1
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Huang L, Bertram L, Ma L, Goff N, Crane SW, Odate A, Northey T, Carrascosa AM, Simmermacher M, Muvva SB, Geiser JD, Lueckheide MJ, Phelps Z, Liang M, Cheng X, Forbes R, Robinson JS, Hayes MJ, Allum F, Green AE, Lopata K, Rudenko A, Wolf TJA, Centurion M, Rolles D, Minitti MP, Kirrander A, Weber PM. The Ring-Closing Reaction of Cyclopentadiene Probed with Ultrafast X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38709555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The dynamics of cyclopentadiene (CP) following optical excitation at 243 nm was investigated by time-resolved pump-probe X-ray scattering using 16.2 keV X-rays at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). We present the first ultrafast structural evidence that the reaction leads directly to the formation of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentene (BP), a strained molecule with three- and four-membered rings. The bicyclic compound decays via a thermal backreaction to the vibrationally hot CP with a time constant of 21 ± 3 ps. A minor channel leads to ring-opened structures on a subpicosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lauren Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nathan Goff
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Stuart W Crane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Asami Odate
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Thomas Northey
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Andrés Moreno Carrascosa
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sri Bhavya Muvva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Joseph D Geiser
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Matthew J Lueckheide
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Zane Phelps
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mengning Liang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Joseph S Robinson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matthew J Hayes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Felix Allum
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alice E Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- European XFEL, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Artem Rudenko
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Michael P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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2
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Lee Y, Oang KY, Kim D, Ihee H. A comparative review of time-resolved x-ray and electron scattering to probe structural dynamics. Struct Dyn 2024; 11:031301. [PMID: 38706888 PMCID: PMC11065455 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The structure of molecules, particularly the dynamic changes in structure, plays an essential role in understanding physical and chemical phenomena. Time-resolved (TR) scattering techniques serve as crucial experimental tools for studying structural dynamics, offering direct sensitivity to molecular structures through scattering signals. Over the past decade, the advent of x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction (MeV-UED) facilities has ushered TR scattering experiments into a new era, garnering significant attention. In this review, we delve into the basic principles of TR scattering experiments, especially focusing on those that employ x-rays and electrons. We highlight the variations in experimental conditions when employing x-rays vs electrons and discuss their complementarity. Additionally, cutting-edge XFELs and MeV-UED facilities for TR x-ray and electron scattering experiments and the experiments performed at those facilities are reviewed. As new facilities are constructed and existing ones undergo upgrades, the landscape for TR x-ray and electron scattering experiments is poised for further expansion. Through this review, we aim to facilitate the effective utilization of these emerging opportunities, assisting researchers in delving deeper into the intricate dynamics of molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Key Young Oang
- Radiation Center for Ultrafast Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, South Korea
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3
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Northey T, Kirrander A, Weber PM. Extracting the electronic structure signal from X-ray and electron scattering in the gas phase. J Synchrotron Radiat 2024; 31:303-311. [PMID: 38385277 PMCID: PMC10914165 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
X-ray and electron scattering from free gas-phase molecules is examined using the independent atom model (IAM) and ab initio electronic structure calculations. The IAM describes the effect of the molecular geometry on the scattering, but does not account for the redistribution of valence electrons due to, for instance, chemical bonding. By examining the total, i.e. energy-integrated, scattering from three molecules, fluoroform (CHF3), 1,3-cyclohexadiene (C6H8) and naphthalene (C10H8), the effect of electron redistribution is found to predominantly reside at small-to-medium values of the momentum transfer (q ≤ 8 Å-1) in the scattering signal, with a maximum percent difference contribution at 2 ≤ q ≤ 3 Å-1. A procedure to determine the molecular geometry from the large-q scattering is demonstrated, making it possible to more clearly identify the deviation of the scattering from the IAM approximation at small and intermediate q and to provide a measure of the effect of valence electronic structure on the scattering signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Northey
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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4
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Pranjal P, González-Vázquez J, Bello RY, Martín F. Resonant Photoionization of CO 2 up to the Fourth Ionization Threshold. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:182-190. [PMID: 38118433 PMCID: PMC10788902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive theoretical study of valence-shell photoionization of the CO2 molecule by using the XCHEM methodology. This method makes use of a fully correlated molecular electronic continuum at a level comparable to that provided by state-of-the-art quantum chemistry packages in bound-state calculations. The calculated total and angularly resolved photoionization cross sections are presented and discussed, with particular emphasis on the series of autoionizing resonances that appear between the first and the fourth ionization thresholds. Ten series of Rydberg autoionizing states are identified, including some not previously reported in the literature, and their energy positions and widths are provided. This is relevant in the context of ongoing experimental and theoretical efforts aimed at observing in real-time (attosecond time scale) the autoionization dynamics in molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Pranjal
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia),
Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús González-Vázquez
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Y. Bello
- Departamento
de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia),
Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Green AT, Martens CC. Zombie cats on the quantum-classical frontier: Wigner-Moyal and semiclassical limit dynamics of quantum coherence in molecules. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204102. [PMID: 37991156 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the time evolution of quantum coherence-the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix of a multistate quantum system-from the perspective of the Wigner-Moyal formalism. This approach provides an exact phase space representation of quantum mechanics. We consider the coherent evolution of nuclear wavepackets in a molecule with two electronic states. For harmonic potentials, the problem is analytically soluble for both a fully quantum mechanical description and a semiclassical description. We highlight the serious deficiencies of the semiclassical treatment of coherence for general systems and illustrate how even qualitative accuracy requires higher order terms in the Moyal expansion to be included. The model provides an experimentally relevant example of a molecular Schrödinger's cat state. The alive and dead cats of the exact two-state quantum evolution collapse into a "zombie" cat in the semiclassical limit-an averaged behavior, neither alive nor dead, leading to significant errors. The inclusion of the Moyal correction restores a faithful simultaneously alive and dead representation of the cat that is experimentally observable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Green
- University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Craig C Martens
- University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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6
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Morrigan L, Neville SP, Gregory M, Boguslavskiy AE, Forbes R, Wilkinson I, Lausten R, Stolow A, Schuurman MS, Hockett P, Makhija V. Ultrafast Molecular Frame Quantum Tomography. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:193001. [PMID: 38000424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
We develop and experimentally demonstrate a methodology for a full molecular frame quantum tomography (MFQT) of dynamical polyatomic systems. We exemplify this approach through the complete characterization of an electronically nonadiabatic wave packet in ammonia (NH_{3}). The method exploits both energy and time-domain spectroscopic data, and yields the lab frame density matrix (LFDM) for the system, the elements of which are populations and coherences. The LFDM fully characterizes electronic and nuclear dynamics in the molecular frame, yielding the time- and orientation-angle dependent expectation values of any relevant operator. For example, the time-dependent molecular frame electronic probability density may be constructed, yielding information on electronic dynamics in the molecular frame. In NH_{3}, we observe that electronic coherences are induced by nuclear dynamics which nonadiabatically drive electronic motions (charge migration) in the molecular frame. Here, the nuclear dynamics are rotational and it is nonadiabatic Coriolis coupling which drives the coherences. Interestingly, the nuclear-driven electronic coherence is preserved over longer timescales. In general, MFQT can help quantify entanglement between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom, and provide new routes to the study of ultrafast molecular dynamics, charge migration, quantum information processing, and optimal control schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Morrigan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Simon P Neville
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Margaret Gregory
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- NRC-uOttawa Joint Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics (JCEP), Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul Hockett
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
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7
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Kurta RP, van Driel TB, Dohn AO, Berberich TB, Nelson S, Zaluzhnyy IA, Mukharamova N, Lapkin D, Zederkof DB, Seaberg M, Pedersen KS, Kjær KS, Rippy GI, Biasin E, Møller KB, Gelisio L, Haldrup K, Vartanyants IA, Nielsen MM. Exploring fingerprints of ultrafast structural dynamics in molecular solutions with an X-ray laser. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23417-23434. [PMID: 37486006 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01257c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
We apply ultrashort X-ray laser pulses to track optically excited structural dynamics of [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ molecules in solution. In our exploratory study we determine angular correlations in the scattered X-rays, which comprise a complex fingerprint of the ultrafast dynamics. Model-assisted analysis of the experimental correlation data allows us to elucidate various aspects of the photoinduced changes in the excited molecular ensembles. We unambiguously identify that in our experiment the photoinduced transition dipole moments in [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ molecules are oriented perpendicular to the Ir-Ir bond. The analysis also shows that the ground state conformer of [Ir2(dimen)4]2+ with a larger Ir-Ir distance is mostly responsible for the formation of the excited state. We also reveal that the ensemble of solute molecules can be characterized with a substantial structural heterogeneity due to solvent influence. The proposed X-ray correlation approach offers an alternative path for studies of ultrafast structural dynamics of molecular ensembles in the liquid and gas phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan P Kurta
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany.
| | - Tim B van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Asmus O Dohn
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Silke Nelson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ivan A Zaluzhnyy
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Dmitry Lapkin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana B Zederkof
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Kasper S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Geoffery Ian Rippy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elisa Biasin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ivan A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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8
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Wang Z, Hu X, Xue X, Zhou S, Li X, Yang Y, Zhou J, Shu Z, Zhao B, Yu X, Gong M, Wang Z, Ma P, Wu Y, Chen X, Wang J, Ren X, Wang C, Ding D. Directly imaging excited state-resolved transient structures of water induced by valence and inner-shell ionisation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5420. [PMID: 37669964 PMCID: PMC10480213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time imaging of transient structure of the electronic excited state is fundamentally critical to understand and control ultrafast molecular dynamics. The ejection of electrons from the inner-shell and valence level can lead to the population of different excited states, which trigger manifold ultrafast relaxation processes, however, the accurate imaging of such electronic state-dependent structural evolutions is still lacking. Here, by developing the laser-induced electron recollision-assisted Coulomb explosion imaging approach and molecular dynamics simulations, snapshots of the vibrational wave-packets of the excited (A) and ground states (X) of D2O+ are captured simultaneously with sub-10 picometre and few-femtosecond precision. We visualise that θDOD and ROD are significantly increased by around 50∘ and 10 pm, respectively, within approximately 8 fs after initial ionisation for the A state, and the ROD further extends 9 pm within 2 fs along the ground state of the dication in the present condition. Moreover, the ROD can stretch more than 50 pm within 5 fs along autoionisation state of dication. The accuracies of the results are limited by the simulations. These results provide comprehensive structural information for studying the fascinating molecular dynamics of water, and pave the way towards to make a movie of excited state-resolved ultrafast molecular dynamics and light-induced chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Xue
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengpeng Zhou
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yizhang Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China
| | - Banchi Zhao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xitao Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Maomao Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physic, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi' an, China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physic, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Pan Ma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China.
- HEDPS, Center of Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physic, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China
| | - Xueguang Ren
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
| | - Chuncheng Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
| | - Dajun Ding
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
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9
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Howard AJ, Britton M, Streeter ZL, Cheng C, Forbes R, Reynolds JL, Allum F, McCracken GA, Gabalski I, Lucchese RR, McCurdy CW, Weinacht T, Bucksbaum PH. Filming enhanced ionization in an ultrafast triatomic slingshot. Commun Chem 2023; 6:81. [PMID: 37106058 PMCID: PMC10140156 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Filming atomic motion within molecules is an active pursuit of molecular physics and quantum chemistry. A promising method is laser-induced Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI) where a laser pulse rapidly ionizes many electrons from a molecule, causing the remaining ions to undergo Coulomb repulsion. The ion momenta are used to reconstruct the molecular geometry which is tracked over time (i.e., filmed) by ionizing at an adjustable delay with respect to the start of interatomic motion. Results are distorted, however, by ultrafast motion during the ionizing pulse. We studied this effect in water and filmed the rapid "slingshot" motion that enhances ionization and distorts CEI results. Our investigation uncovered both the geometry and mechanism of the enhancement which may inform CEI experiments in many other polyatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Howard
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Mathew Britton
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zachary L Streeter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chuan Cheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Joshua L Reynolds
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Felix Allum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Gregory A McCracken
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ian Gabalski
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Robert R Lucchese
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C William McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas Weinacht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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10
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Schnappinger T, Jadoun D, Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Time-resolved X-ray and XUV based spectroscopic methods for nonadiabatic processes in photochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12763-12781. [PMID: 36317595 PMCID: PMC9671098 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04875b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The photochemistry of numerous molecular systems is influenced by conical intersections (CIs). These omnipresent nonadiabatic phenomena provide ultra-fast radiationless relaxation channels by creating degeneracies between electronic states and decide over the final photoproducts. In their presence, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down, and the timescales of the electron and nuclear dynamics become comparable. Due to the ultra-fast dynamics and the complex interplay between nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom, the direct experimental observation of nonadiabatic processes close to CIs remains challenging. In this article, we give a theoretical perspective on novel spectroscopic techniques capable of observing clear signatures of CIs. We discuss methods that are based on ultra-short laser pulses in the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray regime, as their spectral and temporal resolution allow for resolving the ultra-fast dynamics near CIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Deependra Jadoun
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Gregory M, Neville S, Schuurman M, Makhija V. A laboratory frame density matrix for ultrafast quantum molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:164301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0109607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In most cases, the ultrafast dynamics of resonantly excited molecules are considered and almost always computed in the molecular frame, while experiments are carried out in the laboratory frame. Here, we provide a formalism in terms of a lab frame density matrix, which connects quantum dynamics in the molecular frame to those in the laboratory frame, providing a transparent link between computation and measurement. The formalism reveals that in any such experiment, the molecular frame dynamics vary for molecules in different orientations and that certain coherences, which are potentially experimentally accessible, are rejected by the orientation-averaged reduced vibronic density matrix. Instead, molecular angular distribution moments are introduced as a more accurate representation of experimentally accessible information. Furthermore, the formalism provides a clear definition of a molecular frame quantum tomography and specifies the requirements to perform such a measurement enabling the experimental imaging of molecular frame vibronic dynamics. Successful completion of such a measurement fully characterizes the molecular frame quantum dynamics for a molecule at any orientation in the laboratory frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gregory
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Simon Neville
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
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12
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Abstract
We study by real-time wave packet simulations the ultrafast photodissociation dynamics of the sodium iodide molecule with the aim to trace molecular vibrational motion in a bound electronic state. Applying a few-cycle infrared pump laser pulse, a nuclear wave packet is created in the ground electronic state via the dynamic Stark shift of the potential energy curves of the molecule. To probe this coherent motion in the ground state, we propose to use a series of ultrashort laser pulses with different photon energies that resonantly promote the spread-out wave packet to the repulsive excited state. As the kinetic energy release (KER) spectrum of the dissociating photofragments is sensitive to the shape of the vibrational wave packet, in our pump-probe scheme, KER-delay spectrograms generated for different probe photon energies are used to monitor the molecular motion in the bound state. In our numerical analysis supported by a simple analytical model, we show that for sufficiently long probe pulses the proposed mapping scheme reaches its limits as nuclear wave packet interferences wash out the observed images. The appearance of these interferences is attributed to nuclear wave packet amplitudes that are generated at the first and second half of the probe pulse with the same energy but with a certain time delay. In our detailed numerical survey on the laser parameter dependence of the presented scheme, we find that resonant probe pulses with a few femtosecond duration are suitable for a qualitative mapping of the bound-state molecular motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Biró
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, PO Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - András Csehi
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, PO Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary.
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13
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Cavaletto SM, Keefer D, Mukamel S. Electronic coherences in nonadiabatic molecular photophysics revealed by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121383119. [PMID: 35254910 PMCID: PMC8931378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121383119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) is a promising technique for the study of ultrafast molecular processes, such as the nonadiabatic dynamics taking place at conical intersections. Directly accessing the evolution of the coherences generated at the conical intersection should provide most valuable dynamical information. However, the signals are dominated by background contributions due to state populations, and most theoretical treatments completely neglect the role of the coherences. Here we show that distinguishable signatures of molecular coherences appear in TRPES. These can be recorded using currently available ultrashort pulses and unambiguously extracted at the postprocessing stage. The technique thus provides direct access to nonadiabatic coherence dynamics.
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14
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Heo J, Kim JG, Choi EH, Ki H, Ahn DS, Kim J, Lee S, Ihee H. Determining the charge distribution and the direction of bond cleavage with femtosecond anisotropic x-ray liquidography. Nat Commun 2022; 13:522. [PMID: 35082327 PMCID: PMC8792042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy, structure, and charge are fundamental quantities characterizing a molecule. Whereas the energy flow and structure change in chemical reactions are experimentally characterized, determining the atomic charges of a molecule in solution has been elusive, even for a triatomic molecule such as triiodide ion, I3-. Moreover, it remains to be answered how the charge distribution is coupled to the molecular geometry; which I-I bond, if two I-I bonds are unequal, dissociates depending on the electronic state. Here, femtosecond anisotropic x-ray solution scattering allows us to provide the following answers in addition to the overall rich structural dynamics. The analysis unravels that the negative charge of I3- is highly localized on the terminal iodine atom forming the longer bond with the central iodine atom, and the shorter I-I bond dissociates in the excited state, whereas the longer one in the ground state. We anticipate that this work may open a new avenue for studying the atomic charge distribution of molecules in solution and taking advantage of orientational information in anisotropic scattering data for solution-phase structural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Heo
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Goo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyuk Choi
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Ki
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Nam Y, Keefer D, Nenov A, Conti I, Aleotti F, Segatta F, Lee JY, Garavelli M, Mukamel S. Conical Intersection Passages of Molecules Probed by X-ray Diffraction and Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:12300-12309. [PMID: 34931839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conical intersections (CoIns) play an important role in ultrafast relaxation channels. Their monitoring remains a formidable experimental challenge. We theoretically compare the probing of the S2 → S1 CoIn passage in 4-thiouracil by monitoring its vibronic coherences, using off-resonant X-ray-stimulated Raman spectroscopy (TRUECARS) and time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TRXD). The quantum nuclear wavepacket (WP) dynamics provides an accurate picture of the photoinduced dynamics. Upon photoexcitation, the WP oscillates among the Franck-Condon point, the S2 minimum, and the CoIn with a 70 fs period. A vibronic coherence first emerges at 20 fs and can be observed until the S2 state is fully depopulated. The distribution of the vibronic frequencies involved in the coherence is recorded by the TRUECARS spectrogram. The TRXD signal provides spatial images of electron densities associated with the CoIn. In combination, the two signals provide a complementary picture of the nonadiabatic passage, which helps in the study of the underlying photophysics in thiobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsig Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Convergence Research Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Aleotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Convergence Research Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Universita' degli Studi di Bologna, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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16
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Wang SJ, Daněk J, Blaga CI, DiMauro LF, Biegert J, Lin CD. Two-dimensional retrieval methods for ultrafast imaging of molecular structure using laser-induced electron diffraction. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:164104. [PMID: 34717362 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular structural retrieval based on electron diffraction has been proposed to determine the atomic positions of molecules with sub-angstrom spatial and femtosecond temporal resolutions. Given its success on small molecular systems, in this work, we point out that the accuracy of structure retrieval is constrained by the availability of a wide range of experimental data in the momentum space in all molecular systems. To mitigate the limitations, for laser-induced electron diffraction, here we retrieve molecular structures using two-dimensional (energy and angle) electron momentum spectra in the laboratory frame for a number of small molecular systems, which have previously been studied with 1D methods. Compared to the conventional single-energy or single-angle analysis, our 2D methods effectively expand the momentum range of the measured data. Besides utilization of the 2D data, two complementary methods are developed for consistency check on the retrieved results. The 2D nature of our methods also offers a way of estimating the error from retrieval, which has never been explored before. Comparing with results from prior experiments, our findings show evidence that our 2D methods outperform the conventional 1D methods. Paving the way to the retrieval of large molecular systems, in which their tunneling ionization rates are challenging to obtain, we estimate the error of using the isotropic model in place of including the orientation-dependent ionization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ju Wang
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Jiří Daněk
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Cosmin I Blaga
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jens Biegert
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C D Lin
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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17
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Cavaletto SM, Keefer D, Rouxel JR, Aleotti F, Segatta F, Garavelli M, Mukamel S. Unveiling the spatial distribution of molecular coherences at conical intersections by covariance X-ray diffraction signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105046118. [PMID: 34050030 PMCID: PMC8179141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105046118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes and timescales of molecular nonadiabatic dynamics are decisively impacted by the quantum coherences generated at localized molecular regions. In time-resolved X-ray diffraction imaging, these coherences create distinct signatures via inelastic photon scattering, but they are buried under much stronger background elastic features. Here, we exploit the rich dynamical information encoded in the inelastic patterns, which we reveal by frequency-dispersed covariance ultrafast powder X-ray diffraction of stochastic X-ray free-electron laser pulses. This is demonstrated for the photoisomerization of azobenzene involving the passage through a conical intersection, where the nuclear wave packet branches and explores different quantum pathways. Snapshots of the coherence dynamics are obtained at high frequency shifts, not accessible with conventional diffraction measurements. These provide access to the timing and to the confined spatial distribution of the valence electrons directly involved in the conical intersection passage. This study can be extended to full three-dimensional imaging of conical intersections with ultrafast X-ray and electron diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano M Cavaletto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- University Lyon, UJM-Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Graduate School Optics Institute, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Flavia Aleotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697;
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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18
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Makhija V, Boguslavskiy AE, Forbes R, Veyrinas K, Wilkinson I, Lausten R, Schuurman MS, Grant ER, Stolow A. A quantum molecular movie: polyad predissociation dynamics in the VUV excited 3pσ 2Σ u state of NO 2. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:191-225. [PMID: 33629690 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The optical formation of coherent superposition states, a wavepacket, can allow the study of zeroth-order states, the evolution of which exhibit structural and electronic changes as a function of time: this leads to the notion of a molecular movie. Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution, due to anharmonic coupling between modes, is the molecular movie considered here. There is no guarantee, however, that the formed superposition will behave semi-classically (e.g. Gaussian wavepacket dynamics) or even as an intuitively useful zeroth-order state. Here we present time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) studies of an electronically excited triatomic molecule wherein the vibrational dynamics must be treated quantum mechanically and the simple picture of population flow between coupled normal modes fails. Specifically, we report on vibronic wavepacket dynamics in the zeroth-order 3pσ2Σu Rydberg state of NO2. This wavepacket exemplifies two general features of excited state dynamics in polyatomic molecules: anharmonic multimodal vibrational coupling (forming polyads); nonadiabatic coupling between nuclear and electronic coordinates, leading to predissociation. The latter suggests that the polyad vibrational states in the zeroth-order 3p Rydberg manifold are quasi-bound and best understood to be scattering resonances. We observed a rapid dephasing of an initially prepared 'bright' valence state into the relatively long-lived 3p Rydberg state whose multimodal vibrational dynamics and decay we monitor as a function of time. Our quantum simulations, based on an effective spectroscopic Hamiltonian, describe the essential features of the multimodal Fermi resonance-driven vibrational dynamics in the 3p state. We also present evidence of polyad-specificity in the state-dependent predissociation rates, leading to free atomic and molecular fragments. We emphasize that a quantum molecular movie is required to visualize wavepacket dynamics in the 3pσ2Σu Rydberg state of NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Makhija
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA and Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kevin Veyrinas
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Edward R Grant
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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19
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Natan A, Schori A, Owolabi G, Cryan JP, Glownia JM, Bucksbaum PH. Resolving multiphoton processes with high-order anisotropy ultrafast X-ray scattering. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:123-138. [PMID: 33565543 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the first results on experimentally measured ultrafast X-ray scattering of strongly driven molecular iodine and analysis of high-order anisotropic components of the scattering signal. We discuss the technical details of retrieving high fidelity high-order anisotropy components from the measured scattering data and outline a method to analyze such signals using Legendre decomposition. We describe how anisotropic motions can be extracted from the various Legendre orders using simulated anisotropic scattering signals and Fourier analysis. We implement the method on the measured signal and observe a multitude of dissociation and vibration motions simultaneously arising from various multiphoton transitions occurring in the sample. We use the anisotropic scattering information to disentangle the different processes and assign their dissociation velocities on the Angstrom and femtosecond scales de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Natan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Aviad Schori
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Grace Owolabi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. and Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James M Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. and Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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20
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Tremblay JC, Pohl V, Hermann G, Dixit G. Time-resolved imaging of correlation-driven charge migration in light-induced molecular magnets by X-ray scattering. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:82-103. [PMID: 33564806 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00116c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we investigate the effect of correlation-induced charge migration on the stability of light-induced ring currents, with potential application as molecular magnets. Laser-driven electron dynamics is simulated using density-matrix based time-dependent configuration interaction. The time-dependent many-electron wave packet is used to reconstruct the transient electronic current flux density after excitation of different target states. These reveal ultrafast correlation-driven fluctuations of the charge migration over the molecular scaffold, sometimes leading to large variations of the induced magnetic field. The effect of electron correlation and non-local pure dephasing on the charge migration pattern is further investigated by means of time-resolved X-ray scattering, providing a connection between theoretical predictions of the charge migration mechanism and experimental observables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Christophe Tremblay
- CNRS/Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, 1 Bd Arago, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Vincent Pohl
- QoD Technologies GmbH, c/o Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Hermann
- QoD Technologies GmbH, c/o Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gopal Dixit
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Keefer D, Aleotti F, Rouxel JR, Segatta F, Gu B, Nenov A, Garavelli M, Mukamel S. Imaging conical intersection dynamics during azobenzene photoisomerization by ultrafast X-ray diffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022037118. [PMID: 33436412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022037118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray diffraction is routinely used for structure determination of stationary molecular samples. Modern X-ray photon sources, e.g., from free-electron lasers, enable us to add temporal resolution to these scattering events, thereby providing a movie of atomic motions. We simulate and decipher the various contributions to the X-ray diffraction pattern for the femtosecond isomerization of azobenzene, a textbook photochemical process. A wealth of information is encoded besides real-time monitoring of the molecular charge density for the cis to trans isomerization. In particular, vibronic coherences emerge at the conical intersection, contributing to the total diffraction signal by mixed elastic and inelastic photon scattering. They cause distinct phase modulations in momentum space, which directly reflect the real-space phase modulation of the electronic transition density during the nonadiabatic passage. To overcome the masking by the intense elastic scattering contributions from the electronic populations in the total diffraction signal, we discuss how this information can be retrieved, e.g., by employing very hard X-rays to record large scattering momentum transfers.
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22
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Kim JG, Choi EH, Lee Y, Ihee H. Femtosecond X-ray Liquidography Visualizes Wavepacket Trajectories in Multidimensional Nuclear Coordinates for a Bimolecular Reaction. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1685-1698. [PMID: 33733724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusVibrational wavepacket motions on potential energy surfaces are one of the critical factors that determine the reaction dynamics of photoinduced reactions. The motions of vibrational wavepackets are often discussed in the interpretation of observables measured with various time-resolved vibrational or electronic spectroscopies but mostly in terms of the frequencies of wavepacket motions, which are approximated by normal modes, rather than the actual positions of the wavepacket. Although the time-dependent positions (that is, the trajectory) of wavepackets are hypothesized or drawn in imagined or calculated potential energy surfaces, it is not trivial to experimentally determine the trajectory of wavepackets, especially in multidimensional nuclear coordinates for a polyatomic molecule. Recently, we performed a femtosecond X-ray liquidography (solution scattering) experiment on a gold trimer complex (GTC), [Au(CN)2-]3, in water at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and elucidated the time-dependent positions of vibrational wavepackets from the Franck-Condon region to equilibrium structures on both excited and ground states in the course of the formation of covalent bonds between gold atoms.Bond making is an essential process in chemical reactions, but it is challenging to keep track of detailed atomic movements associated with bond making because of its bimolecular nature that requires slow diffusion of two reaction parties to meet each other. Bond formation in the solution phase has been elusive because the diffusion of the reactants limits the reaction rate of a bimolecular process, making it difficult to initiate and track the bond-making processes with an ultrafast time resolution. In principle, if the bimolecular encounter can be controlled to overcome the limitation caused by diffusion, the bond-making processes can be tracked in a time-resolved manner, providing valuable insight into the bimolecular reaction mechanism. In this regard, GTC offers a good model system for studying the dynamics of bond formation in solution. Au(I) atoms in GTC exhibit a noncovalent aurophilic interaction, making GTC an aggregate complex without any covalent bond. Upon photoexcitation of GTC, an electron is excited from an antibonding orbital to a bonding orbital, leading to the formation of covalent bonds among Au atoms. Since Au atoms in the ground state of GTC are located in close proximity within the same solvent cage, the formation of Au-Au covalent bonds occurs without its reaction rate being limited by diffusion through the solvent.Femtosecond time-resolved X-ray liquidography (fs-TRXL) data revealed that the ground state has an asymmetric bent structure. From the wavepacket trajectory determined in three-dimensional nuclear coordinates (two internuclear distances and one bond angle), we found that two covalent bonds are formed between three Au atoms of GTC asynchronously. Specifically, one covalent bond is formed first for the shorter Au-Au pair (of the asymmetric and bent ground-state structure) in 35 fs, and subsequently, the other covalent bond is formed for the longer Au-Au pair within 360 fs. The resultant trimer complex has a symmetric and linear geometry, implying the occurrence of bent-to-linear transformation concomitant with the formation of two equivalent covalent bonds, and exhibits vibrations that can be unambiguously assigned to specific normal modes based on the wavepacket trajectory, even without the vibrational frequencies provided by quantum calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Goo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyuk Choi
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunbeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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23
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Abstract
Numerous advances have been made in X-ray technology in recent years. X-ray imaging plays an important role in the nondestructive exploration of the internal structures of objects. However, the contrast of X-ray absorption images remains low, especially for materials with low atomic numbers, such as biological samples. X-ray phase-contrast images have an intrinsically higher contrast than absorption images. In this review, the principles, milestones, and recent progress of X-ray phase-contrast imaging methods are demonstrated. In addition, prospective applications are presented.
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24
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Tsuru S, Vidal ML, Pápai M, Krylov AI, Møller KB, Coriani S. An assessment of different electronic structure approaches for modeling time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Struct Dyn 2021; 8:024101. [PMID: 33786337 PMCID: PMC7986275 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We assess the performance of different protocols for simulating excited-state x-ray absorption spectra. We consider three different protocols based on equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles, two of them combined with the maximum overlap method. The three protocols differ in the choice of a reference configuration used to compute target states. Maximum-overlap-method time-dependent density functional theory is also considered. The performance of the different approaches is illustrated using uracil, thymine, and acetylacetone as benchmark systems. The results provide guidance for selecting an electronic structure method for modeling time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tsuru
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta L. Vidal
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Klaus B. Møller
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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25
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Abstract
Time-resolved, resonant X-ray sum-frequency generation in aligned selenophene molecules is calculated. A wave packet of valence-excited states, prepared by an extreme-ultraviolet pump pulse, is probed by two 12-keV X-ray probe pulses resonant with the Se core-excited states for variable time delays. At these hard-X-ray frequencies, the angström wavelength of the X-ray probe is comparable to the molecular size. We thus employ a nonlocal description of the light-matter interaction based on the minimal-coupling Hamiltonian. The wavevector-resolved resonant stimulated sum-frequency-generation signal, obtained by varying the propagation direction of hard-X-ray pulses, can thus directly monitor the transition current densities between core and ground/valence states. This is in contrast to off-resonant diffraction, which detects the transition charge densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano M Cavaletto
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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26
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Chen HT, Zhou Z, Subotnik JE. On the proper derivation of the Floquet-based quantum classical Liouville equation and surface hopping describing a molecule or material subject to an external field. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044116. [PMID: 32752688 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate different approaches to derive the proper Floquet-based quantum-classical Liouville equation (F-QCLE) for laser-driven electron-nuclear dynamics. The first approach projects the operator form of the standard QCLE onto the diabatic Floquet basis and then transforms to the adiabatic representation. The second approach directly projects the QCLE onto the Floquet adiabatic basis. Both approaches yield a form that is similar to the usual QCLE with two modifications: (1) The electronic degrees of freedom are expanded to infinite dimension and (2) the nuclear motion follows Floquet quasi-energy surfaces. However, the second approach includes an additional cross derivative force due to the dual dependence on time and nuclear motion of the Floquet adiabatic states. Our analysis and numerical tests indicate that this cross derivative force is a fictitious artifact, suggesting that one cannot safely exchange the order of Floquet state projection with adiabatic transformation. Our results are in accord with similar findings by Izmaylov et al., [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 084104 (2014)] who found that transforming to the adiabatic representation must always be the last operation applied, although now we have extended this result to a time-dependent Hamiltonian. This paper and the proper derivation of the F-QCLE should lay the basis for further improvements of Floquet surface hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ta Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zeyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Kim JG, Nozawa S, Kim H, Choi EH, Sato T, Kim TW, Kim KH, Ki H, Kim J, Choi M, Lee Y, Heo J, Oang KY, Ichiyanagi K, Fukaya R, Lee JH, Park J, Eom I, Chun SH, Kim S, Kim M, Katayama T, Togashi T, Owada S, Yabashi M, Lee SJ, Lee S, Ahn CW, Ahn DS, Moon J, Choi S, Kim J, Joo T, Kim J, Adachi SI, Ihee H. Mapping the emergence of molecular vibrations mediating bond formation. Nature 2020; 582:520-524. [PMID: 32581378 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental studies of chemical reactions often consider the molecular dynamics along a reaction coordinate using a calculated or suggested potential energy surface1-5. But fully mapping such dynamics experimentally, by following all nuclear motions in a time-resolved manner-that is, the motions of wavepackets-is challenging and has not yet been realized even for the simple stereotypical bimolecular reaction6-8: A-B + C → A + B-C. Here we track the trajectories of these vibrational wavepackets during photoinduced bond formation of the gold trimer complex [Au(CN)2-]3 in an aqueous monomer solution, using femtosecond X-ray liquidography9-12 with X-ray free-electron lasers13,14. In the complex, which forms when three monomers A, B and C cluster together through non-covalent interactions15,16, the distance between A and B is shorter than that between B and C. Tracking the wavepacket in three-dimensional nuclear coordinates reveals that within the first 60 femtoseconds after photoexcitation, a covalent bond forms between A and B to give A-B + C. The second covalent bond, between B and C, subsequently forms within 360 femtoseconds to give a linear and covalently bonded trimer complex A-B-C. The trimer exhibits harmonic vibrations that we map and unambiguously assign to specific normal modes using only the experimental data. In principle, more intense X-rays could visualize the motion not only of highly scattering atoms such as gold but also of lighter atoms such as carbon and nitrogen, which will open the door to the direct tracking of the atomic motions involved in many chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Goo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hanui Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyuk Choi
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tokushi Sato
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tae Wu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Ki
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunbeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Heo
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Key Young Oang
- Radiation Center for Ultrafast Science, Quantum Optics Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kouhei Ichiyanagi
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukaya
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hwan Chun
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunam Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tetsuo Katayama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Togashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Sigeki Owada
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Woo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonghan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taiha Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Ichi Adachi
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Zotev N, Moreno Carrascosa A, Simmermacher M, Kirrander A. Excited Electronic States in Total Isotropic Scattering from Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2594-2605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Zotev
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Andrés Moreno Carrascosa
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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29
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Zhou Z, Chen HT, Nitzan A, Subotnik JE. Nonadiabatic Dynamics in a Laser Field: Using Floquet Fewest Switches Surface Hopping To Calculate Electronic Populations for Slow Nuclear Velocities. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:821-834. [PMID: 31951404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate two well-known approaches for extending the fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) algorithm to periodic time-dependent couplings. The first formalism acts as if the instantaneous adiabatic electronic states were standard adiabatic states, which just happen to evolve in time. The second formalism replaces the role of the usual adiabatic states by the time-independent adiabatic Floquet states. For a set of modified Tully model problems, the Floquet FSSH (F-FSSH) formalism gives a better estimate for both transmission and reflection probabilities than the instantaneous adiabatic FSSH (IA-FSSH) formalism, especially for slow nuclear velocities. More importantly, only F-FSSH predicts the correct final scattering momentum. Finally, in order to use Floquet theory accurately, we find that it is crucial to account for the interference between wavepackets on different Floquet states. Our results should be of interest to all those interested in laser-induced molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Hsing-Ta Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Joseph Eli Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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30
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Hermann G, Pohl V, Dixit G, Tremblay JC. Probing Electronic Fluxes via Time-Resolved X-Ray Scattering. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:013002. [PMID: 31976697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current flux density is a vector field that can be used to describe theoretically how electrons flow in a system out of equilibrium. In this work, we unequivocally demonstrate that the signal obtained from time-resolved x-ray scattering does not only map the time evolution of the electronic charge distribution, but also encodes information about the associated electronic current flux density. We show how the electronic current flux density qualitatively maps the distribution of electronic momenta and reveals the underlying mechanism of ultrafast charge migration processes, while also providing quantitative information about the timescales of electronic coherences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Hermann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- QoD Technologies GmbH, Altensteinstraße 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Pohl
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- QoD Technologies GmbH, Altensteinstraße 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gopal Dixit
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jean Christophe Tremblay
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, UMR 7019, ICPM, 1 Bd Arago, 57070 Metz, France
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31
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Simmermacher M, Moreno Carrascosa A, E. Henriksen N, B. Møller K, Kirrander A. Theory of ultrafast x-ray scattering by molecules in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:174302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Simmermacher
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Niels E. Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klaus B. Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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32
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Shen X, Nunes JPF, Yang J, Jobe RK, Li RK, Lin MF, Moore B, Niebuhr M, Weathersby SP, Wolf TJA, Yoneda C, Guehr M, Centurion M, Wang XJ. Femtosecond gas-phase mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction. Struct Dyn 2019; 6:054305. [PMID: 31649964 PMCID: PMC6796191 DOI: 10.1063/1.5120864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of ultrafast gas electron diffraction with nonrelativistic electrons has enabled the determination of molecular structures with atomic spatial resolution. It has, however, been challenging to break the picosecond temporal resolution barrier and achieve the goal that has long been envisioned-making space- and-time resolved molecular movies of chemical reaction in the gas-phase. Recently, an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) apparatus using mega-electron-volt (MeV) electrons was developed at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory for imaging ultrafast structural dynamics of molecules in the gas phase. The SLAC gas-phase MeV UED has achieved 65 fs root mean square temporal resolution, 0.63 Å spatial resolution, and 0.22 Å-1 reciprocal-space resolution. Such high spatial-temporal resolution has enabled the capturing of real-time molecular movies of fundamental photochemical mechanisms, such as chemical bond breaking, ring opening, and a nuclear wave packet crossing a conical intersection. In this paper, the design that enables the high spatial-temporal resolution of the SLAC gas phase MeV UED is presented. The compact design of the differential pump section of the SLAC gas phase MeV UED realized five orders-of-magnitude vacuum isolation between the electron source and gas sample chamber. The spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and long-term stability of the apparatus are systematically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J. P. F. Nunes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | | | - R. K. Jobe
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R. K. Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B. Moore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - M. Niebuhr
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - S. P. Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T. J. A. Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C. Yoneda
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Markus Guehr
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - X. J. Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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33
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Centurion M. Structural Dynamics in Molecules Observed with Femtosecond X-Ray Pulses. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stankus B, Yong H, Zotev N, Ruddock JM, Bellshaw D, Lane TJ, Liang M, Boutet S, Carbajo S, Robinson JS, Du W, Goff N, Chang Y, Koglin JE, Minitti MP, Kirrander A, Weber PM. Ultrafast X-ray scattering reveals vibrational coherence following Rydberg excitation. Nat Chem 2019; 11:716-21. [PMID: 31285542 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coherence and dephasing of vibrational motions of molecules constitute an integral part of chemical dynamics, influence material properties and underpin schemes to control chemical reactions. Considerable progress has been made in understanding vibrational coherence through spectroscopic measurements, but precise, direct measurement of the structure of a vibrating excited-state polyatomic organic molecule has remained unworkable. Here, we measure the time-evolving molecular structure of optically excited N-methylmorpholine through scattering with ultrashort X-ray pulses. The scattering signals are corrected for the differences in electron density in the excited electronic state of the molecule in comparison to the ground state. The experiment maps the evolution of the molecular geometry with femtosecond resolution, showing coherent motion that survives electronic relaxation and seems to persist for longer than previously seen using other methods.
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35
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Karamatskos ET, Goldsztejn G, Raabe S, Stammer P, Mullins T, Trabattoni A, Johansen RR, Stapelfeldt H, Trippel S, Vrakking MJJ, Küpper J, Rouzée A. Atomic-resolution imaging of carbonyl sulfide by laser-induced electron diffraction. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:244301. [PMID: 31255082 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements on the strong-field ionization of carbonyl sulfide molecules by short, intense, 2 µm wavelength laser pulses are presented from experiments where angle-resolved photoelectron distributions were recorded with a high-energy velocity map imaging spectrometer, designed to reach a maximum kinetic energy of 500 eV. The laser-field-free elastic-scattering cross section of carbonyl sulfide was extracted from the measurements and is found in good agreement with previous experiments, performed using conventional electron diffraction. By comparing our measurements to the results of calculations, based on the quantitative rescattering theory, the bond lengths and molecular geometry were extracted from the experimental differential cross sections to a precision better than ±5 pm and in agreement with the known values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos T Karamatskos
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gildas Goldsztejn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Raabe
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stammer
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry Mullins
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Trabattoni
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Johansen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Stapelfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Trippel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc J J Vrakking
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Marangos JP. The measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20170481. [PMID: 30929630 PMCID: PMC6452056 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this theme issue, leading researchers discuss recent work on the measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in matter using a new generation of short duration X-ray photon sources. These photon sources, based upon high harmonic generation from lasers and X-ray free-electron lasers, look set to have a high impact on ultrafast science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Wernet P. Chemical interactions and dynamics with femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and the role of X-ray free-electron lasers. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20170464. [PMID: 30929622 PMCID: PMC6452048 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers with intense, tuneable and short-pulse X-ray radiation are transformative tools for the investigation of transition-metal complexes and metalloproteins. This becomes apparent in particular when combining the experimental observables from X-ray spectroscopy with modern theoretical tools for calculations of electronic structures and X-ray spectra from first principles. The combination gives new insights into how charge and spin densities change in chemical reactions and how they determine reactivity. This is demonstrated for the investigations of structural dynamics with metal K-edge absorption spectroscopy, spin states in excited-state dynamics with metal 3p-3d exchange interactions, the frontier-orbital interactions in dissociation and substitution reactions with metal-specific X-ray spectroscopy, and studies of metal oxidation states with femtosecond pulses for 'probe-before-destroy' spectroscopy. The role of X-ray free-electron lasers is addressed with thoughts about how they enable 'bringing back together' different aspects of the same problem and this is thought to go beyond a conventional review paper where these aspects are formulated in italic font type in a prequel, an interlude and in a sequel. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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38
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Ware MR, Glownia JM, Natan A, Cryan JP, Bucksbaum PH. On the limits of observing motion in time-resolved X-ray scattering. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20170477. [PMID: 30929636 PMCID: PMC6452050 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Limits on the ability of time-resolved X-ray scattering (TRXS) to observe harmonic motion of amplitude, A and frequency, ω0, about an equilibrium position, R0, are considered. Experimental results from a TRXS experiment at the LINAC Coherent Light Source are compared to classical and quantum theories that demonstrate a fundamental limitation on the ability to observe the amplitude of motion. These comparisons demonstrate dual limits on the spatial resolution through Qmax and the temporal resolution through ωmax for observing the amplitude of motion. In the limit where ωmax ≈ ω0, the smallest observable amplitude of motion is A = 2 π/ Qmax. In the limit where ωmax≥2 ω0, A≤2 π/ Qmax is observable provided there are sufficient statistics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Ware
- National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James M. Glownia
- National Accelerator Laboratory, LCLS, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adi Natan
- National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James P. Cryan
- National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- National Accelerator Laboratory, LCLS, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philip H. Bucksbaum
- National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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39
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Fukuzawa H, Takanashi T, Kukk E, Motomura K, Wada SI, Nagaya K, Ito Y, Nishiyama T, Nicolas C, Kumagai Y, Iablonskyi D, Mondal S, Tachibana T, You D, Yamada S, Sakakibara Y, Asa K, Sato Y, Sakai T, Matsunami K, Umemoto T, Kariyazono K, Kajimoto S, Sotome H, Johnsson P, Schöffler MS, Kastirke G, Kooser K, Liu XJ, Asavei T, Neagu L, Molodtsov S, Ochiai K, Kanno M, Yamazaki K, Owada S, Ogawa K, Katayama T, Togashi T, Tono K, Yabashi M, Ghosh A, Gokhberg K, Cederbaum LS, Kuleff AI, Fukumura H, Kishimoto N, Rudenko A, Miron C, Kono H, Ueda K. Real-time observation of X-ray-induced intramolecular and interatomic electronic decay in CH 2I 2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2186. [PMID: 31097703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has catalyzed the development of single-object structural determination and of structural dynamics tracking in real-time. Disentangling the molecular-level reactions triggered by the interaction with an XFEL pulse is a fundamental step towards developing such applications. Here we report real-time observations of XFEL-induced electronic decay via short-lived transient electronic states in the diiodomethane molecule, using a femtosecond near-infrared probe laser. We determine the lifetimes of the transient states populated during the XFEL-induced Auger cascades and find that multiply charged iodine ions are issued from short-lived (∼20 fs) transient states, whereas the singly charged ones originate from significantly longer-lived states (∼100 fs). We identify the mechanisms behind these different time scales: contrary to the short-lived transient states which relax by molecular Auger decay, the long-lived ones decay by an interatomic Coulombic decay between two iodine atoms, during the molecular fragmentation. Understanding strong X-ray induced phenomena is important for applications of X-ray free-electron laser imaging. Here, the authors show time-resolved measurements of X-ray free-electron laser induced electronic decay of CH2I2 molecule probed with NIR pulses and identify mechanisms behind different transient states lifetimes.
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40
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Moreno Carrascosa A, Yong H, Crittenden DL, Weber PM, Kirrander A. Ab Initio Calculation of Total X-ray Scattering from Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:2836-2846. [PMID: 30875212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a method to calculate total X-ray scattering cross sections directly from ab initio electronic wave functions in atoms and molecules. The approach can be used in conjunction with multiconfigurational wave functions and exploits analytical integrals of Gaussian-type functions over the scattering operator, which leads to accurate and efficient calculations. The results are validated by comparison to experimental results and previous theory for the molecules H2 and CO2. Importantly, we find that the inelastic component of the total scattering varies strongly with molecular geometry. The method is appropriate for use in conjunction with quantum molecular dynamics simulations for the analysis of new ultrafast X-ray scattering experiments and to interpret accurate gas-phase scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Moreno Carrascosa
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , EH9 3FJ Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Deborah L Crittenden
- Department of Chemistry , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch 8041 , New Zealand
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , EH9 3FJ Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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41
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Abstract
A fragment-based approach for the prediction of elastic X-ray scattering is presented. The total diffraction pattern is assembled from anisotropic form factors calculated for individual molecular fragments, optionally including corrections for pairwise interactions between fragments. The approach is evaluated against full ab initio scattering calculations in the peptide diphenylalanine, and the optimal selection of fragments is examined in the ethanol molecule. The approach is found to improve significantly on the independent atom model while remaining conceptually simple and computationally efficient. It is expected to be particularly useful for macromolecules with repeated subunits, such as peptides, proteins, DNA, or RNA and other polymers, where it is straightforward to define appropriate fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Northey
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
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42
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Ruddock JM, Zotev N, Stankus B, Yong H, Bellshaw D, Boutet S, Lane TJ, Liang M, Carbajo S, Du W, Kirrander A, Minitti M, Weber PM. Simplicity Beneath Complexity: Counting Molecular Electrons Reveals Transients and Kinetics of Photodissociation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6371-6375. [PMID: 30866169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved pump-probe gas-phase X-ray scattering signals, extrapolated to zero momentum transfer, provide a measure of the number of electrons in a system, an effect that arises from the coherent addition of elastic scattering from the electrons. This allows to identify reactive transients and determine the chemical reaction kinetics without the need for extensive scattering simulations or complicated inversion of scattering data. We examine the photodissociation reaction of trimethylamine and identify two reaction paths upon excitation to the 3p state at 200 nm: a fast dissociation path out of the 3p state to the dimethyl amine radical (16.6±1.2 %) and a slower dissociation via internal conversion to the 3s state (83.4±1.2 %). The time constants for the two reactions are 640±130 fs and 74±6 ps, respectively. Additionally, it is found that the transient dimethyl amine radical has a N-C bond length of 1.45±0.02 Å and a C-N-C bond angle of 118°±4°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Ruddock
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sandhill Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Nikola Zotev
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Brian Stankus
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Darren Bellshaw
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sandhill Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sandhill Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mengning Liang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sandhill Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sandhill Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Wenpeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Michael Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sandhill Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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43
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Ruddock JM, Zotev N, Stankus B, Yong H, Bellshaw D, Boutet S, Lane TJ, Liang M, Carbajo S, Du W, Kirrander A, Minitti M, Weber PM. Simplicity Beneath Complexity: Counting Molecular Electrons Reveals Transients and Kinetics of Photodissociation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Ruddock
- Department of Chemistry Brown University 324 Brook St Providence RI 02912 USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sandhill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Nikola Zotev
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Brian Stankus
- Department of Chemistry Brown University 324 Brook St Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry Brown University 324 Brook St Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Darren Bellshaw
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sandhill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Thomas J. Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sandhill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Mengning Liang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sandhill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sandhill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Wenpeng Du
- Department of Chemistry Brown University 324 Brook St Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Michael Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sandhill Rd Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Peter M. Weber
- Department of Chemistry Brown University 324 Brook St Providence RI 02912 USA
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44
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Vester P, Zaluzhnyy IA, Kurta RP, Møller KB, Biasin E, Haldrup K, Nielsen MM, Vartanyants IA. Ultrafast structural dynamics of photo-reactions observed by time-resolved x-ray cross-correlation analysis. Struct Dyn 2019; 6:024301. [PMID: 30915388 PMCID: PMC6416776 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We applied angular X-ray Cross-Correlation analysis (XCCA) to scattering images from a femtosecond resolution X-ray free-electron laser pump-probe experiment with solvated PtPOP {[Pt2(P2O5H2)4]4-} metal complex molecules. The molecules were pumped with linear polarized laser pulses creating an excited state population with a preferred orientational (alignment) direction. Two time scales of 1.9 ± 1.5 ps and 46 ± 10 ps were revealed by angular XCCA associated with structural changes and rotational dephasing of the solvent molecules, respectively. These results illustrate the potential of XCCA to reveal hidden structural information in the analysis of time-resolved x-ray scattering data from molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vester
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ruslan P Kurta
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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45
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Abstract
We develop a new algorithm for the computation of the rotationally averaged elastic molecular diffraction signal for the cases of perpendicular or parallel pump-probe geometries. The algorithm first collocates the charge density from an arbitrary ab initio wave function onto a Becke quadrature grid [A. Becke, J. Chem. Phys. 1988 , 88 , 2457 ], providing a high-fidelity multiresolution representation of the charge density. A double sum is then performed over the Becke grid points, and the interaction between points computed using the scattering kernels of Williamson and Zewail [J. C. Williamson and A. H. Zewail, J. Phys. Chem. 1994 , 98 , 2766 ]. These kernels analytically average over the molecular orientations with the cos2 γ selection factor appropriate for one-photon dipole absorption in a perpendicular pump-probe geometry. We show that the method is converged with small grids containing <500 points/atom. We implement the algorithm on a GPU for increased efficiency and emonstrate the algorithm for molecules with up to a few dozen atoms. We explore the accuracy of the independent atom model (IAM) by comparison with our new and more accurate method. We also investigate the possibility of detecting signatures of electronic transitions in polyatomic pump-probe diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Parrish
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
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46
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Ye L, Rouxel JR, Cho D, Mukamel S. Imaging electron-density fluctuations by multidimensional X-ray photon-coincidence diffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:395-400. [PMID: 30584098 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816730116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrafast spontaneous electron-density fluctuation dynamics in molecules is studied theoretically by off-resonant multiple X-ray diffraction events. The time- and wavevector-resolved photon-coincidence signals give an image of electron-density fluctuations expressed through the four-point correlation function of the charge density in momentum space. A Fourier transform of the signal provides a real-space image of the multipoint charge-density correlation functions, which reveal snapshots of the evolving electron density in between the diffraction events. The proposed technique is illustrated by ab initio simulations of the momentum- and real-space inelastic scattering signals from a linear cyanotetracetylene molecule.
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47
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Bhattacherjee A, Leone SR. Ultrafast X-ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Gas-Phase Photochemical Reactions: A New Universal Probe of Photoinduced Molecular Dynamics. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3203-3211. [PMID: 30462481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved spectroscopic investigations of light-induced chemical reactions with universal detection capitalize recently on single-photon molecular probing using laser pulses in the extreme ultraviolet or X-ray regimes. Direct and simultaneous mappings of the time-evolving populations of ground-state reactants, Franck-Condon (FC) and transition state regions, excited-state intermediates and conical intersections (CI), and photoproducts in photochemical reactions utilize probe pulses that are broadband and energy-tunable. The limits on temporal resolution are set by the transit- or dwell-time of the photoexcited molecules at specific locations on the potential energy surface, typically ranging from a few femtoseconds to several hundred picoseconds. Femtosecond high-harmonic generation (HHG) meets the stringent demands for a universal spectroscopic probe of large regions of the intramolecular phase-space in unimolecular photochemical reactions. Extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray pulses generated in this manner with few-femtosecond or sub-femtosecond durations have enormous bandwidths, allowing the probing of many elements simultaneously through excitation or ionization of core-electrons, creating molecular movies that shed light on entire photochemical pathways. At free electron lasers (FELs), powerful investigations are also possible, recognizing their higher flux and tunability but more limited bandwidths. Femtosecond time-resolved X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy, in particular, is a valuable universal probe of reaction pathways that maps changes via the fingerprint core-to-valence resonances. The particular power of this method over valence-ionization probes lies in its unmatched element and chemical-site specificities. The elements carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen constitute the fundamental building blocks of life; photochemical reactions involving these elements are ubiquitous, diverse, and manifold. However, table-top HHG sources in the "water-window" region (280-550 eV), which encompasses the 1s-absorption edges of carbon (284 eV), nitrogen (410 eV), and oxygen (543 eV), are far from abundant or trivial. Recent breakthroughs in the laboratory have embraced this region by using long driving-wavelength optical parametric amplifiers coupled with differentially pumped high-pressure gas source cells. This has opened avenues to study a host of photochemical reactions in organic molecules using femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption at the carbon K-edge. In this Account, we summarize recent efforts to deploy a table-top carbon K-edge source to obtain crucial chemical insights into ultrafast, ultraviolet-induced chemical reactions involving ring-opening, nonadiabatic excited-state relaxation, bond dissociation and radical formation. The X-ray probe provides a direct spectroscopic viewport into the electronic characters and configurations of the valence electronic states through spectroscopic core-level transitions into the frontier molecular orbitals of the photoexcited molecules, laying fertile ground for the real-time mapping of the evolving valence electronic structure. The profound detail and mechanistic insights emerging from the pioneering experiments at the carbon K-edge are outlined here. Comparisons of the experimental methodology with other techniques employed to study similar reactions are drawn, where applicable and relevant. We show that femtosecond time-resolved X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy blazes a new trail in the study of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics. Despite table-top implementations being largely in their infancy, future chemical applications of the technique will set the stage for widely applicable, universal probes of photoinduced molecular dynamics with unprecedented temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhattacherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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48
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Lin K, Tutunnikov I, Qiang J, Ma J, Song Q, Ji Q, Zhang W, Li H, Sun F, Gong X, Li H, Lu P, Zeng H, Prior Y, Averbukh IS, Wu J. All-optical field-free three-dimensional orientation of asymmetric-top molecules. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5134. [PMID: 30510201 PMCID: PMC6277449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation and alignment of molecules by ultrashort laser pulses is crucial for a variety of applications and has long been of interest in physics and chemistry, with the special emphasis on stereodynamics in chemical reactions and molecular orbitals imaging. As compared to the laser-induced molecular alignment, which has been extensively studied and demonstrated, achieving molecular orientation is a much more challenging task, especially in the case of asymmetric-top molecules. Here, we report the experimental demonstration of all-optical field-free three-dimensional orientation of asymmetric-top molecules by means of phase-locked cross-polarized two-color laser pulse. This approach is based on nonlinear optical mixing process caused by the off-diagonal elements of the molecular hyperpolarizability tensor. It is demonstrated on SO2 molecules and is applicable to a variety of complex nonlinear molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Ilia Tutunnikov
- AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Junjie Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinying Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Peifen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Heping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehiam Prior
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
- AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ilya Sh Averbukh
- AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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49
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Yong H, Zotev N, Stankus B, Ruddock JM, Bellshaw D, Boutet S, Lane TJ, Liang M, Carbajo S, Robinson JS, Du W, Goff N, Chang Y, Koglin JE, Waters MDJ, Sølling TI, Minitti MP, Kirrander A, Weber PM. Determining Orientations of Optical Transition Dipole Moments Using Ultrafast X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6556-6562. [PMID: 30380873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the initially prepared, optically active state remains a challenging problem in many studies of ultrafast photoinduced processes. We show that the initially excited electronic state can be determined using the anisotropic component of ultrafast time-resolved X-ray scattering signals. The concept is demonstrated using the time-dependent X-ray scattering of N-methyl morpholine in the gas phase upon excitation by a 200 nm linearly polarized optical pulse. Analysis of the angular dependence of the scattering signal near time zero renders the orientation of the transition dipole moment in the molecular frame and identifies the initially excited state as the 3p z Rydberg state, thus bypassing the need for further experimental studies to determine the starting point of the photoinduced dynamics and clarifying inconsistent computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Nikola Zotev
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Brian Stankus
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Jennifer M Ruddock
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Darren Bellshaw
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Thomas J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Mengning Liang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Joseph S Robinson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Wenpeng Du
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Nathan Goff
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Jason E Koglin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Max D J Waters
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Theis I Sølling
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Michael P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Adam Kirrander
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
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50
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von Conta A, Tehlar A, Schletter A, Arasaki Y, Takatsuka K, Wörner HJ. Conical-intersection dynamics and ground-state chemistry probed by extreme-ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3162. [PMID: 30089780 PMCID: PMC6082858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) is a useful approach to elucidate the coupled electronic-nuclear quantum dynamics underlying chemical processes, but has remained limited by the use of low photon energies. Here, we demonstrate the general advantages of XUV-TRPES through an application to NO2, one of the simplest species displaying the complexity of a non-adiabatic photochemical process. The high photon energy enables ionization from the entire geometrical configuration space, giving access to the true dynamics of the system. Specifically, the technique reveals dynamics through a conical intersection, large-amplitude motion and photodissociation in the electronic ground state. XUV-TRPES simultaneously projects the excited-state wave packet onto many final states, offering a multi-dimensional view of the coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics. Our interpretations are supported by ab initio wavepacket calculations on new global potential-energy surfaces. The presented results contribute to establish XUV-TRPES as a powerful technique providing a complete picture of ultrafast chemical dynamics from photoexcitation to the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A von Conta
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Tehlar
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Schletter
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Y Arasaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - K Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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