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Liu Z, Qin B, Shi Z, Wang X, Lv Q, Wei X, Huan R. Nonlinearity-Induced Asymmetric Synchronization Region in Micromechanical Oscillators. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:238. [PMID: 38398967 PMCID: PMC10891831 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synchronization in microstructures is a widely explored domain due to its diverse dynamic traits and promising practical applications. Within synchronization analysis, the synchronization bandwidth serves as a pivotal metric. While current research predominantly focuses on symmetric evaluations of synchronization bandwidth, the investigation into potential asymmetries within nonlinear oscillators remains unexplored, carrying implications for sensor application performance. This paper conducts a comprehensive exploration employing straight and arch beams capable of demonstrating linear, hardening, and softening characteristics to thoroughly scrutinize potential asymmetry within the synchronization region. Through the introduction of weak harmonic forces to induce synchronization within the oscillator, we observe distinct asymmetry within its synchronization range. Additionally, we present a robust theoretical model capable of fully capturing the linear, hardening, and softening traits of resonators synchronized to external perturbation. Further investigation into the effects of feedback strength and phase delay on synchronization region asymmetry, conducted through analytical and experimental approaches, reveals a consistent alignment between theoretical predictions and experimental outcomes. These findings hold promise in providing crucial technical insights to enhance resonator performance and broaden the application landscape of MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.L.); (B.Q.)
| | - Bingchan Qin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.L.); (B.Q.)
| | - Zhan Shi
- Department of Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Complex Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Qiangfeng Lv
- Department of Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Huanjiang Laboratory, Zhuji 311800, China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Ronghua Huan
- Department of Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Huanjiang Laboratory, Zhuji 311800, China
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2
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Xu L, Qi Y, Jiang Z, Wei X. Fast frequency relocking for synchronization enhanced resonant accelerometer. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:93. [PMID: 36060526 PMCID: PMC9436963 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Synchronization, as a unique phenomenon, has been extensively studied in biology, chaotic systems, nonlinear dynamics, quantum information, and other fields. Benefiting from the characteristics of frequency amplification, noise suppression, and stability improvement, synchronization has been gradually applied in sensing, communication, time keeping, and other applications. In the sensing field, synchronization provides a new strategy to improve the performance of sensors. However, the performance improvement is only effective within the synchronization range, and the narrow synchronization range has become a great challenge for the wide application of synchronization-enhanced sensing mechanism. Here, we propose a frequency automatic tracking system (FATS) to widen the synchronization range and track the periodic acceleration signals by adjusting the frequency of the readout oscillator in real time. In addition, a high-precision frequency measurement system and fast response control system based on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) are built, and the tracking performance of the FATS for static and dynamic external signals is analyzed to obtain the optimal control parameters. Experimental results show that the proposed automatic tracking system is capable of static acceleration measurement, the synchronization range can be expanded to 975 Hz, and the relocking time is shortened to 93.4 ms at best. By selecting the optimal PID parameters, we achieve a faster relocking time to meet the requirements of low-frequency vibration measurements, such as seismic detection and tidal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Yonghong Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
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3
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Ahmed A, Gelfand R, Storm SD, Lee A, Klinkova A, Guest JR, Pelton M. Low-Frequency Oscillations in Optical Measurements of Metal-Nanoparticle Vibrations. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5365-5371. [PMID: 35699569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved optical measurements of vibrating metal nanoparticles have been used extensively to probe the ultrafast mechanical properties of the nanoparticles and of the surrounding liquid, but nearly all investigations so far have been limited to the linear regime. Here, we report the observation of a low-frequency oscillating signal in transient-absorption measurements of nanoparticles with octahedral gold cores and cubic silver shells; the signal appears at the difference of two mechanical vibrational frequencies in the particles, suggesting a nonlinear mixing process. We tentatively attribute this proposed mixing to a nonlinear coupling between a vibrational mode of the nanoparticle and its optical-frequency plasmon resonance. The optimization of this nonlinear transduction may enable high-efficiency opto-mechanical frequency mixing in the GHz-THz frequency regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - S David Storm
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Anna Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Anna Klinkova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Guest
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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4
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Paulo G, Tasinkevych M. Binary mixtures of locally coupled mobile oscillators. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:014204. [PMID: 34412317 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.014204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Synchronized behavior in a system of coupled dynamic objects is a fascinating example of an emerged cooperative phenomena which has been observed in systems as diverse as a group of insects, neural networks, or networks of computers. In many instances, however, the synchronization is undesired because it may lead to system malfunctioning, as in the case of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, for example. Recent studies of static networks of oscillators have shown that the presence of a small fraction of so-called contrarian oscillators can suppress the undesired network synchronization. On the other hand, it is also known that the mobility of the oscillators can significantly impact their synchronization dynamics. Here, we combine these two ideas-the oscillator mobility and the presence of heterogeneous interactions-and study numerically binary mixtures of phase oscillators performing two-dimensional random walks. Within the framework of a generalized Kuramoto model, we introduce two phase-coupling schemes. The first one is invariant when the types of any two oscillators are swapped, while the second model is not. We demonstrate that the symmetric model does not allow for a complete suppression of the synchronized state. However, it provides means for a robust control of the synchronization timescale by varying the overall number density and the composition of the mixture and the strength of the off-diagonal Kuramoto coupling constant. Instead, the asymmetric model predicts that the coherent state can be eliminated within a subpopulation of normal oscillators and evoked within a subpopulation of the contrarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Paulo
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal and Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mykola Tasinkevych
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal and Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Xu L, Wang S, Jiang Z, Wei X. Programmable synchronization enhanced MEMS resonant accelerometer. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:63. [PMID: 34567674 PMCID: PMC8433445 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acceleration measurement is of great significance due to its extensive applications in military/industrial fields. In recent years, scientists have been pursuing methods to improve the performance of accelerometers, particularly through seeking new sensing mechanisms. Herein, we present a synchronized oscillator-based enhancement approach to realize a fivefold resolution improvement of a microelectromechanical resonant accelerometer. Through the unidirectional electrical coupling method, we achieved synchronization of the sensing oscillator of the microelectromechanical resonant accelerometer and an external reading oscillator, which remarkably enhanced the stability of the oscillation system to 19.4 ppb and the resolution of the accelerometer to 1.91 μg. In addition, the narrow synchronization bandwidth of conventional synchronized oscillators was discussed, and hence, we propose a novel frequency automatic tracking system to expand the synchronization bandwidth from 113 to 1246 Hz, which covers the full acceleration measurement range of ±1 g. For the first time, we utilized a unidirectional electrical synchronization mechanism to improve the resolution of resonant sensors. Our comprehensive scheme provides a general and powerful solution for performance enhancement of any microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonant sensor, thereby enabling a wide spectrum of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Shudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
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6
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Hasan MH, Alsaleem F, Ramini A. Voltage and Deflection Amplification via Double Resonance Excitation in a Cantilever Microstructure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E380. [PMID: 30669268 PMCID: PMC6359633 DOI: 10.3390/s19020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cantilever electrostatically-actuated resonators show great promise in sensing and actuating applications. However, the electrostatic actuation suffers from high-voltage actuation requirements and high noise low-amplitude signal-outputs which limit its applications. Here, we introduce a mixed-frequency signal for a cantilever-based resonator that triggers its mechanical and electrical resonances simultaneously, to overcome these limitations. A single linear RLC circuit cannot completely capture the response of the resonator under double resonance excitation. Therefore, we develop a coupled mechanical and electrical mathematical linearized model at different operation frequencies and validate this model experimentally. The double-resonance excitation results in a 21 times amplification of the voltage across the resonator and 31 times amplitude amplification over classical excitation schemes. This intensive experimental study showed a great potential of double resonance excitation providing a high amplitude amplification and maintaining the linearity of the system when the parasitic capacitance is maintained low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Hasan
- The Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Fadi Alsaleem
- The School of Architectural Engineering University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Abdallah Ramini
- The Mechanical Engineering & Mechanical Engineering Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA 17057, USA.
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7
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Czaplewski DA, Chen C, Lopez D, Shoshani O, Eriksson AM, Strachan S, Shaw SW. Bifurcation Generated Mechanical Frequency Comb. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:244302. [PMID: 30608738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.244302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel response of a nonlinear micromechanical resonator when operated in a region of strong, nonlinear mode coupling. The system is excited with a single drive signal and its response is characterized by periodic amplitude modulations that occur at timescales based on system parameters. The periodic amplitude modulations of the resonator are a consequence of nonlinear mode coupling and are responsible for the emergence of a "frequency-comb" regime in the spectral response. By considering a generic model for a 1∶3 internal resonance, we demonstrate that the novel behavior results from a saddle node on an invariant circle (SNIC) bifurcation. The ability to control the operating parameters of the micromechanical structures reported here makes the simple micromechanical resonator an ideal test bed to study the dynamic response of SNIC behavior demonstrated in mechanical, optical, and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Czaplewski
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Changyao Chen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Oriel Shoshani
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Axel M Eriksson
- Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Scott Strachan
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Steven W Shaw
- Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
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8
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Asadi K, Yu J, Cho H. Nonlinear couplings and energy transfers in micro- and nano-mechanical resonators: intermodal coupling, internal resonance and synchronization. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0141. [PMID: 30037939 PMCID: PMC6077863 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Extensive development of micro/nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) has resulted in technologies that exhibit excellent performance over a wide range of applications in both applied (e.g. sensing, imaging, timing and signal processing) and fundamental sciences (e.g. quantum-level problems). Many of these outstanding applications benefit from resonance phenomena by employing micro/nanoscale mechanical resonators often fabricated into a beam-, membrane- or plate-type structure. During the early development stage, one of the vibrational modes (typically the fundamental mode) of a resonator is considered in the design and application. In the past decade, however, there has been a growing interest in using more than one vibrational mode for the enhanced functionality of MEMS/NEMS. In this paper, we review recent research efforts to investigate the nonlinear coupling and energy transfers between multiple modes in micro/nano-mechanical resonators, focusing especially on intermodal coupling, internal resonance and synchronization.This article is part of the theme issue 'Nonlinear energy transfer in dynamical and acoustical systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Asadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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9
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Wang H, Ning X, Li H, Luan H, Xue Y, Yu X, Fan Z, Li L, Rogers JA, Zhang Y, Huang Y. Vibration of Mechanically-Assembled 3D Microstructures Formed by Compressive Buckling. JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS 2018; 112:187-208. [PMID: 29713095 PMCID: PMC5918305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmps.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) that rely on structural vibrations have many important applications, ranging from oscillators and actuators, to energy harvesters and vehicles for measurement of mechanical properties. Conventional MEMS, however, mostly utilize two-dimensional (2D) vibrational modes, thereby imposing certain limitations that are not present in 3D designs (e.g., multi-directional energy harvesting). 3D vibrational microplatforms assembled through the techniques of controlled compressive buckling are promising because of their complex 3D architectures and the ability to tune their vibrational behaviour (e.g., natural frequencies and modes) by reversibly changing their dimensions by deforming their soft, elastomeric substrates. A clear understanding of such strain-dependent vibration behaviour is essential for their practical applications. Here, we present a study on the linear and nonlinear vibration of such 3D mesostructures through analytical modeling, finite element analysis (FEA) and experiment. An analytical solution is obtained for the vibration mode and linear natural frequency of a buckled ribbon, indicating a mode change as the static deflection amplitude increases. The model also yields a scaling law for linear natural frequency that can be extended to general, complex 3D geometries, as validated by FEA and experiment. In the regime of nonlinear vibration, FEA suggests that an increase of amplitude of external loading represents an effective means to enhance the bandwidth. The results also uncover a reduced nonlinearity of vibration as the static deflection amplitude of the 3D structures increases. The developed analytical model can be used in the development of new 3D vibrational microplatforms, for example, to enable simultaneous measurement of diverse mechanical properties (density, modulus, viscosity etc.) of thin films and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Wang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Xin Ning
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Haibo Li
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Zhichao Fan
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Mechanics and Materials and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luming Li
- Man-machine-Environment Engineering Institute, Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - John A. Rogers
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Neurological Surgery, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Mechanics and Materials and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
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10
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Seitner MJ, Abdi M, Ridolfo A, Hartmann MJ, Weig EM. Parametric Oscillation, Frequency Mixing, and Injection Locking of Strongly Coupled Nanomechanical Resonator Modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:254301. [PMID: 28696761 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.254301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study locking phenomena of two strongly coupled, high quality factor nanomechanical resonator modes to a common parametric drive at a single drive frequency in different parametric driving regimes. By controlled dielectric gradient forces we tune the resonance frequencies of the flexural in-plane and out-of-plane oscillation of the high stress silicon nitride string through their mutual avoided crossing. For the case of the strong common parametric drive signal-idler generation via nondegenerate parametric two-mode oscillation is observed. Broadband frequency tuning of the very narrow linewidth signal and idler resonances is demonstrated. When the resonance frequencies of the signal and idler get closer to each other, partial injection locking, injection pulling, and complete injection locking to half of the drive frequency occurs depending on the pump strength. Furthermore, satellite resonances, symmetrically offset from the signal and idler by their beat note, are observed, which can be attributed to degenerate four-wave mixing in the highly nonlinear mechanical oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Abdi
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ridolfo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra (MIFT), Universita di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Michael J Hartmann
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M Weig
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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11
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Abstract
We study a model for a nonlinear mechanical oscillator, relevant to the dynamics of micro- and nanomechanical time-keeping devices, where periodic motion is sustained by a feedback force proportional to the oscillation velocity. Specifically, we focus our attention on the effect of a time delay in the feedback loop, assumed to originate in the electric circuit that creates and injects the self-sustaining force. Stationary oscillating solutions to the equation of motion, whose stability is insured by the crucial role of nonlinearity, are analytically obtained through suitable approximations. We show that a delay within the order of the oscillation period can suppress self-sustained oscillations. Numerical solutions are used to validate the analytical approximations.
Received: 6 February 2017, Accepted: 8 March 2017; Edited by: A. Martí; Reviewed by: C. Masoller, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.090003
Cite as: D. H. Zanette, Papers in Physics 9, 090003 (2017)
This paper, by D. H. Zanette, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
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12
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Mangussi F, Zanette DH. Internal Resonance in a Vibrating Beam: A Zoo of Nonlinear Resonance Peaks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162365. [PMID: 27648829 PMCID: PMC5029881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In oscillating mechanical systems, nonlinearity is responsible for the departure from proportionality between the forces that sustain their motion and the resulting vibration amplitude. Such effect may have both beneficial and harmful effects in a broad class of technological applications, ranging from microelectromechanical devices to edifice structures. The dependence of the oscillation frequency on the amplitude, in particular, jeopardizes the use of nonlinear oscillators in the design of time-keeping electronic components. Nonlinearity, however, can itself counteract this adverse response by triggering a resonant interaction between different oscillation modes, which transfers the excess of energy in the main oscillation to higher harmonics, and thus stabilizes its frequency. In this paper, we examine a model for internal resonance in a vibrating elastic beam clamped at its two ends. In this case, nonlinearity occurs in the form of a restoring force proportional to the cube of the oscillation amplitude, which induces resonance between modes whose frequencies are in a ratio close to 1:3. The model is based on a representation of the resonant modes as two Duffing oscillators, coupled through cubic interactions. Our focus is put on illustrating the diversity of behavior that internal resonance brings about in the dynamical response of the system, depending on the detailed form of the coupling forces. The mathematical treatment of the model is developed at several approximation levels. A qualitative comparison of our results with previous experiments and numerical calculations on elastic beams is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Mangussi
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Damián H. Zanette
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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13
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Chen C, Zanette DH, Guest JR, Czaplewski DA, López D. Self-Sustained Micromechanical Oscillator with Linear Feedback. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:017203. [PMID: 27419587 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.017203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous oscillators, such as clocks and lasers, produce periodic signals without any external frequency reference. In order to sustain stable periodic motion, there needs to be an external energy supply as well as nonlinearity built into the oscillator to regulate the amplitude. Usually, nonlinearity is provided by the sustaining feedback mechanism, which also supplies energy, whereas the constituent resonator that determines the output frequency stays linear. Here, we propose a new self-sustaining scheme that relies on the nonlinearity originating from the resonator itself to limit the oscillation amplitude, while the feedback remains linear. We introduce a model for describing the working principle of the self-sustained oscillations and validate it with experiments performed on a nonlinear microelectromechanical oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyao Chen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Damián H Zanette
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey R Guest
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - David A Czaplewski
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Daniel López
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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14
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Li T, Bao TY, Zhang YL, Zou CL, Zou XB, Guo GC. Long-distance synchronization of unidirectionally cascaded optomechanical systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:12336-12348. [PMID: 27410149 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.012336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synchronization is of great scientific interest due to the abundant applications in a wide range of systems. We propose an all-optical scheme to achieve the controllable long-distance synchronization of two dissimilar optomechanical systems, which are unidirectionally coupled through a fiber with light. Synchronization, unsynchronization, and the dependence of the synchronization on driving laser strength and intrinsic frequency mismatch are studied based on the numerical simulation. Taking the fiber attenuation into account, we show that two optomechanical resonators can be unidirectionally synchronized over a distance of tens of kilometers. We also analyze the unidirectional synchronization of three optomechanical systems, demonstrating the scalability of our scheme.
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