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Sokolovskii AS, Robson MT, LaPierre RR, Dubrovskii VG. Modeling selective-area growth of InAsSb nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:285601. [PMID: 30913550 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An analytical growth model is presented to explain the influence of antimony fractional flux on the morphology evolution of catalyst-free InAs1-x Sb x semiconductor nanowires grown by the selective-area vapor-solid mechanism on a Si (111) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. Increasing Sb fractional flux promoted radial growth and suppressed axial growth, resulting in 'nano-disks'. This behavior is explained by a model of indium adatom diffusion along nanowire facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sokolovskii
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia. Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L7, Canada
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Dubrovskii VG. Evolution of the Length and Radius of Catalyst-Free III-V Nanowires Grown by Selective Area Epitaxy. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8400-8405. [PMID: 31459928 PMCID: PMC6648095 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a new model for the length and radius evolution of catalyst-free III-V nanowires grown by selective area epitaxy. We consider simultaneous axial and radial growth of nanowires, which is more typical for this technique compared to the vapor-liquid-solid growth of nanowires. Analytic expressions for the time evolution of the nanowire length and radius are derived, showing the following properties. As long as the nanowire length is shorter than the collection length of group III atoms on the sidewalls, the length evolves superlinearly and the radius evolves linearly with time. For longer nanowires, both the length and radius increase sublinearly with time. The scaling growth laws are controlled by a single parameter that depends on group V flux. The model fits well the data on the selective area growth of InAs and GaAs nanowires by different techniques. Overall, these results can be used for controlling the catalyst-free growth of III-V nanowires and their morphology, including ternary III-V material systems.
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Bosi M, Seravalli L, Beretta S, Ferrari C. Growth of germanium nanowires with isobuthyl germane. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:084002. [PMID: 30524081 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of the use of isobutyl germane, a novel germanium source, for the vapor-liquid-solid growth of germanium nanowires (NWs) on Si (111) substrates, using a thin gold layer as catalyst. The density and the diameter of the NWs were controlled by varying the Au layer thickness and the isobutyl germane flow. The NWs grow along (111) directions and show perfect crystallinity and lengths from several hundreds of nm to 3-4 μm. The use of isobutyl germane gives a considerable technological advantage in the growth of germanium NWs since it is a safer and more manageable germanium source and it allows to grow Ge NWs in a standard vapor phase epitaxy system at 400 °C.
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Dubrovskii VG, Xu T, Álvarez AD, Plissard SR, Caroff P, Glas F, Grandidier B. Self-Equilibration of the Diameter of Ga-Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5580-4. [PMID: 26189571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Designing strategies to reach monodispersity in fabrication of semiconductor nanowire ensembles is essential for numerous applications. When Ga-catalyzed GaAs nanowire arrays are grown by molecular beam epitaxy with help of droplet-engineering, we observe a significant narrowing of the diameter distribution of the final nanowire array with respect to the size distribution of the initial Ga droplets. Considering that the droplet serves as a nonequilibrium reservoir of a group III metal, we develop a model that demonstrates a self-equilibration effect on the droplet size in self-catalyzed III-V nanowires. This effect leads to arrays of nanowires with a high degree of uniformity regardless of the initial conditions, while the stationary diameter can be further finely tuned by varying the spacing of the array pitch on patterned Si substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Dubrovskii
- †St. Petersburg Academic University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021, St. Petersburg, Russia
- ‡Ioffe Physical Technical Institute RAS, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021, St. Petersburg, Russia
- §ITMO University, Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T Xu
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
- ⊥Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - A Díaz Álvarez
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - S R Plissard
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
- #CNRS-Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes (LAAS), Université de Toulouse, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - P Caroff
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
- ∇Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - F Glas
- ○CNRS-Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - B Grandidier
- ∥Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), CNRS, UMR 8520, Département ISEN, 41 bd Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
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Matteini F, Dubrovskii VG, Rüffer D, Tütüncüoğlu G, Fontana Y, Morral AFI. Tailoring the diameter and density of self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires on silicon. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:105603. [PMID: 25687793 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/10/105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire diameter has a dramatic effect on the absorption cross-section in the optical domain. The maximum absorption is reached for ideal nanowire morphology within a solar cell device. As a consequence, understanding how to tailor the nanowire diameter and density is extremely important for high-efficient nanowire-based solar cells. In this work, we investigate mastering the diameter and density of self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires on Si(111) substrates by growth conditions using the self-assembly of Ga droplets. We introduce a new paradigm of the characteristic nucleation time controlled by group III flux and temperature that determine diameter and length distributions of GaAs nanowires. This insight into the growth mechanism is then used to grow nanowire forests with a completely tailored diameter-density distribution. We also show how the reflectivity of nanowire arrays can be minimized in this way. In general, this work opens new possibilities for the cost-effective and controlled fabrication of the ensembles of self-catalyzed III-V nanowires for different applications, in particular in next-generation photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Matteini
- Laboratoire Matériaux Semiconducteurs, École Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mukhin IS, Fadeev IV, Zhukov MV, Dubrovskii VG, Golubok AO. Framed carbon nanostructures: synthesis and applications in functional SPM tips. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 148:151-157. [PMID: 25461592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a synthesis method to fabricate framed carbon-based nanostructures having highly anisotropic shapes, in particular, the nanofork and nanoscalpel structures which are obtained systematically under optimized growth conditions. A theoretical model is developed to explain the formation of such nanostructures on Si cantilevers and W etched wires exposed to a focused electron beam. We then demonstrate the potentials of these nanostructures as functional tips for scanning probe microscopy. Owing to their anisotropic shapes, such tips can be very useful for nanolithography, nanosurgery of biological objects, and precise manipulation with surface particles. Overall, our method provides a simple and robust way to produce functional scanning probe microscopy tips with variable shapes and enhanced capabilities for different applications compared to standard cantilevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Mukhin
- St. Petersburg Academic University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; ITMO University, Kronverksky pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - I V Fadeev
- ITMO University, Kronverksky pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M V Zhukov
- ITMO University, Kronverksky pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V G Dubrovskii
- St. Petersburg Academic University, Khlopina 8/3, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; ITMO University, Kronverksky pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A O Golubok
- ITMO University, Kronverksky pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rizhsky 26, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Rezvani SJ, Pinto N, Boarino L, Celegato F, Favre L, Berbezier I. Diffusion induced effects on geometry of Ge nanowires. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:7469-7473. [PMID: 24881677 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report diffusion induced germanium nanowire growth and its dependence on the Ge evaporation flux. The wires show a growth rate (dL/dt) in agreement with the previously reported models, but detection of anomalies in the grown wires may indicate the prevalence of the direct Ge impinging effect on large diameter wires. Additionally, we demonstrate that change in deposition flux could directly affect the diffusion length of the Ge adatoms on the wire sidewalls. This in turn modifies the geometry of the grown wires by introducing a lateral growth starting from the base of the wire. A detailed understanding of the deposition flux effect on the growth and geometry of wires will result in improved knowledge of physical properties of wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Rezvani
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Kolíbal M, Vystavěl T, Varga P, Šikola T. Real-time observation of collector droplet oscillations during growth of straight nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1756-1761. [PMID: 24528181 DOI: 10.1021/nl404159x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A liquid droplet sitting on top of a pillar is crucially important for semiconductor nanowire growth via a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism. For the growth of long and straight nanowires, it has been assumed so far that the droplet is pinned to the nanowire top and any instability in the droplet position leads to nanowire kinking. Here, using real-time in situ scanning electron microscopy during germanium nanowire growth, we show that the increase or decrease in the droplet wetting angle and subsequent droplet unpinning from the growth interface may also result in the growth of straight nanowires. Because our argumentation is based on terms and parameters common for VLS-grown nanowires, such as the geometry of the droplet and the growth interface, these conclusions are likely to be relevant to other nanowire systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Kolíbal
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology , Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
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Heiss M, Russo-Averchi E, Dalmau-Mallorquí A, Tütüncüoğlu G, Matteini F, Rüffer D, Conesa-Boj S, Demichel O, Alarcon-Lladó E, Fontcuberta i Morral A. III-V nanowire arrays: growth and light interaction. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:014015. [PMID: 24334728 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/1/014015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowire arrays are reproducible and rational platforms for the realization of high performing designs of light emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices. In this paper we present an overview of the growth challenges of III-V nanowire arrays obtained by molecular beam epitaxy and the design of III-V nanowire arrays on silicon for solar cells. While InAs tends to grow in a relatively straightforward manner on patterned (111)Si substrates, GaAs nanowires remain more challenging; success depends on the cleaning steps, annealing procedure, pattern design and mask thickness. Nanowire arrays might also be used for next generation solar cells. We discuss the photonic effects derived from the vertical configuration of nanowires standing on a substrate and how these are beneficial for photovoltaics. Finally, due to the special interaction of light with standing nanowires we also show that the Raman scattering properties of standing nanowires are modified. This result is important for fundamental studies on the structural and functional properties of nanowires.
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Dubrovskii VG, Bolshakov AD, Williams BL, Durose K. Growth modeling of CdTe nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:485607. [PMID: 23138637 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/48/485607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Au-catalyzed CdTe nanowires have been grown by close-space sublimation on Mo foils via the vapor-liquid-solid technique. Nanowire length (up to 25 μm) increased as a function of growth temperature and time. Nanowire average radius only started to increase after 20 min of growth. A model has been developed to quantitatively describe this observed growth behavior. The model takes into account the simultaneous lateral extension of nanowires (radii were in the range 150-550 nm), observed for longer growth times. Fitting the model to the experimental data yields a number of kinetic parameters. More importantly, the threshold character of the radius-time dependence as well as the essentially non-linear shape of the length-time relationship is well reproduced by the model.
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