1
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Badawy G, Bakkers EPAM. Electronic Transport and Quantum Phenomena in Nanowires. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2419-2440. [PMID: 38394689 PMCID: PMC10941195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanowires are natural one-dimensional channels and offer new opportunities for advanced electronic quantum transport experiments. We review recent progress on the synthesis of nanowires and methods for the fabrication of hybrid semiconductor/superconductor systems. We discuss methods to characterize their electronic properties in the context of possible future applications such as topological and spin qubits. We focus on group III-V (InAs and InSb) and group IV (Ge/Si) semiconductors, since these are the most developed, and give an outlook on other potential materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Badawy
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P. A. M. Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Rower DA, Ateshian L, Li LH, Hays M, Bluvstein D, Ding L, Kannan B, Almanakly A, Braumüller J, Kim DK, Melville A, Niedzielski BM, Schwartz ME, Yoder JL, Orlando TP, Wang JIJ, Gustavsson S, Grover JA, Serniak K, Comin R, Oliver WD. Evolution of 1/f Flux Noise in Superconducting Qubits with Weak Magnetic Fields. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:220602. [PMID: 37327421 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.220602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic description of 1/f magnetic flux noise in superconducting circuits has remained an open question for several decades despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigation. Recent progress in superconducting devices for quantum information has highlighted the need to mitigate sources of qubit decoherence, driving a renewed interest in understanding the underlying noise mechanism(s). Though a consensus has emerged attributing flux noise to surface spins, their identity and interaction mechanisms remain unclear, prompting further study. Here, we apply weak in-plane magnetic fields to a capacitively shunted flux qubit (where the Zeeman splitting of surface spins lies below the device temperature) and study the flux-noise-limited qubit dephasing, revealing previously unexplored trends that may shed light on the dynamics behind the emergent 1/f noise. Notably, we observe an enhancement (suppression) of the spin-echo (Ramsey) pure-dephasing time in fields up to B=100 G. With direct noise spectroscopy, we further observe a transition from a 1/f to approximately Lorentzian frequency dependence below 10 Hz and a reduction of the noise above 1 MHz with increasing magnetic field. We suggest that these trends are qualitatively consistent with an increase of spin cluster sizes with magnetic field. These results should help to inform a complete microscopic theory of 1/f flux noise in superconducting circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rower
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lamia Ateshian
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lauren H Li
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Max Hays
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dolev Bluvstein
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Leon Ding
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Bharath Kannan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Aziza Almanakly
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jochen Braumüller
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David K Kim
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Terry P Orlando
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joel I-Jan Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Simon Gustavsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Grover
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kyle Serniak
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - Riccardo Comin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - William D Oliver
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
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3
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Elfeky B, Cuozzo JJ, Lotfizadeh N, Schiela WF, Farzaneh SM, Strickland WM, Langone D, Rossi E, Shabani J. Evolution of 4π-Periodic Supercurrent in the Presence of an In-Plane Magnetic Field. ACS Nano 2023; 17:4650-4658. [PMID: 36800544 PMCID: PMC10018771 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of a 4π-periodic contribution to the current phase relation, for example in topological Josephson junctions, odd Shapiro steps are expected to be missing. While missing odd Shapiro steps have been observed in several material systems and interpreted in the context of topological superconductivity, they have also been observed in topologically trivial junctions. Here, we study the evolution of such trivial missing odd Shapiro steps in Al-InAs junctions in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field Bθ. We find that the odd steps reappear at a crossover Bθ value, exhibiting an in-plane field angle anisotropy that depends on spin-orbit coupling effects. We interpret this behavior by theoretically analyzing the Andreev bound state spectrum and the transitions induced by the nonadiabatic dynamics of the junction and attribute the observed anisotropy to mode-to-mode coupling. Our results highlight the complex phenomenology of missing Shapiro steps and the underlying current phase relations in planar Josephson junctions designed to realize Majorana states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel
Heiba Elfeky
- Center
for Quantum Information Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Joseph J. Cuozzo
- Department
of Physics, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Neda Lotfizadeh
- Center
for Quantum Information Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - William F. Schiela
- Center
for Quantum Information Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Seyed M. Farzaneh
- Center
for Quantum Information Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - William M. Strickland
- Center
for Quantum Information Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dylan Langone
- Center
for Quantum Information Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Enrico Rossi
- Department
of Physics, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Javad Shabani
- Center
for Quantum Information Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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4
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Chirolli L, Yao NY, Moore JE. SWAP Gate between a Majorana Qubit and a Parity-Protected Superconducting Qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:177701. [PMID: 36332252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.177701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High fidelity quantum information processing requires a combination of fast gates and long-lived quantum memories. In this Letter, we propose a hybrid architecture, where a parity-protected superconducting qubit is directly coupled to a Majorana qubit, which plays the role of a quantum memory. The superconducting qubit is based upon a π-periodic Josephson junction realized with gate-tunable semiconducting wires, where the tunneling of individual Cooper pairs is suppressed. One of the wires additionally contains four Majorana zero modes that define a qubit. We demonstrate that this enables the implementation of a SWAP gate, allowing for the transduction of quantum information between the topological and conventional qubit. This architecture combines fast gates, which can be realized with the superconducting qubit, with a topologically protected Majorana memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chirolli
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Norman Y Yao
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Joel E Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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5
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Mohamed ABA, Rahman AU, Eleuch H. Measurement Uncertainty, Purity, and Entanglement Dynamics of Maximally Entangled Two Qubits Interacting Spatially with Isolated Cavities: Intrinsic Decoherence Effect. Entropy 2022; 24:e24040545. [PMID: 35455208 PMCID: PMC9030500 DOI: 10.3390/e24040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In a system of two charge-qubits that are initially prepared in a maximally entangled Bell’s state, the dynamics of quantum memory-assisted entropic uncertainty, purity, and negative entanglement are investigated. Isolated external cavity fields are considered in two different configurations: coherent-even coherent and even coherent cavity fields. For different initial cavity configurations, the temporal evolution of the final state of qubits and cavities is solved analytically. The effects of intrinsic decoherence and detuning strength on the dynamics of bipartite entropic uncertainty, purity and entanglement are explored. Depending on the field parameters, nonclassical correlations can be preserved. Nonclassical correlations and revival aspects appear to be significantly inhibited when intrinsic decoherence increases. Nonclassical correlations stay longer and have greater revivals due to the high detuning of the two qubits and the coherence strength of the initial cavity fields. Quantum memory-assisted entropic uncertainty and entropy have similar dynamics while the negativity presents fewer revivals in contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Baset A. Mohamed
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Aflaj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Atta Ur Rahman
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Hichem Eleuch
- Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates;
- College of Arts and Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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6
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Zhang P, Wu H, Chen J, Khan SA, Krogstrup P, Pekker D, Frolov SM. Signatures of Andreev Blockade in a Double Quantum Dot Coupled to a Superconductor. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:046801. [PMID: 35148137 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.046801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigate an electron transport blockade regime in which a spin triplet localized in the path of current is forbidden from entering a spin-singlet superconductor. To stabilize the triplet, a double quantum dot is created electrostatically near a superconducting Al lead in an InAs nanowire. The quantum dot closest to the normal lead exhibits Coulomb diamonds, and the dot closest to the superconducting lead exhibits Andreev bound states and an induced gap. The experimental observations compare favorably to a theoretical model of Andreev blockade, named so because the triplet double dot configuration suppresses Andreev reflections. Observed leakage currents can be accounted for by finite temperature. We observe the predicted quadruple level degeneracy points of high current and a periodic conductance pattern controlled by the occupation of the normal dot. Even-odd transport asymmetry is lifted with increased temperature and magnetic field. This blockade phenomenon can be used to study spin structure of superconductors. It may also find utility in quantum computing devices that use Andreev or Majorana states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Sabbir A Khan
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab Copenhagen, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab Copenhagen, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Pekker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Sergey M Frolov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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7
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Kanne T, Marnauza M, Olsteins D, Carrad DJ, Sestoft JE, de Bruijckere J, Zeng L, Johnson E, Olsson E, Grove-Rasmussen K, Nygård J. Epitaxial Pb on InAs nanowires for quantum devices. Nat Nanotechnol 2021; 16:776-781. [PMID: 33972757 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor-superconductor hybrids are widely used to realize complex quantum phenomena, such as topological superconductivity and spins coupled to Cooper pairs. Accessing new, exotic regimes at high magnetic fields and increasing operating temperatures beyond the state-of-the-art requires new, epitaxially matched semiconductor-superconductor materials. One challenge is the generation of favourable conditions for heterostructural formation between materials with the desired properties. Here we harness an increased knowledge of metal-on-semiconductor growth to develop InAs nanowires with epitaxially matched, single-crystal, atomically flat Pb films with no axial grain boundaries. These highly ordered heterostructures have a critical temperature of 7 K and a superconducting gap of 1.25 meV, which remains hard at 8.5 T, and therefore they offer a parameter space more than twice as large as those of alternative semiconductor-superconductor hybrids. Additionally, InAs/Pb island devices exhibit magnetic field-driven transitions from a Cooper pair to single-electron charging, a prerequisite for use in topological quantum computation. Semiconductor-Pb hybrids potentially enable access to entirely new regimes for a number of different quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kanne
- Center for Quantum Devices & Nano-Science Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mikelis Marnauza
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dags Olsteins
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Damon J Carrad
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim E Sestoft
- Center for Quantum Devices & Nano-Science Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joeri de Bruijckere
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lunjie Zeng
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Johnson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Grove-Rasmussen
- Center for Quantum Devices & Nano-Science Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices & Nano-Science Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Chirolli L, Moore JE. Enhanced Coherence in Superconducting Circuits via Band Engineering. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:187701. [PMID: 34018786 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.187701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In superconducting circuits interrupted by Josephson junctions, the dependence of the energy spectrum on offset charges on different islands is 2e periodic through the Aharonov-Casher effect and resembles a crystal band structure that reflects the symmetries of the Josephson potential. We show that higher-harmonic Josephson elements described by a cos(2φ) energy-phase relation provide an increased freedom to tailor the shape of the Josephson potential and design spectra featuring multiplets of flat bands and Dirac points in the charge Brillouin zone. Flat bands provide noise-insensitive energy levels, and consequently, engineering band pairs with flat spectral gaps can help improve the coherence of the system. We discuss a modified version of a flux qubit that achieves, in principle, no decoherence from charge noise and introduce a flux qutrit that shows a spin-1 Dirac spectrum and is simultaneously quite robust to both charge and flux noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chirolli
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Joel E Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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9
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Perla P, Fonseka HA, Zellekens P, Deacon R, Han Y, Kölzer J, Mörstedt T, Bennemann B, Espiari A, Ishibashi K, Grützmacher D, Sanchez AM, Lepsa MI, Schäpers T. Fully in situ Nb/InAs-nanowire Josephson junctions by selective-area growth and shadow evaporation. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:1413-1421. [PMID: 36132855 PMCID: PMC9418346 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00999g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Josephson junctions based on InAs semiconducting nanowires and Nb superconducting electrodes are fabricated in situ by a special shadow evaporation scheme for the superconductor electrode. Compared to other metallic superconductors such as Al, Nb has the advantage of a larger superconducting gap which allows operation at higher temperatures and magnetic fields. Our junctions are fabricated by shadow evaporation of Nb on pairs of InAs nanowires grown selectively on two adjacent tilted Si (111) facets and crossing each other at a small distance. The upper wire relative to the deposition source acts as a shadow mask determining the gap of the superconducting electrodes on the lower nanowire. Electron microscopy measurements show that the fully in situ fabrication method gives a clean InAs/Nb interface. A clear Josephson supercurrent is observed in the current-voltage characteristics, which can be controlled by a bottom gate. The large excess current indicates a high junction transparency. Under microwave radiation, pronounced integer Shapiro steps are observed suggesting a sinusoidal current-phase relation. Owing to the large critical field of Nb, the Josephson supercurrent can be maintained to magnetic fields exceeding 1 T. Our results show that in situ prepared Nb/InAs nanowire contacts are very interesting candidates for superconducting quantum circuits requiring large magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujitha Perla
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany +49 2461 61 2940 +49 2461 61 2668
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
| | - H Aruni Fonseka
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Patrick Zellekens
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany +49 2461 61 2940 +49 2461 61 2668
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
| | - Russell Deacon
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science and Advanced Device Laboratory 351-0198 Saitama Japan
| | - Yisong Han
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jonas Kölzer
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany +49 2461 61 2940 +49 2461 61 2668
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
| | - Timm Mörstedt
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany +49 2461 61 2940 +49 2461 61 2668
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
| | - Benjamin Bennemann
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany +49 2461 61 2940 +49 2461 61 2668
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
| | - Abbas Espiari
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany +49 2461 61 2940 +49 2461 61 2668
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
| | - Koji Ishibashi
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science and Advanced Device Laboratory 351-0198 Saitama Japan
| | - Detlev Grützmacher
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany +49 2461 61 2940 +49 2461 61 2668
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-10), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Ana M Sanchez
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Mihail Ion Lepsa
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-10), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Thomas Schäpers
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany +49 2461 61 2940 +49 2461 61 2668
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University Germany
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10
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Sabonis D, Erlandsson O, Kringhøj A, van Heck B, Larsen TW, Petkovic I, Krogstrup P, Petersson KD, Marcus CM. Destructive Little-Parks Effect in a Full-Shell Nanowire-Based Transmon. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:156804. [PMID: 33095630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.156804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A semiconductor transmon with an epitaxial Al shell fully surrounding an InAs nanowire core is investigated in the low E_{J}/E_{C} regime. Little-Parks oscillations as a function of flux along the hybrid wire axis are destructive, creating lobes of reentrant superconductivity separated by a metallic state at a half quantum of applied flux. In the first lobe, phase winding around the shell can induce topological superconductivity in the core. Coherent qubit operation is observed in both the zeroth and first lobes. Splitting of parity bands by coherent single-electron coupling across the junction is not resolved beyond line broadening, placing a bound on Majorana coupling, E_{M}/h<10 MHz, much smaller than the Josephson coupling E_{J}/h∼4.7 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deividas Sabonis
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oscar Erlandsson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Kringhøj
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernard van Heck
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - Thorvald W Larsen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Petkovic
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab-Copenhagen, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl D Petersson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Larsen TW, Gershenson ME, Casparis L, Kringhøj A, Pearson NJ, McNeil RPG, Kuemmeth F, Krogstrup P, Petersson KD, Marcus CM. Parity-Protected Superconductor-Semiconductor Qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:056801. [PMID: 32794832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.056801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coherence of superconducting qubits can be improved by implementing designs that protect the parity of Cooper pairs on superconducting islands. Here, we introduce a parity-protected qubit based on voltage-controlled semiconductor nanowire Josephson junctions, taking advantage of the higher harmonic content in the energy-phase relation of few-channel junctions. A symmetric interferometer formed by two such junctions, gate-tuned into balance and frustrated by a half-quantum of applied flux, yields a cos(2φ) Josephson element, reflecting coherent transport of pairs of Cooper pairs. We demonstrate that relaxation of the qubit can be suppressed tenfold by tuning into the protected regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Larsen
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M E Gershenson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - L Casparis
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Kringhøj
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N J Pearson
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Theoretische Physik, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R P G McNeil
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Kuemmeth
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab-Copenhagen, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K D Petersson
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Bargerbos A, Uilhoorn W, Yang CK, Krogstrup P, Kouwenhoven LP, de Lange G, van Heck B, Kou A. Observation of Vanishing Charge Dispersion of a Nearly Open Superconducting Island. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:246802. [PMID: 32639813 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.246802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolation from the environment determines the extent to which charge is confined on an island, which manifests as Coulomb oscillations, such as charge dispersion. We investigate the charge dispersion of a nanowire transmon hosting a quantum dot in the junction. We observe rapid suppression of the charge dispersion with increasing junction transparency, consistent with the predicted scaling law, which incorporates two branches of the Josephson potential. We find improved qubit coherence times at the point of highest suppression, suggesting novel approaches for building charge-insensitive qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Bargerbos
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Uilhoorn
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chung-Kai Yang
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kanalvej 7, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leo P Kouwenhoven
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs de Lange
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Angela Kou
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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13
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Carrad DJ, Bjergfelt M, Kanne T, Aagesen M, Krizek F, Fiordaliso EM, Johnson E, Nygård J, Jespersen TS. Shadow Epitaxy for In Situ Growth of Generic Semiconductor/Superconductor Hybrids. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1908411. [PMID: 32337791 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uniform, defect-free crystal interfaces and surfaces are crucial ingredients for realizing high-performance nanoscale devices. A pertinent example is that advances in gate-tunable and topological superconductivity using semiconductor/superconductor electronic devices are currently built on the hard proximity-induced superconducting gap obtained from epitaxial indium arsenide/aluminum heterostructures. Fabrication of devices requires selective etch processes; these exist only for InAs/Al hybrids, precluding the use of other, potentially superior material combinations. This work introduces a crystal growth platform-based on 3D structuring of growth substrates-which enables synthesis of semiconductor nanowire hybrids with in situ patterned superconductor shells. The platform eliminates the need for etching, thereby enabling full freedom in the choice of hybrid constituents. All of the most frequently used superconducting hybrid device architectures are realized and characterized. These devices exhibit increased yield and electrostatic stability compared to etched devices, and evidence of ballistic superconductivity is observed. In addition to aluminum, hybrid structures based on tantalum, niobium, and vanadium are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon J Carrad
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Martin Bjergfelt
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kanne
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Martin Aagesen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Danish Defence Research Center, Ballerup, 2750, Denmark
| | - Filip Krizek
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Department of Spintronics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Erik Johnson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas Sand Jespersen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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14
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Kringhøj A, Larsen TW, van Heck B, Sabonis D, Erlandsson O, Petkovic I, Pikulin DI, Krogstrup P, Petersson KD, Marcus CM. Controlled dc Monitoring of a Superconducting Qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:056801. [PMID: 32083909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.056801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Creating a transmon qubit using semiconductor-superconductor hybrid materials not only provides electrostatic control of the qubit frequency, it also allows parts of the circuit to be electrically connected and disconnected in situ by operating a semiconductor region of the device as a field-effect transistor. Here, we exploit this feature to compare in the same device characteristics of the qubit, such as frequency and relaxation time, with related transport properties such as critical supercurrent and normal-state resistance. Gradually opening the field-effect transistor to the monitoring circuit allows the influence of weak-to-strong dc monitoring of a "live" qubit to be measured. A model of this influence yields excellent agreement with experiment, demonstrating a relaxation rate mediated by a gate-controlled environmental coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kringhøj
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T W Larsen
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B van Heck
- Microsoft Quantum, Station Q, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-6105, USA
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - D Sabonis
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Erlandsson
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Petkovic
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D I Pikulin
- Microsoft Quantum, Station Q, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-6105, USA
| | - P Krogstrup
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab Copenhagen, Kanalvej 7, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K D Petersson
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C M Marcus
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Schlör S, Lisenfeld J, Müller C, Bilmes A, Schneider A, Pappas DP, Ustinov AV, Weides M. Correlating Decoherence in Transmon Qubits: Low Frequency Noise by Single Fluctuators. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:190502. [PMID: 31765204 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.190502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on long-term measurements of a highly coherent, nontunable superconducting transmon qubit, revealing low-frequency burst noise in coherence times and qubit transition frequency. We achieve this through a simultaneous measurement of the qubit's relaxation and dephasing rate as well as its resonance frequency. The analysis of correlations between these parameters yields information about the microscopic origin of the intrinsic decoherence mechanisms in Josephson qubits. Our results are consistent with a small number of microscopic two-level systems located at the edges of the superconducting film, which is further confirmed by a spectral noise analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schlör
- Institute of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lisenfeld
- Institute of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Clemens Müller
- IBM Research Zürich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bilmes
- Institute of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andre Schneider
- Institute of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David P Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Alexey V Ustinov
- Institute of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Russian Quantum Center, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Martin Weides
- Institute of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
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16
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Landig AJ, Koski JV, Scarlino P, Müller C, Abadillo-Uriel JC, Kratochwil B, Reichl C, Wegscheider W, Coppersmith SN, Friesen M, Wallraff A, Ihn T, Ensslin K. Virtual-photon-mediated spin-qubit-transmon coupling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5037. [PMID: 31695044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin qubits and superconducting qubits are among the promising candidates for realizing a solid state quantum computer. For the implementation of a hybrid architecture which can profit from the advantages of either approach, a coherent link is necessary that integrates and controllably couples both qubit types on the same chip over a distance that is several orders of magnitude longer than the physical size of the spin qubit. We realize such a link with a frequency-tunable high impedance SQUID array resonator. The spin qubit is a resonant exchange qubit hosted in a GaAs triple quantum dot. It can be operated at zero magnetic field, allowing it to coexist with superconducting qubits on the same chip. We spectroscopically observe coherent interaction between the resonant exchange qubit and a transmon qubit in both resonant and dispersive regimes, where the interaction is mediated either by real or virtual resonator photons. Different qubit platforms each have their own advantages and disadvantages. By engineering couplings between them it may be possible to create a more capable hybrid device. Here the authors demonstrate coherent coupling between a semiconductor spin qubit and a superconducting transmon.
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17
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Bjergfelt M, Carrad DJ, Kanne T, Aagesen M, Fiordaliso EM, Johnson E, Shojaei B, Palmstrøm CJ, Krogstrup P, Jespersen TS, Nygård J. Superconducting vanadium/indium-arsenide hybrid nanowires. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:294005. [PMID: 30947145 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab15fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report MBE synthesis of InAs/vanadium hybrid nanowires. The vanadium was deposited without breaking ultra-high vacuum after InAs nanowire growth, minimizing any effect of oxidation and contamination at the interface between the two materials. We investigated four different substrate temperatures during vanadium deposition, ranging from -150 °C to 250 °C. The structural relation between vanadium and InAs depended on the deposition temperature. The three lower temperature depositions gave vanadium shells with a polycrystalline, granular morphology and the highest temperature resulted in vanadium reacting with the InAs nanowire. We fabricated electronic devices from the hybrid nanowires and obtained a high out-of-plane critical magnetic field, exceeding the bulk value for vanadium. However, size effects arising from the nanoscale grains resulted in the absence of a well-defined critical temperature, as well as device-to-device variation in the resistivity versus temperature dependence during the transition to the superconducting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bjergfelt
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Wang JIJ, Rodan-Legrain D, Bretheau L, Campbell DL, Kannan B, Kim D, Kjaergaard M, Krantz P, Samach GO, Yan F, Yoder JL, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Orlando TP, Gustavsson S, Jarillo-Herrero P, Oliver WD. Coherent control of a hybrid superconducting circuit made with graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures. Nat Nanotechnol 2019; 14:120-125. [PMID: 30598526 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum coherence and control is foundational to the science and engineering of quantum systems1,2. In van der Waals materials, the collective coherent behaviour of carriers has been probed successfully by transport measurements3-6. However, temporal coherence and control, as exemplified by manipulating a single quantum degree of freedom, remains to be verified. Here we demonstrate such coherence and control of a superconducting circuit incorporating graphene-based Josephson junctions. Furthermore, we show that this device can be operated as a voltage-tunable transmon qubit7-9, whose spectrum reflects the electronic properties of massless Dirac fermions travelling ballistically4,5. In addition to the potential for advancing extensible quantum computing technology, our results represent a new approach to studying van der Waals materials using microwave photons in coherent quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel I-Jan Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel Rodan-Legrain
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Landry Bretheau
- Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Daniel L Campbell
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bharath Kannan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Kim
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Morten Kjaergaard
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philip Krantz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel O Samach
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Fei Yan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonilyn L Yoder
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Terry P Orlando
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon Gustavsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - William D Oliver
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA.
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19
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Kroll JG, Uilhoorn W, van der Enden KL, de Jong D, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Goswami S, Cassidy MC, Kouwenhoven LP. Magnetic field compatible circuit quantum electrodynamics with graphene Josephson junctions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4615. [PMID: 30397206 PMCID: PMC6218477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Circuit quantum electrodynamics has proven to be a powerful tool to probe mesoscopic effects in hybrid systems and is used in several quantum computing (QC) proposals that require a transmon qubit able to operate in strong magnetic fields. To address this we integrate monolayer graphene Josephson junctions into microwave frequency superconducting circuits to create graphene based transmons. Using dispersive microwave spectroscopy we resolve graphene's characteristic band dispersion and observe coherent electronic interference effects confirming the ballistic nature of our graphene Josephson junctions. We show that the monoatomic thickness of graphene renders the device insensitive to an applied magnetic field, allowing us to perform energy level spectroscopy of the circuit in a parallel magnetic field of 1 T, an order of magnitude higher than previous studies. These results establish graphene based superconducting circuits as a promising platform for QC and the study of mesoscopic quantum effects that appear in strong magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Kroll
- QuTech and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - W Uilhoorn
- QuTech and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - K L van der Enden
- QuTech and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D de Jong
- QuTech and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - K Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - S Goswami
- QuTech and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M C Cassidy
- QuTech and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L P Kouwenhoven
- QuTech and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Microsoft Station Q Delft, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
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20
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Casparis L, Connolly MR, Kjaergaard M, Pearson NJ, Kringhøj A, Larsen TW, Kuemmeth F, Wang T, Thomas C, Gronin S, Gardner GC, Manfra MJ, Marcus CM, Petersson KD. Superconducting gatemon qubit based on a proximitized two-dimensional electron gas. Nat Nanotechnol 2018; 13:915-919. [PMID: 30038371 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The coherent tunnelling of Cooper pairs across Josephson junctions (JJs) generates a nonlinear inductance that is used extensively in quantum information processors based on superconducting circuits, from setting qubit transition frequencies1 and interqubit coupling strengths2 to the gain of parametric amplifiers3 for quantum-limited readout. The inductance is either set by tailoring the metal oxide dimensions of single JJs, or magnetically tuned by parallelizing multiple JJs in superconducting quantum interference devices with local current-biased flux lines. JJs based on superconductor-semiconductor hybrids represent a tantalizing all-electric alternative. The gatemon is a recently developed transmon variant that employs locally gated nanowire superconductor-semiconductor JJs for qubit control4,5. Here we go beyond proof-of-concept and demonstrate that semiconducting channels etched from a wafer-scale two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) are a suitable platform for building a scalable gatemon-based quantum computer. We show that 2DEG gatemons meet the requirements6 by performing voltage-controlled single qubit rotations and two-qubit swap operations. We measure qubit coherence times up to ~2 μs, limited by dielectric loss in the 2DEG substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Casparis
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malcolm R Connolly
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Kjaergaard
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Natalie J Pearson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Theoretische Physik, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anders Kringhøj
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorvald W Larsen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ferdinand Kuemmeth
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Station Q Purdue, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Candice Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Station Q Purdue, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sergei Gronin
- Station Q Purdue, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gardner
- Station Q Purdue, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael J Manfra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Station Q Purdue, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Charles M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl D Petersson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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