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Dopilka A, Larson JM, Cha H, Kostecki R. Synchrotron Near-Field Infrared Nanospectroscopy and Nanoimaging of Lithium Fluoride in Solid Electrolyte Interphases in Li-Ion Battery Anodes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15270-15283. [PMID: 38788214 PMCID: PMC11171761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Lithium fluoride (LiF) is a ubiquitous component in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer in Li-ion batteries. However, its nanoscale structure, morphology, and topology, important factors for understanding LiF and SEI film functionality, including electrode passivity, are often unknown due to limitations in spatial resolution of common characterization techniques. Ultrabroadband near-field synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy (SINS) enables such detection and mapping of LiF in SEI layers in the far-infrared region down to ca. 322 cm-1 with a nanoscale spatial resolution of ca. 20 nm. The surface sensitivity of SINS and the large infrared absorption cross section of LiF, which can support local surface phonons under certain circumstances, enabled characterization of model LiF samples of varying structure, thickness, surface roughness, and degree of crystallinity, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy, attenuated total reflectance FTIR, SINS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-angle annular dark-field, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Enabled by this approach, LiF within SEI films formed on Cu, Si, and metallic glass Si40Al50Fe10 electrodes was detected and characterized. The nanoscale morphologies and topologies of LiF in these SEI layers were evaluated to gain insights into LiF nucleation, growth, and the resulting nuances in the electrode surface passivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dopilka
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Larson
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Hyungyeon Cha
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Ulsan
Advanced Energy Technology R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Nam-gu Ulsan 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Yu X, Principi A, Tielrooij KJ, Bonn M, Kavokine N. Electron cooling in graphene enhanced by plasmon-hydron resonance. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:898-904. [PMID: 37349505 PMCID: PMC10427419 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating for the crucial role of a solid's free electrons in the dynamics of solid-liquid interfaces. Liquids induce electronic polarization and drive electric currents as they flow; electronic excitations, in turn, participate in hydrodynamic friction. Yet, the underlying solid-liquid interactions have been lacking a direct experimental probe. Here we study the energy transfer across liquid-graphene interfaces using ultrafast spectroscopy. The graphene electrons are heated up quasi-instantaneously by a visible excitation pulse, and the time evolution of the electronic temperature is then monitored with a terahertz pulse. We observe that water accelerates the cooling of the graphene electrons, whereas other polar liquids leave the cooling dynamics largely unaffected. A quantum theory of solid-liquid heat transfer accounts for the water-specific cooling enhancement through a resonance between the graphene surface plasmon mode and the so-called hydrons-water charge fluctuations-particularly the water libration modes, which allows for efficient energy transfer. Our results provide direct experimental evidence of a solid-liquid interaction mediated by collective modes and support the theoretically proposed mechanism for quantum friction. They further reveal a particularly large thermal boundary conductance for the water-graphene interface and suggest strategies for enhancing the thermal conductivity in graphene-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikita Kavokine
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Luo X, Liang G, Li Y, Yu F, Zhao X. Regulating the Electronic Structure of Freestanding Graphene on SiC by Ge/Sn Intercalation: A Theoretical Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249004. [PMID: 36558135 PMCID: PMC9788586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic n-type of epitaxial graphene on SiC substrate limits its applications in microelectronic devices, and it is thus vital to modulate and achieve p-type and charge-neutral graphene. The main groups of metal intercalations, such as Ge and Sn, are found to be excellent candidates to achieve this goal based on the first-principle calculation results. They can modulate the conduction type of graphene via intercalation coverages and bring out interesting magnetic properties to the entire intercalation structures without inducing magnetism to graphene, which is superior to the transition metal intercalations, such as Fe and Mn. It is found that the Ge intercalation leads to ambipolar doping of graphene, and the p-type graphene can only be obtained when forming the Ge adatom between Ge layer and graphene. Charge-neutral graphene can be achieved under high Sn intercalation coverage (7/8 bilayer) owing to the significantly increased distance between graphene and deformed Sn intercalation. These findings would open up an avenue for developing novel graphene-based spintronic and electric devices on SiC substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Luo
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guojun Liang
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanlu Li
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Fapeng Yu
- State Key Lab of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering of Shandong University, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.Z.)
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4
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Zhang N, Jiang X, Fan J, Luo W, Xiang Y, Wu W, Ren M, Zhang X, Cai W, Xu J. Experimental observed plasmon near-field response in isolated suspended graphene resonators. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:505201. [PMID: 31491784 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Because of extreme three-dimensional field confinement and easy electrically tunability, plasmons in graphene nanostructures are promising candidates for many applications, such as biosensing, photodetectors and modulators. However, up to now, graphene plasmons have been explored mostly on substrates. Scatterers, corrugations and dopants induced by substrates not only add damping to plasmons but also obscure the intrinsic electronic properties of graphene. In this work, the near-field response of surface plasmons of suspended graphene circular resonators is studied with the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy under different excitation wavelengths, λ = 10.653 and 10.22 μm, respectively. Fundamental and higher order breathing plasmon modes are revealed in real-space with the Fermi energy of graphene of only 0.132 eV. Moreover, the direct experimental evidence on near-field electric tuning in suspended graphene resonators is demonstrated by using back-gate tuning. Our work not only provides a foundation to truly understand the properties of electrons inside pure graphene, but shines light on the applications in optoelectronic devices with suspended two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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5
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Schlecht MT, Preu S, Malzer S, Weber HB. An efficient Terahertz rectifier on the graphene/SiC materials platform. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11205. [PMID: 31371741 PMCID: PMC6671971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an efficient Schottky-diode detection scheme for Terahertz (THz) radiation, implemented on the material system epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide (SiC). It employs SiC as semiconductor and graphene as metal, with an epitaxially defined interface. For first prototypes, we report on broadband operation up to 580 GHz, limited only by the RC circuitry, with a responsivity of 1.1 A/W. Remarkably, the voltage dependence of the THz responsivity displays no deviations from DC responsivity, which encourages using this transparent device for exploring the high frequency limits of Schottky rectification in the optical regime. The performance of the detector is demonstrated by resolving sharp spectroscopic features of ethanol and acetone in a THz transmission experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Schlecht
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Applied Physics, Staudtstr. 7/A3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sascha Preu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University Darmstadt, Merckstrasse 25, 64283, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Malzer
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Applied Physics, Staudtstr. 7/A3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko B Weber
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Applied Physics, Staudtstr. 7/A3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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6
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Nie KY, Tu X, Li J, Chen X, Ren FF, Zhang GG, Kang L, Gu S, Zhang R, Wu P, Zheng Y, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Ye J. Tailored Emission Properties of ZnTe/ZnTe:O/ZnO Core-Shell Nanowires Coupled with an Al Plasmonic Bowtie Antenna Array. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7327-7334. [PMID: 29894159 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate light-matter interaction in semiconducting nanostructures is fascinating for implementing functionalities in advanced optoelectronic devices. Here, we report the tailoring of radiative emissions in a ZnTe/ZnTe:O/ZnO core-shell single nanowire coupled with a one-dimensional aluminum bowtie antenna array. The plasmonic antenna enables changes in the excitation and emission processes, leading to an obvious enhancement of near band edge emission (2.2 eV) and subgap excitonic emission (1.7 eV) bound to intermediate band states in a ZnTe/ZnTe:O/ZnO core-shell nanowire as well as surface-enhanced Raman scattering at room temperature. The increase of emission decay rate in the nanowire/antenna system, probed by time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, yields an observable enhancement of quantum efficiency induced by local surface plasmon resonance. Electromagnetic simulations agree well with the experimental observations, revealing a combined effect of enhanced electric near-field intensity and the improvement of quantum efficiency in the ZnTe/ZnTe:O/ZnO nanowire/antenna system. The capability of tailoring light-matter interaction in low-efficient emitters may provide an alternative platform for designing advanced optoelectronic and sensing devices with precisely controlled response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Ying Nie
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- School of Physics and Engineering , Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities , Xingyi 562400 , China
| | - Xuecou Tu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Xuanhu Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Fang-Fang Ren
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Guo-Gang Zhang
- Grünberg Research Centre , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing 210003 , China
| | - Lin Kang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Shulin Gu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid-State Lighting and Energy-Saving Electronics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid-State Lighting and Energy-Saving Electronics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Youdou Zheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Jiandong Ye
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid-State Lighting and Energy-Saving Electronics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
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7
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Nong J, Wei W, Wang W, Lan G, Shang Z, Yi J, Tang L. Strong coherent coupling between graphene surface plasmons and anisotropic black phosphorus localized surface plasmons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:1633-1644. [PMID: 29402035 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The anisotropic plasmons properties of black phosphorus allow for realizing direction-dependent plasmonics devices. Here, we theoretically investigated the hybridization between graphene surface plasmons (GSP) and anisotropic black phosphorus localized surface plasmons (BPLSP) in the strong coupling regime. By dynamically adjusting the Fermi level of graphene, we show that the strong coherent GSP-BPLSP coupling can be achieved in both armchair and zigzag directions, which is attributed to the anisotropic black phosphorus with different in-plane effective electron masses along the two crystal axes. The strong coupling is quantitatively described by calculating the dispersion of the hybrid modes using a coupled oscillator model. Mode splitting energy of 26.5 meV and 19 meV are determined for the GSP-BPLSP hybridization along armchair and zigzag direction, respectively. We also find that the coupling strength can be strongly affected by the distance between graphene sheet and black phosphorus nanoribbons. Our work may provide the building blocks to construct future highly compact anisotropic plasmonics devices based on two-dimensional materials at infrared and terahertz frequencies.
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8
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Hu F, Das SR, Luan Y, Chung TF, Chen YP, Fei Z. Real-Space Imaging of the Tailored Plasmons in Twisted Bilayer Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:247402. [PMID: 29286712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.247402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a systematic plasmonic study of twisted bilayer graphene (TBLG)-two graphene layers stacked with a twist angle. Through real-space nanoimaging of TBLG single crystals with a wide distribution of twist angles, we find that TBLG supports confined infrared plasmons that are sensitively dependent on the twist angle. At small twist angles, TBLG has a plasmon wavelength comparable to that of single-layer graphene. At larger twist angles, the plasmon wavelength of TBLG increases significantly with apparently lower damping. Further analysis and modeling indicate that the observed twist-angle dependence of TBLG plasmons in the Dirac linear regime is mainly due to the Fermi-velocity renormalization, a direct consequence of interlayer electronic coupling. Our work unveils the tailored plasmonic characteristics of TBLG and deepens our understanding of the intriguing nano-optical physics in novel van der Waals coupled two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Suprem R Das
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Y Luan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - T-F Chung
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Y P Chen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Z Fei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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9
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Abstract
Chemically doped graphene could support plasmon excitations up to telecommunication or even visible frequencies. Apart from that, the presence of dopant may influence electron scattering mechanisms in graphene and thus impact the plasmon decay rate. Here I study from first principles these effects in single-layer and bilayer graphene doped with various alkali and alkaline earth metals. I find new dopant-activated damping channels: loss due to out-of-plane graphene and in-plane dopant vibrations, and electron transitions between graphene and dopant states. The latter excitations interact with the graphene plasmon, and together they form a new hybrid mode. The study points out a strong dependence of these features on the type of dopants and the number of layers, which could be used as a tuning mechanism in future graphene-based plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Novko
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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