1
|
Wan Y, Tata S, Seemann O, Levine EY, Kroupp E, Malka V. Real-time visualization of the laser-plasma wakefield dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3595. [PMID: 38306435 PMCID: PMC10836718 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of new acceleration mechanisms for compactly delivering high-energy particle beams has gained great attention in recent years. One alternative that has attracted particular interest is the plasma-based wakefield accelerator, which is capable of sustaining accelerating fields that are more than three orders of magnitude larger than those of conventional radio-frequency accelerators. In this device, acceleration is generated by plasma waves that propagate at nearly light speed, driven by intense lasers or charged particle beams. Here, we report on the direct visualization of the entire plasma wake dynamics by probing it with a femtosecond relativistic electron bunch. This includes the excitation of the laser wakefield, the increase of its amplitude, the electron injection, and the transition to the beam-driven plasma wakefield. These experimental observations provide first-hand valuable insights into the complex physics of laser beam-plasma interaction and demonstrate a powerful tool that can largely advance the development of plasma accelerators for real-time operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wan
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sheroy Tata
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Omri Seemann
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eitan Y. Levine
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eyal Kroupp
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Victor Malka
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaluza MC. Unveiling the inner structure of electron pulses generated from a laser-wakefield accelerator. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:225. [PMID: 37696783 PMCID: PMC10495313 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel diagnostic method has been used to gain deeper insight into the transverse structure and its evolution of electron pulses generated from a laser-wakefield accelerator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malte C Kaluza
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nie Z, Nambu N, Marsh KA, Welch E, Matteo D, Zhang C, Wu Y, Patchkovskii S, Morales F, Smirnova O, Joshi C. Cross-polarized common-path temporal interferometry for high-sensitivity strong-field ionization measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:25696-25706. [PMID: 36237094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Absolute density measurements of low-ionization-degree or low-density plasmas ionized by lasers are very important for understanding strong-field physics, atmospheric propagation of intense laser pulses, Lidar etc. A cross-polarized common-path temporal interferometer using balanced detection was developed for measuring plasma density with a sensitivity of ∼0.6 mrad, equivalent to a plasma density-length product of ∼2.6 × 1013 cm-2 if using an 800 nm probe laser. By using this interferometer, we have investigated strong-field ionization yield versus intensity for various noble gases (Ar, Kr, and Xe) using 800 nm, 55 fs laser pulses with both linear (LP) and circular (CP) polarization. The experimental results were compared to the theoretical models of Ammosov-Delone-Krainov (ADK) and Perelomov-Popov-Terent'ev (PPT). We find that the measured phase change induced by plasma formation can be explained by the ADK theory in the adiabatic tunneling ionization regime, while PPT model can be applied to all different regimes. We have also measured the photoionization and fractional photodissociation of molecular (MO) hydrogen. By comparing our experimental results with PPT and MO-PPT models, we have determined the likely ionization pathways when using three different pump laser wavelengths of 800 nm, 400 nm, and 267 nm.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bernert C, Assenbaum S, Brack FE, Cowan TE, Curry CB, Garten M, Gaus L, Gauthier M, Göde S, Goethel I, Glenzer SH, Kluge T, Kraft S, Kroll F, Kuntzsch M, Metzkes-Ng J, Loeser M, Obst-Huebl L, Rehwald M, Schlenvoigt HP, Schoenwaelder C, Schramm U, Siebold M, Treffert F, Ziegler T, Zeil K. Off-harmonic optical probing of high intensity laser plasma expansion dynamics in solid density hydrogen jets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7287. [PMID: 35508489 PMCID: PMC9068928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the non-linear nature of relativistic laser induced plasma processes, the development of laser-plasma accelerators requires precise numerical modeling. Especially high intensity laser-solid interactions are sensitive to the temporal laser rising edge and the predictive capability of simulations suffers from incomplete information on the plasma state at the onset of the relativistic interaction. Experimental diagnostics utilizing ultra-fast optical backlighters can help to ease this challenge by providing temporally resolved inside into the plasma density evolution. We present the successful implementation of an off-harmonic optical probe laser setup to investigate the interaction of a high-intensity laser at [Formula: see text] peak intensity with a solid-density cylindrical cryogenic hydrogen jet target of [Formula: see text] diameter as a target test bed. The temporal synchronization of pump and probe laser, spectral filtering and spectrally resolved data of the parasitic plasma self-emission are discussed. The probing technique mitigates detector saturation by self-emission and allowed to record a temporal scan of shadowgraphy data revealing details of the target ionization and expansion dynamics that were so far not accessible for the given laser intensity. Plasma expansion speeds of up to [Formula: see text] followed by full target transparency at [Formula: see text] after the high intensity laser peak are observed. A three dimensional particle-in-cell simulation initiated with the diagnosed target pre-expansion at [Formula: see text] and post processed by ray tracing simulations supports the experimental observations and demonstrates the capability of time resolved optical diagnostics to provide quantitative input and feedback to the numerical treatment within the time frame of the relativistic laser-plasma interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Bernert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stefan Assenbaum
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian-Emanuel Brack
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas E Cowan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chandra B Curry
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Marco Garten
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lennart Gaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maxence Gauthier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Ilja Goethel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Kluge
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Kraft
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Kroll
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Loeser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lieselotte Obst-Huebl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Martin Rehwald
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Christopher Schoenwaelder
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schramm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Siebold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Treffert
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tim Ziegler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Zeil
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gong Z, Hatsagortsyan KZ, Keitel CH. Retrieving Transient Magnetic Fields of Ultrarelativistic Laser Plasma via Ejected Electron Polarization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:165002. [PMID: 34723572 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.165002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of an ultrastrong short laser pulse with nonprepolarized near-critical density plasma is investigated in an ultrarelativistic regime, with an emphasis on the radiative spin polarization of ejected electrons. Our particle-in-cell simulations show explicit correlations between the angle resolved electron polarization and the structure and properties of the transient quasistatic plasma magnetic field. While the magnitude of the spin signal is the indicator of the magnetic field strength created by the longitudinal electron current, the asymmetry of electron polarization is found to gauge the islandlike magnetic distribution which emerges due to the transverse current induced by the laser wave front. Our studies demonstrate that the spin degree of freedom of ejected electrons could potentially serve as an efficient tool to retrieve the features of strong plasma fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
High-resolution sampling of beam-driven plasma wakefields. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5984. [PMID: 33239645 PMCID: PMC7689520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma-wakefield accelerators driven by intense particle beams promise to significantly reduce the size of future high-energy facilities. Such applications require particle beams with a well-controlled energy spectrum, which necessitates detailed tailoring of the plasma wakefield. Precise measurements of the effective wakefield structure are therefore essential for optimising the acceleration process. Here we propose and demonstrate such a measurement technique that enables femtosecond-level (15 fs) sampling of longitudinal electric fields of order gigavolts-per-meter (0.8 GV m-1). This method-based on energy collimation of the incoming bunch-made it possible to investigate the effect of beam and plasma parameters on the beam-loaded longitudinally integrated plasma wakefield, showing good agreement with particle-in-cell simulations. These results open the door to high-quality operation of future plasma accelerators through precise control of the acceleration process.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou S, Bai Y, Tian Y, Sun H, Cao L, Liu J. Self-Organized Kilotesla Magnetic-Tube Array in an Expanding Spherical Plasma Irradiated by kHz Femtosecond Laser Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:255002. [PMID: 30608806 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.255002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
By using a millijoule kHz femtosecond laser pulse to irradiate a preformed expanding spherical plasma, which is driven by a prepulse with intensity of 1×10^{14} W/cm^{2}, we observe fast-electron-mediated filamentary structures and an accompanying self-organized magnetic-tube array with 2000 T via time-resolved magneto-optical polarization rotation measurements. We reveal that these periodical filamentary structures predominantly originate from ejected energetic electron flows from the inner denser region of the spherical plasma, which will induce the electron Weibel instability and magnetic field organization and amplification in the expanding plasma in 2 ps. These results open new paths to investigate amplification of intense magnetic fields and the radiation signature from gamma-ray bursts just by means of a much smaller and robust experimental platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Cao
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300000, People's Republic of China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang CJ, Hua JF, Wan Y, Pai CH, Guo B, Zhang J, Ma Y, Li F, Wu YP, Chu HH, Gu YQ, Xu XL, Mori WB, Joshi C, Wang J, Lu W. Femtosecond Probing of Plasma Wakefields and Observation of the Plasma Wake Reversal Using a Relativistic Electron Bunch. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:064801. [PMID: 28949606 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.064801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that a high-energy electron bunch can be used to capture the instantaneous longitudinal and transverse field structures of the highly transient, microscopic, laser-excited relativistic wake with femtosecond resolution. The spatiotemporal evolution of wakefields in a plasma density up ramp is measured and the reversal of the plasma wake, where the wake wavelength at a particular point in space increases until the wake disappears completely only to reappear at a later time but propagating in the opposite direction, is observed for the first time by using this new technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B Guo
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Ma
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - H-H Chu
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhong-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Y Q Gu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - X L Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhong-Li 32001, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IFSA Collaborative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Optical control of hard X-ray polarization by electron injection in a laser wakefield accelerator. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2421. [PMID: 24026068 PMCID: PMC3778521 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-plasma particle accelerators could provide more compact sources of high-energy radiation than conventional accelerators. Moreover, because they deliver radiation in femtosecond pulses, they could improve the time resolution of X-ray absorption techniques. Here we show that we can measure and control the polarization of ultra-short, broad-band keV photon pulses emitted from a laser-plasma-based betatron source. The electron trajectories and hence the polarization of the emitted X-rays are experimentally controlled by the pulse-front tilt of the driving laser pulses. Particle-in-cell simulations show that an asymmetric plasma wave can be driven by a tilted pulse front and a non-symmetric intensity distribution of the focal spot. Both lead to a notable off-axis electron injection followed by collective electron–betatron oscillations. We expect that our method for an all-optical steering is not only useful for plasma-based X-ray sources but also has significance for future laser-based particle accelerators. Radiation sources driven by laser-plasma accelerators have the potential to produce shorter bursts of radiation at lower cost than those based on conventional accelerators. Schnell et al. demonstrate the ability to control the polarization of the bursts of hard X-rays produced by such a source.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sylla F, Flacco A, Kahaly S, Veltcheva M, Lifschitz A, Sanchez-Arriaga G, Lefebvre E, Malka V. Anticorrelation between ion acceleration and nonlinear coherent structures from laser-underdense plasma interaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:115003. [PMID: 22540480 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In laser-plasma experiments, we observed that ion acceleration from the Coulomb explosion of the plasma channel bored by the laser is prevented when multiple plasma instabilities, such as filamentation and hosing, and nonlinear coherent structures (vortices or postsolitons) appear in the wake of an ultrashort laser pulse. The tailoring of the longitudinal plasma density ramp allows us to control the onset of these instabilities. We deduced that the laser pulse is depleted into these structures in our conditions, when a plasma at about 10% of the critical density exhibits a gradient on the order of 250 μm (Gaussian fit), thus hindering the acceleration. A promising experimental setup with a long pulse is demonstrated enabling the excitation of an isolated coherent structure for polarimetric measurements and, in further perspectives, parametric studies of ion plasma acceleration efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sylla
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UMR 7639, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schnell M, Sävert A, Landgraf B, Reuter M, Nicolai M, Jäckel O, Peth C, Thiele T, Jansen O, Pukhov A, Willi O, Kaluza MC, Spielmann C. Deducing the electron-beam diameter in a laser-plasma accelerator using x-ray betatron radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:075001. [PMID: 22401215 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the properties of a laser-plasma electron accelerator as a bright source of keV x-ray radiation. During the interaction, the electrons undergo betatron oscillations and from the carefully measured x-ray spectrum the oscillation amplitude of the electrons can be deduced which decreases with increasing electron energies. From the oscillation amplitude and the independently measured x-ray source size of (1.8±0.3) μm we are able to estimate the electron bunch diameter to be (1.6±0.3) μm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schnell
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|