.073601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have embedded an artificial atom, a superconducting transmon qubit, in an open transmission line and investigated the strong scattering of incident microwave photons (∼6 GHz). When an input coherent state, with an average photon number N≪1 is on resonance with the artificial atom, we observe extinction of up to 99.6% in the forward propagating field. We use two-tone spectroscopy to study scattering from excited states and we observe electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We then use EIT to make a single-photon router, where we can control to what output port an incoming signal is delivered. The maximum on-off ratio is around 99% with a rise and fall time on the order of nanoseconds, consistent with theoretical expectations. The router can easily be extended to have multiple output ports and it can be viewed as a rudimentary quantum node, an important step towards building quantum information networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Io-Chun Hoi
- MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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31
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Lang C, Bozyigit D, Eichler C, Steffen L, Fink JM, Abdumalikov AA, Baur M, Filipp S, da Silva MP, Blais A, Wallraff A. Observation of resonant photon blockade at microwave frequencies using correlation function measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:243601. [PMID: 21770569 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Creating a train of single photons and monitoring its propagation and interaction is challenging in most physical systems, as photons generally interact very weakly with other systems. However, when confining microwave frequency photons in a transmission line resonator, effective photon-photon interactions can be mediated by qubits embedded in the resonator. Here, we observe the phenomenon of photon blockade through second-order correlation function measurements. The experiments clearly demonstrate antibunching in a continuously pumped source of single microwave photons measured by using microwave beam splitters, linear amplifiers, and quadrature amplitude detectors. We also investigate resonance fluorescence and Rayleigh scattering in Mollow-triplet-like spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lang
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Tuorila J, Silveri M, Sillanpää M, Thuneberg E, Makhlin Y, Hakonen P. Stark effect and generalized Bloch-Siegert shift in a strongly driven two-level system. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:257003. [PMID: 21231615 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.257003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A superconducting qubit was driven in an ultrastrong fashion by an oscillatory microwave field, which was created by coupling via the nonlinear Josephson energy. The observed Stark shifts of the "atomic" levels are so pronounced that corrections even beyond the lowest-order Bloch-Siegert shift are needed to properly explain the measurements. The quasienergies of the dressed two-level system were probed by resonant absorption via a cavity, and the results are in agreement with a calculation based on the Floquet approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Tuorila
- Department of Physics, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
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33
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Forn-Díaz P, Lisenfeld J, Marcos D, García-Ripoll JJ, Solano E, Harmans CJPM, Mooij JE. Observation of the Bloch-Siegert shift in a qubit-oscillator system in the ultrastrong coupling regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:237001. [PMID: 21231496 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.237001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We measure the dispersive energy-level shift of an LC resonator magnetically coupled to a superconducting qubit, which clearly shows that our system operates in the ultrastrong coupling regime. The large mutual kinetic inductance provides a coupling energy of ≈ 0.82 GHz, requiring the addition of counter-rotating-wave terms in the description of the Jaynes-Cummings model. We find a 50 MHz Bloch-Siegert shift when the qubit is in its symmetry point, fully consistent with our analytical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Forn-Díaz
- Quantum Transport Group, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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34
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Bianchetti R, Filipp S, Baur M, Fink JM, Lang C, Steffen L, Boissonneault M, Blais A, Wallraff A. Control and tomography of a three level superconducting artificial atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:223601. [PMID: 21231385 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A number of superconducting qubits, such as the transmon or the phase qubit, have an energy level structure with small anharmonicity. This allows for convenient access of higher excited states with similar frequencies. However, special care has to be taken to avoid unwanted higher-level populations when using short control pulses. Here we demonstrate the preparation of arbitrary three level superposition states using optimal control techniques in a transmon. Performing dispersive readout, we extract the populations of all three levels of the qutrit and study the coherence of its excited states. Finally we demonstrate full quantum state tomography of the prepared qutrit states and evaluate the fidelities of a set of states, finding on average 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bianchetti
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Wagner M, Schneider H, Stehr D, Winnerl S, Andrews AM, Schartner S, Strasser G, Helm M. Observation of the intraexciton Autler-Townes effect in GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:167401. [PMID: 21231010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.167401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The near-infrared transmission of a semiconductor multiple quantum well is probed under intense terahertz illumination. We observe clear evidence of the intraexcitonic Autler-Townes effect when the terahertz beam is tuned near the 1s-2p transition of the heavy-hole exciton. The strongly coupled effective two-level system has been driven with terahertz field strengths of up to 10 kV/cm resulting in a Rabi energy of ≈0.6 times the transition energy. The induced near-infrared spectral changes at low intensities are qualitatively explained using a basic two-level model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wagner
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
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36
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Joo J, Bourassa J, Blais A, Sanders BC. Electromagnetically induced transparency with amplification in superconducting circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:073601. [PMID: 20868042 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.073601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We show that controlling relative phases of electromagnetic fields driving an atom with a Δ-configuration energy-level structure enables optical susceptibility to be engineered in novel ways. In particular, relative-phase control can yield electromagnetically induced transparency but with the benefit that the transparency window is sandwiched between an absorption and an amplification band rather than between two absorption bands in typical electromagnetically induced transparency. We show that this new phenomenon is achievable for a microwave field interacting with a fluxonium superconducting circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Joo
- Institute for Quantum Information Science, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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37
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Abdumalikov AA, Astafiev O, Zagoskin AM, Pashkin YA, Nakamura Y, Tsai JS. Electromagnetically induced transparency on a single artificial atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:193601. [PMID: 20866963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental observation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on a single macroscopic artificial "atom" (superconducting quantum system) coupled to open 1D space of a transmission line. Unlike in an optical media with many atoms, the single-atom EIT in 1D space is revealed in suppression of reflection of electromagnetic waves, rather than absorption. The observed almost 100% modulation of the reflection and transmission of propagating microwaves demonstrates full controllability of individual artificial atoms and a possibility to manipulate the atomic states. The system can be used as a switchable mirror of microwaves and opens a good perspective for its applications in photonic quantum information processing and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdumalikov
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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38
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Kelly WR, Dutton Z, Schlafer J, Mookerji B, Ohki TA, Kline JS, Pappas DP. Direct observation of coherent population trapping in a superconducting artificial atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:163601. [PMID: 20482047 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.163601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of coherent population trapping (CPT) of an atom (or solid state "artificial atom"), and the associated effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), are clear demonstrations of quantum interference due to coherence in multilevel quantum systems. We report observation of CPT in a superconducting phase qubit by simultaneously driving two coherent transitions in a Lambda-type configuration, utilizing the three lowest lying levels of a local minimum of a phase qubit. We observe 60(+/-7)% suppression of the excited state population under conditions of CPT resonance. We present data and matching theoretical simulations showing the development of CPT in time. Finally, we used the observed time dependence of the excited state population to characterize quantum dephasing times of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Kelly
- Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Astafiev O, Zagoskin AM, Abdumalikov AA, Pashkin YA, Yamamoto T, Inomata K, Nakamura Y, Tsai JS. Resonance Fluorescence of a Single Artificial Atom. Science 2010; 327:840-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1181918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Astafiev
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - A. M. Zagoskin
- Department of Physics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Yu. A. Pashkin
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - T. Yamamoto
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - K. Inomata
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - Y. Nakamura
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - J. S. Tsai
- NEC Nano Electronics Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
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40
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Sillanpää MA, Li J, Cicak K, Altomare F, Park JI, Simmonds RW, Paraoanu GS, Hakonen PJ. Autler-Townes effect in a superconducting three-level system. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:193601. [PMID: 20365921 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
When a three-level quantum system is irradiated by an intense coupling field resonant with one of the three possible transitions, the absorption peak of an additional probe field involving the remaining level is split. This process is known in quantum optics as the Autler-Townes effect. We observe these phenomena in a superconducting Josephson phase qubit, which can be considered an "artificial atom" with a multilevel quantum structure. The spectroscopy peaks can be explained reasonably well by a simple three-level Hamiltonian model. Simulation of a more complete model (including dissipation, higher levels, and cross coupling) provides excellent agreement with all of the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika A Sillanpää
- Helsinki University of Technology, Low Temperature Laboratory, Puumiehenkuja 2B, Espoo, FIN-02015 HUT Finland.
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