1
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Jaber N, Madaras S, Starbuck A, Pomerene A, Dallo C, Trotter DC, Gehl M, Otterstrom N. Non-resonant Bragg scattering four-wave mixing at near-visible wavelengths in low-confinement silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3146-3149. [PMID: 38824349 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Quantum state coherent frequency conversion processes-such as Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing (BSFWM)-hold promise as a flexible technique for networking heterogeneous and distant quantum systems. In this Letter, we demonstrate BSFWM within an extended (1.2-m) low-confinement silicon nitride waveguide and show that this system has the potential for near-unity frequency conversion in visible and near-visible wavelength ranges. Using sensitive classical heterodyne laser spectroscopy at low optical powers, we characterize the Kerr coefficient (∼1.55 W-1m-1) and linear propagation loss (∼0.0175 dB/cm) of this non-resonant waveguide system, revealing a record-high nonlinear figure of merit (NFM = γ/α ≈ 3.85 W-1) for BSFWM of near-visible light in non-resonant silicon nitride waveguides. We predict how, at high yet achievable on-chip optical powers, this NFM would yield a comparatively large frequency conversion efficiency, opening the door to near-unity flexible frequency conversion without cavity enhancement and resulting bandwidth constraints.
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2
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Lee D, Shin W, Park S, Kim J, Shin H. NOON-state interference in the frequency domain. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:90. [PMID: 38622155 PMCID: PMC11018870 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The examination of entanglement across various degrees of freedom has been pivotal in augmenting our understanding of fundamental physics, extending to high dimensional quantum states, and promising the scalability of quantum technologies. In this paper, we demonstrate the photon number path entanglement in the frequency domain by implementing a frequency beam splitter that converts the single-photon frequency to another with 50% probability using Bragg scattering four-wave mixing. The two-photon NOON state in a single-mode fiber is generated in the frequency domain, manifesting the two-photon interference with two-fold enhanced resolution compared to that of single-photon interference, showing the outstanding stability of the interferometer. This successful translation of quantum states in the frequency domain will pave the way toward the discovery of fascinating quantum phenomena and scalable quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Woncheol Shin
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sebae Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Junyeop Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Heedeuk Shin
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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3
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Bashan G, Eyal A, Tur M, Arie A. All-optical Stern-Gerlach effect in the time domain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9589-9601. [PMID: 38571189 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The Stern-Gerlach experiment, a seminal quantum physics experiment, demonstrated the intriguing phenomenon of particle spin quantization, leading to applications in matter-wave interferometry and weak-value measurements. Over the years, several optical experiments have exhibited similar behavior to the Stern-Gerlach experiment, revealing splitting in both spatial and angular domains. Here we show, theoretically and experimentally, that the Stern-Gerlach effect can be extended into the time and frequency domains. By harnessing Kerr nonlinearity in optical fibers, we couple signal and idler pulses using two pump pulses, resulting in the emergence of two distinct eigenstates whereby the signal and idler are either in phase or out of phase. This nonlinear coupling emulates a synthetic magnetization, and by varying it linearly in time, one eigenstate deflects towards a higher frequency, while the other deflects towards a lower frequency. This effect can be utilized to realize an all-optical, phase-sensitive frequency beam splitter, establishing a new paradigm for classical and quantum data processing of frequency-bin superposition states.
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4
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Chen YH, Wise F. Unified and vector theory of Raman scattering in gas-filled hollow-core fiber across temporal regimes. APL PHOTONICS 2024; 9:030902. [PMID: 38533268 PMCID: PMC10961736 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Raman scattering has found renewed interest owing to the development of gas-filled hollow-core fibers, which constitute a unique platform for exploration of novel ultrafast nonlinear phenomena beyond conventional solid-core-fiber and free-space systems. Much progress has been made through models for particular interaction regimes, which are delineated by the relation of the excitation pulse duration to the time scales of the Raman response. However, current experimental settings are not limited to one regime, prompting the need for tools spanning multiple regimes. Here, we present a theoretical framework that accomplishes this goal. The theory allows us to review recent progress with a fresh perspective, makes new connections between distinct temporal regimes of Raman scattering, and reveals new degrees of freedom for controlling Raman physics. Specific topics that are addressed include transient Raman gain, the interplay of electronic and Raman nonlinearities in short-pulse propagation, and interactions of short pulses mediated by phonon waves. The theoretical model also accommodates vector effects, which have been largely neglected in prior works on Raman scattering in gases. The polarization dependence of transient Raman gain and vector effects on pulse interactions via phonon waves is investigated with the model. Throughout this Perspective, theoretical results are compared to the results of realistic numerical simulations. The numerical code that implements the new theory is freely available. We hope that the unified theoretical framework and numerical tool described here will accelerate the exploration of new Raman-scattering phenomena and enable new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Chen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Frank Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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5
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Yu Y, Liu S, Lee CM, Michler P, Reitzenstein S, Srinivasan K, Waks E, Liu J. Telecom-band quantum dot technologies for long-distance quantum networks. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1389-1400. [PMID: 38049595 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
A future quantum internet is expected to generate, distribute, store and process quantum bits (qubits) over the world by linking different quantum nodes via quantum states of light. To facilitate long-haul operations, quantum repeaters must operate at telecom wavelengths to take advantage of both the low-loss optical fibre network and the established technologies of modern optical communications. Semiconductor quantum dots have thus far shown exceptional performance as key elements for quantum repeaters, such as quantum light sources and spin-photon interfaces, but only in the near-infrared regime. Therefore, the development of high-performance telecom-band quantum dot devices is highly desirable for a future solid-state quantum internet based on fibre networks. In this Review, we present the physics and technological developments towards epitaxial quantum dot devices emitting in the telecom O- and C-bands for quantum networks, considering both advanced epitaxial growth for direct telecom emission and quantum frequency conversion for telecom-band down-conversion of near-infrared quantum dot devices. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for future realization of telecom quantum dot devices with improved performance and expanded functionality through hybrid integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Edo Waks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Bonsma-Fisher KAG, Bustard PJ, Parry C, Wright TA, England DG, Sussman BJ, Mosley PJ. Ultratunable Quantum Frequency Conversion in Photonic Crystal Fiber. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:203603. [PMID: 36462023 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.203603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion of single photons between wavelength bands is a key enabler to realizing widespread quantum networks. We demonstrate the quantum frequency conversion of a heralded 1551 nm photon to any wavelength within an ultrabroad (1226-1408 nm) range in a group-velocity-symmetric photonic crystal fiber, covering over 150 independent frequency bins. The target wavelength is controlled by tuning only a single pump laser wavelength. We find internal, and total, conversion efficiencies of 12(1)% and 1.4(2)%, respectively. For the case of converting 1551 to 1300 nm we measure a heralded g^{(2)}(0)=0.25(6) for converted light from an input with g^{(2)}(0)=0.034(8). We expect that this photonic crystal fiber can be used for myriad quantum networking tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A G Bonsma-Fisher
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - P J Bustard
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - C Parry
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - T A Wright
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - D G England
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - B J Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P J Mosley
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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7
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Tyumenev R, Hammer J, Joly NY, Russell PSJ, Novoa D. Tunable and state-preserving frequency conversion of single photons in hydrogen. Science 2022; 376:621-624. [PMID: 35511970 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In modern quantum technologies, preservation of the photon statistics of quantum optical states upon frequency conversion holds the key to the viable implementation of quantum networks, which often require interfacing of several subsystems operating in widely different spectral regions. Most current approaches offer only very small frequency shifts and limited tunability, while suffering from high insertion loss and Raman noise originating in the materials used. We introduce a route to quantum-correlation-preserving frequency conversion using hydrogen-filled antiresonant-reflecting photonic crystal fibers. Transient optical phonons generated by stimulated Raman scattering enable selective frequency up-conversion by 125 terahertz of the idler photon of an entangled pair, with efficiencies up to 70%. This threshold-less molecular modulation process preserves quantum correlations, making it ideal for applications in quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tyumenev
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Hammer
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Y Joly
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P St J Russell
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Novoa
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Communications Engineering, Engineering School of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Bustard PJ, Bonsma-Fisher K, Hnatovsky C, Grobnic D, Mihailov SJ, England D, Sussman BJ. Toward a Quantum Memory in a Fiber Cavity Controlled by Intracavity Frequency Translation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:120501. [PMID: 35394321 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a quantum memory protocol based on trapping photons in a fiber-integrated cavity, comprised of a birefringent fiber with dichroic reflective end facets. Photons are switched into resonance with the fiber cavity by intracavity Bragg-scattering frequency translation, driven by ancillary control pulses. After the storage delay, photons are switched out of resonance with the cavity, again by intracavity frequency translation. We demonstrate storage of quantum-level THz-bandwidth coherent states for a lifetime up to 16 cavity round trips, or 200 ns, and a maximum overall efficiency of 73%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bustard
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kent Bonsma-Fisher
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Cyril Hnatovsky
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Dan Grobnic
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Stephen J Mihailov
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Duncan England
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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9
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Aguayo-Alvarado AL, Domínguez-Serna F, Cruz WDL, Garay-Palmett K. An integrated photonic circuit for color qubit preparation by third-order nonlinear interactions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5154. [PMID: 35338208 PMCID: PMC8956746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a feasible design of an integrated photonic circuit performing as a device for single-qubit preparation and rotations through the third-order nonlinear process of difference frequency generation (DFG) and defined in the temporal mode basis. The first stage of our circuit includes the generation of heralded single photons by spontaneous four-wave mixing in a micro-ring cavity engineered for delivering a single-photon state in a unique temporal mode. The second stage comprises the implementation of DFG in a spiral waveguide with controlled dispersion properties for reaching color qubit preparation fidelity close to unity. We present the generalized rotation operator related to the DFG process, a methodology for the device design, and qubit preparation fidelity results as a function of user-accessible parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Aguayo-Alvarado
- Departamento de Óptica - Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de, Ensenada, BC, 22860, México
| | - F Domínguez-Serna
- Cátedras Conacyt - Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de, Ensenada, B.C., 22860, México
| | - W De La Cruz
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, B.C., México
| | - K Garay-Palmett
- Departamento de Óptica - Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de, Ensenada, BC, 22860, México.
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10
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Otterstrom NT, Gertler S, Kittlaus EA, Gehl M, Starbuck AL, Dallo CM, Pomerene AT, Trotter DC, Rakich PT, Davids PS, Lentine AL. Nonreciprocal Frequency Domain Beam Splitter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:253603. [PMID: 35029420 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.253603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The canonical beam splitter-a fundamental building block of quantum optical systems-is a reciprocal element. It operates on forward- and backward-propagating modes in the same way, regardless of direction. The concept of nonreciprocal quantum photonic operations, by contrast, could be used to transform quantum states in a momentum- and direction-selective fashion. Here we demonstrate the basis for such a nonreciprocal transformation in the frequency domain through intermodal Bragg scattering four-wave mixing (BSFWM). Since the total number of idler and signal photons is conserved, the process can preserve coherence of quantum optical states, functioning as a nonreciprocal frequency beam splitter. We explore the origin of this nonreciprocity and find that the phase-matching requirements of intermodal BSFWM produce an enormous asymmetry (76×) in the conversion bandwidths for forward and backward configurations, yielding ∼25 dB of nonreciprocal contrast over several hundred GHz. We also outline how the demonstrated efficiencies (∼10^{-4}) may be scaled to near-unity values with readily accessible powers and pumping configurations for applications in integrated quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils T Otterstrom
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Shai Gertler
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Eric A Kittlaus
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Michael Gehl
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Andrew L Starbuck
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Christina M Dallo
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Andrew T Pomerene
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Douglas C Trotter
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Peter T Rakich
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Paul S Davids
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Anthony L Lentine
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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11
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Kerdoncuff H, Christensen JB, Lassen M. Quantum frequency conversion of vacuum squeezed light to bright tunable blue squeezed light and higher-order spatial modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:29828-29840. [PMID: 34614720 DOI: 10.1364/oe.436325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion, the process of shifting the frequency of an optical quantum state while preserving quantum coherence, can be used to produce non-classical light at otherwise unapproachable wavelengths. We present experimental results based on highly efficient sum-frequency generation (SFG) between a vacuum squeezed state at 1064 nm and a tunable pump source at 850 nm ± 50 nm for the generation of bright squeezed light at 472 nm ± 4 nm, currently limited by the phase-matching of the used nonlinear crystal. We demonstrate that the SFG process conserves part of the quantum coherence as a 4.2(±0.2) dB 1064 nm vacuum squeezed state is converted to a 1.6(±0.2) dB tunable bright blue squeezed state. We furthermore demonstrate simultaneous frequency- and spatial-mode conversion of the 1064-nm vacuum squeezed state, and measure 1.1(±0.2) dB and 0.4(±0.2) dB of squeezing in the TEM01 and TEM02 modes, respectively. With further development, we foresee that the source may find use within fields such as sensing, metrology, spectroscopy, and imaging.
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12
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Bonetti J, Grosz DF, Hernandez SM. Quantum Noise in Fibers with Arbitrary Nonlinear Profiles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:213602. [PMID: 34114862 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.213602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we introduce a novel equation addressing the effect of quantum noise in optical fibers with arbitrary frequency-dependent nonlinear profiles. To the best of our knowledge, such an endeavor has not been undertaken before despite the growing relevance of fiber optics in the design of new quantum devices. We show that the stochastic generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation, derived from a quantum theory of optical fibers, leads to unphysical results such as a negative photon number and the appearance of a dominant anti-Stokes sideband when applied to this kind of waveguides. Starting from a recently introduced master-equation approach to propagation in fibers, we derive a novel stochastic photon-conserving nonlinear Schrödinger equation suitable for modeling arbitrary nonlinear profiles, thus greatly enhancing the study of fiber-based quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bonetti
- Depto. de Ingeniería en Telecomunicaciones, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Río Negro 8400, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - D F Grosz
- Depto. de Ingeniería en Telecomunicaciones, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Río Negro 8400, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - S M Hernandez
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
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13
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Fernandes GM, Rocha AM, Facão M. Mode switching using optically induced long-period gratings: a theoretical analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:14601-14614. [PMID: 33985179 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We show that optically induced long-period grating (OLPG) is a particular case of inter-modal Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing (BS-FWM). To carry out such analysis, a vector model for the inter-modal BS-FWM was proposed and further tailored to investigate the energy transfer induced by OLPGs. Both processes, BS-FWM and OLPGs, have been proposed for in-line all-optical mode switching in transmission systems with space-division multiplexing (SDM). In this scope, we demonstrate that the bandwidth of OLPGs is larger than the BS-FWM. Furthermore, we show that OLPG-based mode switching can take place in two windows, if both pump beams are launched near the zero value of the differential mode-group delay, and the central wavelength and the bandwidth of such windows can be tuned by properly adjusting the wavelength and the optical power of the pump beams.
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14
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Wang JQ, Yang YH, Li M, Hu XX, Surya JB, Xu XB, Dong CH, Guo GC, Tang HX, Zou CL. Efficient Frequency Conversion in a Degenerate χ^{(2)} Microresonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:133601. [PMID: 33861096 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microresonators on a photonic chip could enhance nonlinear optics effects and thus are promising for realizing scalable high-efficiency frequency conversion devices. However, fulfilling phase matching conditions among multiple wavelengths remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a feasible scheme for degenerate sum-frequency conversion that only requires the two-mode phase matching condition. When the drive and the signal are both near resonance to the same telecom mode, an on-chip photon-number conversion efficiency up to 42% is achieved, showing a broad tuning bandwidth over 250 GHz. Furthermore, cascaded Pockels and Kerr nonlinear optical effects are observed, enabling the parametric amplification of the optical signal to distinct wavelengths in a single device. The scheme demonstrated in this Letter provides an alternative approach to realizing high-efficiency frequency conversion and is promising for future studies on communications, atom clocks, sensing, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua B Surya
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Xin-Biao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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15
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Cheng CY, Liu ZY, Hu PS, Wang TN, Chien CY, Lin JK, Juo JY, Shiu JS, Yu IA, Chen YC, Chen YF. Efficient frequency conversion based on resonant four-wave mixing. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:681-684. [PMID: 33528440 DOI: 10.1364/ol.414263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient frequency conversion of photons has important applications in optical quantum technology because the frequency range suitable for photon manipulation and communication usually varies widely. Recently, an efficient frequency conversion system using a double-Λ four-wave mixing (FWM) process based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has attracted considerable attention because of its potential to achieve a nearly 100% conversion efficiency (CE). To obtain such a high CE, the spontaneous emission loss in this resonant-type FWM system must be suppressed considerably. A simple solution is to arrange the applied laser fields in a backward configuration. However, the phase mismatch due to this configuration can cause a significant decrease in CE. Here, we demonstrate that the phase mismatch can be effectively compensated by introducing the phase shift obtained by two-photon detuning. Under optimal conditions, we observe a wavelength conversion from 780 to 795 nm with a maximum CE of 91.2%±0.6% by using this backward FWM system at an optical depth of 130 in cold 87Rb atoms. The current work represents an important step toward achieving low-loss, high-fidelity quantum frequency conversion based on EIT.
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16
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Bonetti J, Hernandez SM, Grosz DF. Master equation approach to propagation in nonlinear fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:665-668. [PMID: 33528435 DOI: 10.1364/ol.417975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we revisit the quantum theory of propagation in nonlinear fibers. Unlike previous works, we present an effective propagation equation for the reduced density matrix of the complex envelope of the electric field. This original proposal is shown to be in agreement with the theory of quantum noise in fibers and puts forth a powerful tool for the study of fiber-based quantum devices. To underscore its applicability, we analyze the performance of a heralded single-photon scheme in terms of probabilities, an approach that conveniently lends itself to the optimization of such sources.
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17
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Lu X, Moille G, Rao A, Srinivasan K. Proposal for noise-free visible-telecom quantum frequency conversion through third-order sum and difference frequency generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:222-225. [PMID: 33448992 PMCID: PMC8645285 DOI: 10.1364/ol.412602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion (QFC) between the visible and telecom is a key to connect quantum memories in fiber-based quantum networks. Current methods for linking such widely separated frequencies, such as sum/difference frequency generation and four-wave mixing Bragg scattering, are prone to broadband noise generated by the pump laser(s). To address this issue, we propose to use third-order sum/difference frequency generation (TSFG/TDFG) for an upconversion/downconversion QFC interface. In this process, two long wavelength pump photons combine their energy and momentum to mediate frequency conversion across the large spectral gap between the visible and telecom bands, which is particularly beneficial from the noise perspective. We show that waveguide-coupled silicon nitride microring resonators can be designed for efficient QFC between 606 and 1550 nm via a 1990 nm pump through TSFG/TDFG. We simulate the device dispersion and coupling, and from the simulated parameters, estimate that the frequency conversion can be efficient (${\gt}80 \%$) at 50 mW pump power. Our results suggest that microresonator TSFG/TDFG is promising for compact, scalable, and low-power QFC across large spectral gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Lu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gregory Moille
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ashutosh Rao
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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18
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Li G, Zheng Y, Dutt A, Yu D, Shan Q, Liu S, Yuan L, Fan S, Chen X. Dynamic band structure measurement in the synthetic space. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe4335. [PMID: 33524000 PMCID: PMC7793575 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Band structure theory plays an essential role in exploring physics in both solid-state systems and photonics. Here, we demonstrate a direct experimental measurement of the dynamic band structure in a synthetic space including the frequency axis of light, realized in a ring resonator under near-resonant dynamic modulation. This synthetic lattice exhibits the physical picture of the evolution of the wave vector reciprocal to the frequency axis in the band structure, analogous to a one-dimensional lattice under an external force. We experimentally measure the trajectories of the dynamic band structure by selectively exciting the band with a continuous wave source with its frequency scanning across the entire energy regime of the band. Our results not only provide a new perspective for exploring the dynamics in fundamental physics of solid-state and photonic systems with the concept of the synthetic dimension but also enable great capability in band structure engineering in photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuanlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Avik Dutt
- Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Danying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingrou Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Luqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulation and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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19
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Lu HH, Simmerman EM, Lougovski P, Weiner AM, Lukens JM. Fully Arbitrary Control of Frequency-Bin Qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:120503. [PMID: 33016737 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.120503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control of two-level systems is a longstanding problem in quantum mechanics. One such quantum system is the frequency-bin qubit: a single photon existing in superposition of two discrete frequency modes. In this Letter, we demonstrate fully arbitrary control of frequency-bin qubits in a quantum frequency processor for the first time. We numerically establish optimal settings for multiple configurations of electro-optic phase modulators and pulse shapers, experimentally confirming near-unity mode-transformation fidelity for all fundamental rotations. Performance at the single-photon level is validated through the rotation of a single frequency-bin qubit to 41 points spread over the entire Bloch sphere, as well as tracking of the state path followed by the output of a tunable frequency beam splitter, with Bayesian tomography confirming state fidelities F_{ρ}>0.98 for all cases. Such high-fidelity transformations expand the practical potential of frequency encoding in quantum communications, offering exceptional precision and low noise in general qubit manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Hao Lu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Emma M Simmerman
- Quantum Information Science Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Pavel Lougovski
- Quantum Information Science Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Andrew M Weiner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Joseph M Lukens
- Quantum Information Science Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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20
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Wright TA, Parry C, Gibson OR, Francis-Jones RJA, Mosley PJ. Resource-efficient frequency conversion for quantum networks via sequential four-wave mixing. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4587-4590. [PMID: 32797016 DOI: 10.1364/ol.398408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a resource-efficient scheme in which a single pump laser was used to achieve frequency conversion by Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing in a photonic crystal fiber. We demonstrate bidirectional conversion of coherent light between Sr+2P1/2→2D3/2 emission wavelength at 1092 nm and the telecommunication C band with conversion efficiencies of 4.2% and 37% for up- and down-conversion, respectively. We discuss how the scheme may be viably scaled to meet the temporal, spectral, and polarization stability requirements of a hybrid light-matter quantum network.
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21
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Lake DP, Mitchell M, Sanders BC, Barclay PE. Two-colour interferometry and switching through optomechanical dark mode excitation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2208. [PMID: 32371992 PMCID: PMC7200651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient switching and routing of photons of different wavelengths is a requirement for realizing a quantum internet. Multimode optomechanical systems can solve this technological challenge and enable studies of fundamental science involving widely separated wavelengths that are inaccessible to single-mode optomechanical systems. To this end, we demonstrate interference between two optomechanically induced transparency processes in a diamond on-chip cavity. This system allows us to directly observe the dynamics of an optomechanical dark mode that interferes photons at different wavelengths via their mutual coupling to a common mechanical resonance. This dark mode does not transfer energy to the dissipative mechanical reservoir and is predicted to enable quantum information processing applications that are insensitive to mechanical decoherence. Control of the dark mode is also utilized to demonstrate all-optical, two-colour switching and interference with light separated by over 5 THz in frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Lake
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Barry C Sanders
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul E Barclay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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22
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Ding X, Heberle D, Harrington K, Flemens N, Chang WZ, Birks TA, Moses J. Observation of Rapid Adiabatic Passage in Optical Four-Wave Mixing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:153902. [PMID: 32357029 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.153902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We observe clear evidence of adiabatic passage between photon populations via a four-wave mixing process, implemented through a dispersion sweep arranged by a core diameter taper of an optical fiber. Photonic rapid adiabatic passage through the cubic electric susceptibility thus opens precise control of frequency translation between broadband light fields to all common optical media. Areas of potential impact include optical fiber and on-chip waveguide platforms for quantum information, ultrafast spectroscopy and metrology, and extreme light-matter interaction science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Ding
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Dylan Heberle
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kerrianne Harrington
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Noah Flemens
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Wei-Zung Chang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Tim A Birks
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Moses
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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23
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Joshi C, Farsi A, Dutt A, Kim BY, Ji X, Zhao Y, Bishop AM, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Frequency-Domain Quantum Interference with Correlated Photons from an Integrated Microresonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:143601. [PMID: 32338976 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frequency encoding of quantum information together with fiber and integrated photonic technologies can significantly reduce the complexity and resource requirements for realizing all-photonic quantum networks. The key challenge for such frequency domain processing of single photons is to realize coherent and selective interactions between quantum optical fields of different frequencies over a range of bandwidths. Here, we report frequency-domain Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with spectrally distinct photons generated from a chip-based microresonator. We use four-wave mixing to implement an active "frequency beam splitter" and achieve interference visibilities of 0.95±0.02. Our work establishes four-wave mixing as a tool for selective high-fidelity two-photon operations in the frequency domain which, combined with integrated single-photon sources, provides a building block for frequency-multiplexed photonic quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Joshi
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Alessandro Farsi
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Avik Dutt
- Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Bok Young Kim
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xingchen Ji
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Andrew M Bishop
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Michal Lipson
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Alexander L Gaeta
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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24
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Zhao TM, Chen Y, Yu Y, Li Q, Davanco M, Liu J. Advanced technologies for quantum photonic devices based on epitaxial quantum dots. ADVANCED QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 3:10.1002/qute.201900034. [PMID: 36452403 PMCID: PMC9706462 DOI: 10.1002/qute.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum photonic devices are candidates for realizing practical quantum computers and networks. The development of integrated quantum photonic devices can greatly benefit from the ability to incorporate different types of materials with complementary, superior optical or electrical properties on a single chip. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) serve as a core element in the emerging modern photonic quantum technologies by allowing on-demand generation of single-photons and entangled photon pairs. During each excitation cycle, there is one and only one emitted photon or photon pair. QD photonic devices are on the verge of unfolding for advanced quantum technology applications. In this review, we focus on the latest significant progress of QD photonic devices. We first discuss advanced technologies in QD growth, with special attention to droplet epitaxy and site-controlled QDs. Then we overview the wavelength engineering of QDs via strain tuning and quantum frequency conversion techniques. We extend our discussion to advanced optical excitation techniques recently developed for achieving the desired emission properties of QDs. Finally, the advances in heterogeneous integration of active quantum light-emitting devices and passive integrated photonic circuits are reviewed, in the context of realizing scalable quantum information processing chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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25
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Fang B, Menotti M, Liscidini M, Sipe JE, Lorenz VO. Three-Photon Discrete-Energy-Entangled W State in an Optical Fiber. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:070508. [PMID: 31491107 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.070508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the generation of a three-photon discrete-energy-entangled W state using multiphoton-pair generation by spontaneous four-wave mixing in an optical fiber. We show that, by making use of prior information on the photon source, we can verify the state produced by this source without resorting to frequency conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fang
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - M Menotti
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 1-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - M Liscidini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 1-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - J E Sipe
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - V O Lorenz
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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26
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Singh A, Li Q, Liu S, Yu Y, Lu X, Schneider C, Höfling S, Lawall J, Verma V, Mirin R, Nam SW, Liu J, Srinivasan K. Quantum Frequency Conversion of a Quantum Dot Single-Photon Source on a Nanophotonic Chip. OPTICA 2019; 6:10.1364/optica.6.000563. [PMID: 38496234 PMCID: PMC10941293 DOI: 10.1364/optica.6.000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Single self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots are promising bright sources of indistinguishable photons for quantum information science. However, their distribution in emission wavelength, due to inhomogeneous broadening inherent to their growth, has limited the ability to create multiple identical sources. Quantum frequency conversion can overcome this issue, particularly if implemented using scalable chip-integrated technologies. Here, we report the first demonstration of quantum frequency conversion of a quantum dot single-photon source on a silicon nanophotonic chip. Single photons from a quantum dot in a micropillar cavity are shifted in wavelength with an on-chip conversion efficiency ≈ 12 %, limited by the linewidth of the quantum dot photons. The intensity autocorrelation function g ( 2 ) ( τ ) for the frequency-converted light is antibunched with g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) = 0.290 ± 0.030 , compared to the before-conversion value g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) = 0.080 ± 0.003 . We demonstrate the suitability of our frequency conversion interface as a resource for quantum dot sources by characterizing its effectiveness across a wide span of input wavelengths (840 nm to 980 nm), and its ability to achieve tunable wavelength shifts difficult to obtain by other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Singh
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qing Li
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - John Lawall
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Varun Verma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Richard Mirin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Sae Woo Nam
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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27
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Sośnicki F, Karpiński M. Large-scale spectral bandwidth compression by complex electro-optic temporal phase modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:31307-31316. [PMID: 30650719 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.031307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spectral-temporal shaping of quantum light has important applications in quantum communications and photonic quantum information processing. Electro-optic temporal lenses have recently been recognized as a tool for noise-free, efficient spectral bandwidth manipulation of single-photon wavepackets. However, standard electro-optic time lenses based on single-tone modulation exhibit, limited bandwidth modification factors due to material limitations on phase modulation amplitude. Here we numerically investigate the use of complex electro-optic temporal phase modulation patterns for bandwidth compression of light over multiple orders of magnitude and show the feasibility of their use in photonic interfaces for quantum network applications.
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28
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Bahar E, Ding X, Dahan A, Suchowski H, Moses J. Adiabatic four-wave mixing frequency conversion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:25582-25601. [PMID: 30469658 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.025582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of adiabatic four-wave mixing (AFMW) frequency conversion in cubic nonlinear media through an analogy to dynamics in quantum two-level systems. Rapid adiabatic passage in four-wave mixing enables coherent near-100% photon number down-conversion or up-conversion over a bandwidth much larger than ordinary phase-matching bandwidths, overcoming the normal efficiency-bandwidth trade-off. We develop numerical methods to simulate AFWM pulse propagation in silicon photonics and fiber platforms as examples. First, we show that with a longitudinally varying silicon waveguide structure, a bandwidth of 70 nm centered at 1820 nm can be generated with 90% photon number conversion. Second, we predict the broadband generation of nanojoule energy, 4.2-5.2 μm mid-infrared light in a short, linearly tapered fluoride step-index fiber. We expect the AFWM concept to be broadly applicable to cubic nonlinear platforms, for applications as diverse as bright ultrafast light pulse generation, sensing, and conversion between telecommunications bands.
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29
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Christensen JB, Koefoed JG, Bell BA, McKinstrie CJ, Rottwitt K. Shape-preserving and unidirectional frequency conversion by four-wave mixing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17145-17157. [PMID: 30119530 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the properties of four-wave mixing Bragg scattering driven by orthogonally polarized pumps in a birefringent waveguide. This configuration enables a large signal conversion bandwidth, and allows strongly unidirectional frequency conversion as undesired Bragg-scattering processes are suppressed by waveguide birefringence. Moreover, we show that this form of Bragg scattering preserves the (arbitrary) signal pulse shape, even when driven by pulsed pumps.
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30
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Polarization insensitive frequency conversion for an atom-photon entanglement distribution via a telecom network. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1997. [PMID: 29784998 PMCID: PMC5962590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lifetime quantum storages accessible to the telecom photonic infrastructure are essential to long-distance quantum communication. Atomic quantum storages have achieved subsecond storage time corresponding to 1000 km transmission time for a telecom photon through a quantum repeater algorithm. However, the telecom photon cannot be directly interfaced to typical atomic storages. Solid-state quantum frequency conversions fill this wavelength gap. Here we report on the experimental demonstration of a polarization-insensitive solid-state quantum frequency conversion to a telecom photon from a short-wavelength photon entangled with an atomic ensemble. Atom-photon entanglement has been generated with a Rb atomic ensemble and the photon has been translated to telecom range while retaining the entanglement by our nonlinear-crystal-based frequency converter in a Sagnac interferometer.
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31
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Kuo PS, Pelc JS, Langrock C, Fejer MM. Using temperature to reduce noise in quantum frequency conversion. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2034-2037. [PMID: 29714739 PMCID: PMC6038917 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion is important in quantum networks to interface nodes operating at different wavelengths and to enable long-distance quantum communication using telecommunications wavelengths. Unfortunately, frequency conversion in actual devices is not a noise-free process. One main source of noise is spontaneous Raman scattering, which can be reduced by lowering the device operating temperature. We explore frequency conversion of 1554 nm photons to 837 nm using a 1813 nm pump in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide device. By reducing the temperature from 85°C to 40°C, we show a three-fold reduction in dark count rates, which is in good agreement with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina S. Kuo
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jason S. Pelc
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Carsten Langrock
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M. M. Fejer
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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32
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Clemmen S, Farsi A, Ramelow S, Gaeta AL. All-optically tunable buffer for single photons. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2138-2141. [PMID: 29714765 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a photon buffer for quantum communication systems via a quantum frequency conversion-dispersion technique based on Bragg scattering four-wave mixing. The all-fiber setup is capable of imparting all-optical and continuously tunable delays onto single photons with minimal photon noise and absorption. Tunable delays up to 23 times the photon duration are demonstrated with on/off efficiencies as high as 55%.
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33
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Frequency multiplexing for quasi-deterministic heralded single-photon sources. Nat Commun 2018; 9:847. [PMID: 29487312 PMCID: PMC5829139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parametric single-photon sources are well suited for large-scale quantum networks due to their potential for photonic integration. Active multiplexing of photons can overcome the intrinsically probabilistic nature of these sources, resulting in near-deterministic operation. However, previous implementations using spatial and temporal multiplexing scale unfavorably due to rapidly increasing switching losses. Here, we break this limitation via frequency multiplexing in which switching losses remain fixed irrespective of the number of multiplexed modes. We use low-noise optical frequency conversion for efficient frequency switching and demonstrate multiplexing of three modes. We achieve a generation rate of 4.6 × 104 photons per second with an ultra-low g(2)(0) = 0.07 indicating high single-photon purity. Our scalable, all-fiber multiplexing system has a total loss of just 1.3 dB, such that the 4.8 dB multiplexing enhancement markedly overcomes switching loss. Our approach offers a promising path to creating a deterministic photon source on an integrated chip-based platform. The aim of multiplexing is to boost capabilities of probabilistic single photon sources, but is vexed by rapidly increasing switching losses. Here, the authors propose and implement an in-fiber frequency-multiplexing scheme where total losses are independent of the number of multiplexed modes.
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34
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Lu HH, Lukens JM, Peters NA, Odele OD, Leaird DE, Weiner AM, Lougovski P. Electro-Optic Frequency Beam Splitters and Tritters for High-Fidelity Photonic Quantum Information Processing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:030502. [PMID: 29400520 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental realization of high-fidelity photonic quantum gates for frequency-encoded qubits and qutrits based on electro-optic modulation and Fourier-transform pulse shaping. Our frequency version of the Hadamard gate offers near-unity fidelity (0.99998±0.00003), requires only a single microwave drive tone for near-ideal performance, functions across the entire C band (1530-1570 nm), and can operate concurrently on multiple qubits spaced as tightly as four frequency modes apart, with no observable degradation in the fidelity. For qutrits, we implement a 3×3 extension of the Hadamard gate: the balanced tritter. This tritter-the first ever demonstrated for frequency modes-attains fidelity 0.9989±0.0004. These gates represent important building blocks toward scalable, high-fidelity quantum information processing based on frequency encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Hao Lu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Joseph M Lukens
- Quantum Information Science Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peters
- Quantum Information Science Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Ogaga D Odele
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel E Leaird
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Andrew M Weiner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Pavel Lougovski
- Quantum Information Science Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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35
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Liu ZY, Xiao JT, Lin JK, Wu JJ, Juo JY, Cheng CY, Chen YF. High-efficiency backward four-wave mixing by quantum interference. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15796. [PMID: 29150627 PMCID: PMC5693967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetically-induced-transparency-based four-wave mixing (FWM) in a resonant four-level double-Λ system has a maximum conversion efficiency (CE) of 25% due to spontaneous emission. Herein, we demonstrate that spontaneous emission can be considerably suppressed by arranging the applied laser beams in a backward configuration. With the backward double-Λ FWM scheme, we observe a CE of 63% in cold rubidium atoms with an optical depth (OD) of 48. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of a CE exceeding the conversion limit in resonant FWM processes. Furthermore, we present a theoretical model that includes the phase-mismatch effect in the backward double-Λ FWM system. According to the theoretical model, the present scheme can achieve 96% CE using a medium with a large OD of 200 under ideal conditions. Such an efficient frequency conversion scheme has potential applications in optical quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Liu
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ting Xiao
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Kang Lin
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jz-Yuan Juo
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yao Cheng
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Fan Chen
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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36
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Reddy DV, Raymer MG. Engineering temporal-mode-selective frequency conversion in nonlinear optical waveguides: from theory to experiment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12952-12966. [PMID: 28786647 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion (FC) in nonlinear optical media is a powerful tool for temporal-mode selective manipulation of light. Recent attempts at achieving high mode selectivities and/or fidelities have had to resort to multi-dimensional optimization schemes to determine the system's natural Schmidt modes. Certain combinations of relative-group velocities between the relevant frequency bands, medium length, and temporal pulse widths have been known to achieve good selectivities (exceeding 80%) for temporal modes that are nearly identical to pump pulse shapes, even for high conversion efficiencies. Working in this parameter regime using an off-the-shelf, second-harmonic generation, MgO:PPLN waveguide, and with pulses on the order of 500 fs at wavelengths around 800 nm, we verify experimentally that model-predicted Schmidt modes provide the high temporal-mode selectivity expected. The good agreement between experiment and theory paves the way to the implementation of a proposed two-stage FC scheme that is predicted by the present theory to reach near-perfect (100%) selectivity.
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37
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Bell BA, Xiong C, Marpaung D, McKinstrie CJ, Eggleton BJ. Uni-directional wavelength conversion in silicon using four-wave mixing driven by cross-polarized pumps. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1668-1671. [PMID: 28454131 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate optical frequency conversion between telecom wavelengths using four-wave mixing Bragg scattering powered by two pump pulses polarized on orthogonal axes of a silicon waveguide. This allows conversion in a single frequency direction while, with co-polarized pumps, the signal is redshifted or blueshifted with similar efficiency. Our approach exploits the birefringence of the waveguide and its effect on the phase matching of the four-wave mixing process. The blue or red direction can be selected by the input polarization of the signal, and 20 dB extinction ratios are observed with the unintended direction. This technique will allow efficient and controlled conversion between specified wavelength channels in integrated photonic devices.
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38
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Li K, Sun H, Foster AC. Four-wave mixing Bragg scattering in hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1488-1491. [PMID: 28409779 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate 15% on-chip conversion efficiency of four-wave mixing Bragg scattering in a hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguide with only 55 and 194 mW peak pump powers in the waveguide. The lightwaves can be maintained in the telecommunication band, and the operational bandwidth is measured to be larger than 4 nm.
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39
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Friis SMM, Mejling L, Rottwitt K. Effects of Raman scattering and attenuation in silica fiber-based parametric frequency conversion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7324-7337. [PMID: 28380856 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Four-wave mixing in the form of Bragg scattering (BS) has been predicted to enable quantum noise-less frequency conversion by analytic quantum approaches. Using a semi-classical description of quantum noise that accounts for loss and stimulated and spontaneous Raman scattering, which are not currently described in existing quantum approaches, we quantify the impacts of these effects on the conversion efficiency and on the quantum noise properties of BS in terms of an induced noise figure (NF). We give an approximate closed-form expression for the BS conversion efficiency that includes loss and stimulated Raman scattering, and we derive explicit expressions for the Raman-induced NF from the semi-classical approach used here. We find that Raman scattering induces a NF in the BS process that is comparable to the 3-dB NF associated with linear amplifiers.
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40
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Siverns JD, Li X, Quraishi Q. Ion-photon entanglement and quantum frequency conversion with trapped Ba + ions. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:B222-B230. [PMID: 28157932 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.00b222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trapped ions are excellent candidates for quantum nodes, as they possess many desirable features of a network node including long lifetimes, on-site processing capability, and production of photonic flying qubits. However, unlike classical networks in which data may be transmitted in optical fibers and where the range of communication is readily extended with amplifiers, quantum systems often emit photons that have a limited propagation range in optical fibers and, by virtue of the nature of a quantum state, cannot be noiselessly amplified. Here, we first describe a method to extract flying qubits from a Ba+ trapped ion via shelving to a long-lived, low-lying D-state with higher entanglement probabilities compared with current strong and weak excitation methods. We show a projected fidelity of ≈89% of the ion-photon entanglement. We compare several methods of ion-photon entanglement generation, and we show how the fidelity and entanglement probability varies as a function of the photon collection optic's numerical aperture. We then outline an approach for quantum frequency conversion of the photons emitted by the Ba+ ion to the telecommunication range for long-distance networking and to 780 nm for potential entanglement with rubidium-based quantum memories. Our approach is significant for extending the range of quantum networks and for the development of hybrid quantum networks compromised of different types of quantum memories.
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41
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Wright LJ, Karpiński M, Söller C, Smith BJ. Spectral Shearing of Quantum Light Pulses by Electro-Optic Phase Modulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:023601. [PMID: 28128614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Frequency conversion of nonclassical light enables robust encoding of quantum information based upon spectral multiplexing that is particularly well-suited to integrated-optics platforms. Here we present an intrinsically deterministic linear-optics approach to spectral shearing of quantum light pulses and show it preserves the wave-packet coherence and quantum nature of light. The technique is based upon an electro-optic Doppler shift to implement frequency shear of heralded single-photon wave packets by ±200 GHz, which can be scaled to an arbitrary shift. These results demonstrate a reconfigurable method to controlling the spectral-temporal mode structure of quantum light that could achieve unitary operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Wright
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Michał Karpiński
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Christoph Söller
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Smith
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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42
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Friis SMM, Begleris I, Jung Y, Rottwitt K, Petropoulos P, Richardson DJ, Horak P, Parmigiani F. Inter-modal four-wave mixing study in a two-mode fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:30338-30349. [PMID: 28059310 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate efficient four-wave mixing among different spatial modes in a 1-km long two-mode fiber at telecommunication wavelengths. Two pumps excite the LP01 and LP11 modes, respectively, while the probe signal excites the LP01 mode, and the phase conjugation (PC) and Bragg scattering (BS) idlers are generated in the LP11 mode. For these processes we experimentally characterize their phase matching efficiency and bandwidth and find that they depend critically on the wavelength separation of the two pumps, in good agreement with the numerical study we carried out. We also confirm experimentally that BS has a larger bandwidth than PC for the optimum choice of the pump wavelength separation.
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43
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Clemmen S, Farsi A, Ramelow S, Gaeta AL. Ramsey Interference with Single Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:223601. [PMID: 27925713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferometry using discrete energy levels of nuclear, atomic, or molecular systems is the foundation for a wide range of physical phenomena and enables powerful techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, Ramsey-based spectroscopy, and laser or maser technology. It also plays a unique role in quantum information processing as qubits may be implemented as energy superposition states of simple quantum systems. Here, we demonstrate quantum interference involving energy states of single quanta of light. In full analogy to the energy levels of atoms or nuclear spins, we implement a Ramsey interferometer with single photons. We experimentally generate energy superposition states of a single photon and manipulate them with unitary transformations to realize arbitrary projective measurements. Our approach opens the path for frequency-encoded photonic qubits in quantum information processing and quantum communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Clemmen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Farsi
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sven Ramelow
- Faculty of Physics, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexander L Gaeta
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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44
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Heshami K, England DG, Humphreys PC, Bustard PJ, Acosta VM, Nunn J, Sussman BJ. Quantum memories: emerging applications and recent advances. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2016; 63:2005-2028. [PMID: 27695198 PMCID: PMC5020357 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1148212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum light-matter interfaces are at the heart of photonic quantum technologies. Quantum memories for photons, where non-classical states of photons are mapped onto stationary matter states and preserved for subsequent retrieval, are technical realizations enabled by exquisite control over interactions between light and matter. The ability of quantum memories to synchronize probabilistic events makes them a key component in quantum repeaters and quantum computation based on linear optics. This critical feature has motivated many groups to dedicate theoretical and experimental research to develop quantum memory devices. In recent years, exciting new applications, and more advanced developments of quantum memories, have proliferated. In this review, we outline some of the emerging applications of quantum memories in optical signal processing, quantum computation and non-linear optics. We review recent experimental and theoretical developments, and their impacts on more advanced photonic quantum technologies based on quantum memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victor M. Acosta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Center for High Technology Materials, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Joshua Nunn
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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45
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Li K, Ting HF, Foster MA, Foster AC. High-speed all-optical NAND/AND logic gates using four-wave mixing Bragg scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3320-3323. [PMID: 27420525 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A high-speed all-optical NAND logic gate is proposed and experimentally demonstrated using four-wave mixing Bragg scattering in highly nonlinear fiber. NAND/AND logic functions are implemented at two wavelengths by encoding logic inputs on two pumps via on-off keying. A 15.2-dB depletion of the signal is obtained for NAND operation, and time domain measurements show 10-Gb/s NAND/AND logic operations with open eye diagrams. The approach can be readily extended to higher data rates and transferred to on-chip waveguide platforms.
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46
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Balram KC, Davanço MI, Song JD, Srinivasan K. Coherent coupling between radio frequency, optical, and acoustic waves in piezo-optomechanical circuits. NATURE PHOTONICS 2016. [PMID: 27446234 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical cavities have been studied for applications ranging from sensing to quantum information science. Here, we develop a platform for nanoscale cavity optomechanical circuits in which optomechanical cavities supporting co-localized 1550 nm photons and 2.4 GHz phonons are combined with photonic and phononic waveguides. Working in GaAs facilitates manipulation of the localized mechanical mode either with a radio frequency (RF) field through the piezo-electric effect, which produces acoustic waves that are routed and coupled to the optomechanical cavity by phononic crystal waveguides, or optically through the strong photoelastic effect. Along with mechanical state preparation and sensitive readout, we use this to demonstrate an acoustic wave interference effect, similar to atomic coherent population trapping, in which RF-driven coherent mechanical motion is cancelled by optically-driven motion. Manipulating cavity optomechanical systems with equal facility through both photonic and phononic channels enables new architectures for signal transduction between the optical, electrical, and mechanical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Balram
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA ; Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Marcelo I Davanço
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jin Dong Song
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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47
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Fisher KAG, England DG, MacLean JPW, Bustard PJ, Resch KJ, Sussman BJ. Frequency and bandwidth conversion of single photons in a room-temperature diamond quantum memory. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11200. [PMID: 27045988 PMCID: PMC4822040 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectral manipulation of photons is essential for linking components in a quantum network. Large frequency shifts are needed for conversion between optical and telecommunication frequencies, while smaller shifts are useful for frequency-multiplexing quantum systems, in the same way that wavelength division multiplexing is used in classical communications. Here we demonstrate frequency and bandwidth conversion of single photons in a room-temperature diamond quantum memory. Heralded 723.5 nm photons, with 4.1 nm bandwidth, are stored as optical phonons in the diamond via a Raman transition. Upon retrieval from the diamond memory, the spectral shape of the photons is determined by a tunable read pulse through the reverse Raman transition. We report central frequency tunability over 4.2 times the input bandwidth, and bandwidth modulation between 0.5 and 1.9 times the input bandwidth. Our results demonstrate the potential for diamond, and Raman memories in general, as an integrated platform for photon storage and spectral conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent A G Fisher
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Duncan G England
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Jean-Philippe W MacLean
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Philip J Bustard
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Kevin J Resch
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Benjamin J Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6.,Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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48
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Bell BA, He J, Xiong C, Eggleton BJ. Frequency conversion in silicon in the single photon regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:5235-5242. [PMID: 29092348 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.005235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum communication networks require single photon frequency converters, whether to shift photons between wavelength channels, to shift photons to the operating wavelength of a quantum memory, or to shift photons of different wavelengths to be of the same wavelength, to enable a quantum interference. Here, we demonstrate frequency conversion of laser pulses attenuated to the single photon regime in an integrated silicon-on-insulator device using four-wave mixing Bragg scattering, with conversion efficiencies of up to 12%, or 32% after correcting for nonlinear loss created by the pump lasers. The frequency shift can be conveniently chosen by tuning of the pump frequencies. We demonstrate that such frequency conversion enables interference between photons at different frequencies.
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49
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Matsuda N. Deterministic reshaping of single-photon spectra using cross-phase modulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501223. [PMID: 27051862 PMCID: PMC4820381 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The frequency conversion of light has proved to be a crucial technology for communication, spectroscopy, imaging, and signal processing. In the quantum regime, it also offers great potential for realizing quantum networks incorporating disparate physical systems and quantum-enhanced information processing over a large computational space. The frequency conversion of quantum light, such as single photons, has been extensively investigated for the last two decades using all-optical frequency mixing, with the ultimate goal of realizing lossless and noiseless conversion. I demonstrate another route to this target using frequency conversion induced by cross-phase modulation in a dispersion-managed photonic crystal fiber. Owing to the deterministic and all-optical nature of the process, the lossless and low-noise spectral reshaping of a single-photon wave packet in the telecommunication band has been readily achieved with a modulation bandwidth as large as 0.4 THz. I further demonstrate that the scheme is applicable to manipulations of a nonclassical frequency correlation, wave packet interference, and entanglement between two photons. This approach presents a new coherent frequency interface for photons for quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matsuda
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan. E-mail:
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50
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Lee CY, Wu BH, Wang G, Chen YF, Chen YC, Yu IA. High conversion efficiency in resonant four-wave mixing processes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:1008-1016. [PMID: 26832483 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new scheme of the resonant four-wave mixing (FWM) for the frequency up or down conversion, which is more efficient than the commonly-used scheme of the non-resonant FWM. In this new scheme, two control fields are spatially varied such that a probe field at the input can be converted to a signal field at the output. The efficiency of probe-to-signal energy conversion can be 90% at medium's optical depth of about 100. Our proposed scheme works for both the continuous-wave and pulse cases, and is flexible in choosing the control field intensity. This work provides a very useful tool in the nonlinear frequency conversion.
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