1
|
Ruiz-Chamorro A, Garcia-Callejo A, Fernandez V. Low-complexity continuous-variable quantum key distribution with true local oscillator using pilot-assisted frequency locking. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10770. [PMID: 38730025 PMCID: PMC11087568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the domain of continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), a significant challenge arises in achieving precise frequency synchronization, an issue commonly termed as frequency locking. This involves matching the optical frequencies of both the quantum signal laser and the local oscillator laser for accurate symbol demodulation during the exchange of quantum keys. As such, implementations today still grapple with maintaining precise synchronization between sender and receiver frequencies, occasionally hindering the efficiency and reliability of the information exchange. Addressing this challenge, we present and empirically validate a novel approach to CV-QKD by incorporating a pilot tone-assisted frequency locking algorithm to enhance stability when using a locally generated local oscillator (LLO) at the receiver. The proposed design leverages software-based optimization techniques, thereby eliminating the need for high-speed electronic stabilization devices and achieving efficient performance at typical repetition rates. Specifically, the introduction of the pilot tone algorithm allows us to effectively mitigate phase fluctuations and preserve the integrity of the quantum signals during transmission without resorting to time-multiplexed reference pulses or fast-locking electronics in the lasers. Our results suggest the potential for achieving secure key rates of up to 1 Mb/s over a 50 km single-mode fiber when using these techniques, offering promising insights into the feasibility of high-rate, low-complexity CV-QKD implementations under realistic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Ruiz-Chamorro
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI), Serrano 144, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aida Garcia-Callejo
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI), Serrano 144, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Fernandez
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI), Serrano 144, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khmelev A, Duplinsky A, Bakhshaliev R, Ivchenko E, Pismeniuk L, Mayboroda V, Nesterov I, Chernov A, Trushechkin A, Kiktenko E, Kurochkin V, Fedorov A. Eurasian-scale experimental satellite-based quantum key distribution with detector efficiency mismatch analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11964-11978. [PMID: 38571032 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The Micius satellite is the pioneering initiative to demonstrate quantum teleportation, entanglement distribution, quantum key distribution (QKD), and quantum-secured communications experiments at the global scale. In this work, we report on the results of the 600-mm-aperture ground station design which has enabled the establishment of a quantum-secured link between the Zvenigorod and Nanshan ground stations using the Micius satellite. As a result of a quantum communications session, an overall sifted key of 2.5 Mbits and a total final key length of 310 kbits have been obtained. We present an extension of the security analysis of the realization of satellite-based QKD decoy-state protocol by taking into account the effect of the detection-efficiency mismatch for four detectors. We also simulate the QKD protocol for the satellite passage and by that validate our semi-empirical model for a realistic receiver, which is in good agreement with the experimental data. Our results pave the way to the considerations of realistic imperfection of the QKD systems, which are important in the context of their practical security.
Collapse
|
3
|
Amies-King B, Schatz KP, Duan H, Biswas A, Bailey J, Felvinti A, Winward J, Dixon M, Minder M, Kumar R, Albosh S, Lucamarini M. Quantum Communications Feasibility Tests over a UK-Ireland 224 km Undersea Link. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1572. [PMID: 38136452 PMCID: PMC10743312 DOI: 10.3390/e25121572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The future quantum internet will leverage existing communication infrastructures, including deployed optical fibre networks, to enable novel applications that outperform current information technology. In this scenario, we perform a feasibility study of quantum communications over an industrial 224 km submarine optical fibre link deployed between Southport in the United Kingdom (UK) and Portrane in the Republic of Ireland (IE). With a characterisation of phase drift, polarisation stability and the arrival time of entangled photons, we demonstrate the suitability of the link to enable international UK-IE quantum communications for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Amies-King
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, Institute for Safe Autonomy, University of York, York YO10 5FT, UK
| | - Karolina P. Schatz
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, Institute for Safe Autonomy, University of York, York YO10 5FT, UK
| | - Haofan Duan
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, Institute for Safe Autonomy, University of York, York YO10 5FT, UK
| | - Ayan Biswas
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, Institute for Safe Autonomy, University of York, York YO10 5FT, UK
| | - Jack Bailey
- euNetworks Fiber UK Limited, 5 Churchill Place, London E14 5HU, UK
| | - Adrian Felvinti
- euNetworks Fiber UK Limited, 5 Churchill Place, London E14 5HU, UK
| | - Jaimes Winward
- euNetworks Fiber UK Limited, 5 Churchill Place, London E14 5HU, UK
| | - Mike Dixon
- euNetworks Fiber UK Limited, 5 Churchill Place, London E14 5HU, UK
| | - Mariella Minder
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, Institute for Safe Autonomy, University of York, York YO10 5FT, UK
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Rupesh Kumar
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, Institute for Safe Autonomy, University of York, York YO10 5FT, UK
| | - Sophie Albosh
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, Institute for Safe Autonomy, University of York, York YO10 5FT, UK
| | - Marco Lucamarini
- School of Physics, Engineering & Technology and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, Institute for Safe Autonomy, University of York, York YO10 5FT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lim D, Kim D, Park K, Im DG, Sup Ihn Y. Highly-enhanced active beam-wander-correction for free-space quantum communications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:39981-39994. [PMID: 38041309 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In practical applications to free-space quantum communications, the utilization of active beam coupling and stabilization techniques offers notable advantages, particularly when dealing with limited detecting areas or coupling into single-mode fibers(SMFs) to mitigate background noise. In this work, we introduce highly-enhanced active beam-wander-correction technique, specifically tailored to efficiently couple and stabilize beams into SMFs, particularly in scenarios where initial optical alignment with the SMF is misaligned. To achieve this objective, we implement a SMF auto-coupling algorithm and a decoupled stabilization method, effectively and reliably correcting beam wander caused by atmospheric turbulence effects. The performance of the proposed technique is thoroughly validated through quantitative measurements of the temporal variation in coupling efficiency(coincidence counts) of a laser beam(entangled photons). The results show significant improvements in both mean values and standard deviations of the coupling efficiency, even in the presence of 2.6 km atmospheric turbulence effects. When utilizing a laser source, the coupling efficiency demonstrates a remarkable mean value increase of over 50 %, accompanied by a substantial 4.4-fold improvement in the standard deviation. For the entangled photon source, a fine mean value increase of 14 % and an approximate 2-fold improvement in the standard deviation are observed. Furthermore,the proposed technique successfully restores the fidelity of the polarization-entangled state, which has been compromised by atmospheric effects in the free-space channel, to a level close to the fidelity measured directly from the source. Our work will be helpful in designing spatial light-fiber coupling system not only for free-space quantum communications but also for high-speed laser communications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Choi JW, Park CH, Lim NH, Woo MK, Kang MS, Han SW. Measurement device hacking-free mutual quantum identity authentication over a deployed optical fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:39261-39278. [PMID: 38018009 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Quantum identity authentication serves as a crucial technology for secure quantum communication, but its security often faces challenges due to quantum hacking of measurement devices. This study introduces a measurement-device-independent mutual quantum identity authentication (MDI MQIA) scheme capable of ensuring secure user authentication, despite the use of measurement devices vulnerable to quantum hacking. To realize the MDI MQIA scheme, we proposed and applied a modified Bell state measurement based on linear optics, enabling the probabilistic measurement of all Bell states. Furthermore, the proposed experimental setup adopted a plug-and-play architecture, thus efficiently establishing the indistinguishability of two photons prepared by the communication members. Finally, we successfully performed a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of the proposed scheme using a field-deployed fiber, achieving quantum bit error rates of less than 3%.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen ZY, Zhu CX, Huang ZS, Li Y, Wang XZ, Liang FT, Jin G, Cai WQ, Liao SK, Peng CZ. A 1.25-GHz multi-amplitude modulator driver in 0.18 μm SiGe BiCOMOS technology for high speed quantum key distribution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:104703. [PMID: 37796097 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) research has yielded highly fruitful results and is currently undergoing an industrialization transformation. In QKD systems, electro-optic modulators are typically employed to prepare the required quantum states. While various QKD systems operating at GHz repetition frequency have demonstrated exceptional performance, they predominantly rely on instruments or printed circuit boards to fulfill the driving circuit function of the electro-optic modulator. Consequently, these systems tend to be complex with low integration levels. To address this challenge, we have introduced a modulator driver integrated circuit in 0.18 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The circuit can generate multiple-level driving signals with a clock frequency of 1.25 GHz and a rising edge of ∼50 ps. Each voltage amplitude can be independently adjusted, ensuring the precise preparation of quantum states. The measured signal-to-noise ratio was more than 17 dB, resulting in a low quantum bit error rate of 0.24% in our polarization-encoding system. This work will contribute to the advancement of QKD system integration and promote the industrialization process in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yuan Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an 710025, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zhu
- School of Cyberspace Security, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Huang
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xin-Zhe Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fu-Tian Liang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Sheng-Kai Liao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Cyberspace Security, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ryabko B. Unconditionally Secure Ciphers with a Short Key for a Source with Unknown Statistics. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1406. [PMID: 37895527 PMCID: PMC10606915 DOI: 10.3390/e25101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
We consider the problem of constructing an unconditionally secure cipher with a short key for the case where the probability distribution of encrypted messages is unknown. Note that unconditional security means that an adversary with no computational constraints can only obtain a negligible amount of information ("leakage") about an encrypted message (without knowing the key). Here, we consider the case of a priori (partially) unknown message source statistics. More specifically, the message source probability distribution belongs to a given family of distributions. We propose an unconditionally secure cipher for this case. As an example, one can consider constructing a single cipher for texts written in any of the languages of the European Union. That is, the message to be encrypted could be written in any of these languages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ryabko
- Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
- Department of Information Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dou T, Gao S, Zhang C, Tong J, Liu R, Shen L, Li J, Pan Z, Liao M, Tang J, Tang S. Coexistence of 1 Tbps classical optical communication and quantum key distribution over a 100.96 km few-mode fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4905-4908. [PMID: 37707933 DOI: 10.1364/ol.500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The integration of quantum key distribution (QKD) and classical optical communication has attracted widespread attention. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate a real-time co-propagation of 1 Tbps for 10 classical channels with one discrete-variable QKD channel in the weakly coupled few-mode fiber (FMF). Based on the selection of optimal device parameters and wavelength assignment of classical channels, as well as the optimization of equipment performance, a secure key rate of as high as 2.7 kbps of coexistence transmission of QKD and classical optical communication can be achieved using a 100.96 km weakly coupled FMF. Therefore, this study is a step toward realizing long-distance quantum-classical coexistence transmission.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu C, Wang W, Chan KS, Yuan Z, Lo HK. Proof-of-Principle Demonstration of Fully Passive Quantum Key Distribution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:110801. [PMID: 37774309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the fundamental laws of physics. However, device imperfections, such as those in active modulators, may introduce side-channel leakage, thus compromising practical security. Attempts to remove active modulation, including passive decoy intensity preparation and polarization encoding, have faced theoretical constraints and inadequate security verification, thus hindering the achievement of a fully passive QKD scheme. Recent research [W. Wang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 220801 (2023).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.130.220801; 2V. Zapatero et al., Quantum Sci. Technol. 8, 025014 (2023).2058-956510.1088/2058-9565/acbc46] has systematically analyzed the security of a fully passive modulation protocol. Based on this, we utilize the gain-switching technique in combination with the postselection scheme and perform a proof-of-principle demonstration of a fully passive quantum key distribution with polarization encoding at channel losses of 7.2 dB, 11.6 dB, and 16.7 dB. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of active-modulation-free QKD in polarization-encoded systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengqiu Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Sum Chan
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
- Quantum Bridge Technologies, Inc., 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada
| | - Zhenghan Yuan
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi-Kwong Lo
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
- Quantum Bridge Technologies, Inc., 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
- Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control (CQIQC), Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang X, Ma R, Guo Z, Zhang C, Chen D, Huan Q, Huang J, Zhang X, Xiao Y, Yu H, Liu X, Li H, Wang Z, Xie X, You L. Mobile superconducting strip photon detection system with efficiency over 70% at a 1550 nm wavelength. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:30650-30657. [PMID: 37710604 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We developed a mobile superconducting strip photon detector (SSPD) system operated in a liquid-helium Dewar. By adopting highly disordered NbTiN thin films, we successfully enhanced the detection performance of superconducting strips at higher operation temperatures and realized SSPDs with nearly saturated detection efficiency at 4.2 K. Then we customized a compact liquid-helium Dewar and a battery-based electronic module to minimize the SSPD system. A mobile SSPD system was integrated, which showed a system detection efficiency of 72% for a 1550 nm wavelength with a dark count rate of 200 cps and a timing jitter of 67.2 ps. The system has a weight of 40 kg and a power consumption of 500 mW, which can work continuously for 20 hours. The metrics can be further optimized in accordance with the various practical application platforms, such as aircraft, drones, etc.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang YL, Xie ZL, Zhou C, Zhang D, Xu ML, Sun J, Sun D, Xu YX, Wang LW, Ma Y, Zhao YK, Jiang MS, Wang Y, Li J, Xue K, Yu N, Zhao MS, Li DD, Bao WS, Tang SB. Field test of quantum key distribution over aerial fiber based on simple and stable modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:26301-26313. [PMID: 37710493 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a simple time-bin phase encoding quantum key distribution system, using the optical injection locking technique. This setup incorporates both the merits of simplicity and stability in encoding, and immunity to channel disturbance. We have demonstrated the field implementation of quantum key distribution over long-distance deployed aerial fiber automatically. During the 70-day field test, we achieved approximately a 1.0 kbps secure key rate with stable performance. Our work takes an important step toward widespread implementation of QKD systems in diverse and complex real-life scenarios.
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo M, Cao Y, Zhu J, Zhou X, Zhang C, He X, Yu X, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Wang Q. Topology Abstraction-Based Routing Scheme for Secret-Key Provisioning in Hybrid GEO/LEO Quantum Satellite Networks. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1047. [PMID: 37509994 PMCID: PMC10378358 DOI: 10.3390/e25071047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising technique to resist the threat against quantum computers. However, the high loss of quantum signals over a long-distance optical fiber is an obstacle for QKD in the intercontinental domain. In this context, the quantum satellite network is preferred over the terrestrial quantum optical network. Due to the mobility of satellites, the satellite topology is dynamic in the quantum satellite network, which remains a challenge for routing. In hybrid geostationary-earth-orbit (GEO)/low-earth-orbit (LEO) quantum satellite networks, the lack of an efficient scheduling scheme for GEO/LEO satellites also limits the construction of quantum satellite networks. Therefore, this paper provides a topology abstraction-based routing scheme for secret-key provisioning, where the dynamic physical topology is translated into a quasi-static abstracted topology. This scheme contributes to saving the precious secret key resources. In order to improve the success probability of long-distance QKD requests, three novel resource-scheduling heuristic algorithms are proposed in hybrid GEO/LEO quantum satellite networks. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithms can improve the success probability of QKD requests by 47% compared to the benchmark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Guo
- School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xinyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Xiaosong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei JH, Xu XY, Hu SM, Zhou Q, Li L, Liu NL, Chen K. Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Based on Decoherence-Free Subspaces with Logical Bell State Analyzer. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:869. [PMID: 37372213 DOI: 10.3390/e25060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) enables two legitimate users to generate shared information-theoretic secure keys with immunity to all detector side attacks. However, the original proposal using polarization encoding is sensitive to polarization rotations stemming from birefringence in fibers or misalignment. To overcome this problem, here we propose a robust QKD protocol without detector vulnerabilities based on decoherence-free subspaces using polarization-entangled photon pairs. A logical Bell state analyzer is designed specifically for such encoding. The protocol exploits common parametric down-conversion sources, for which we develop a MDI-decoy-state method, and requires neither complex measurements nor a shared reference frame. We have analyzed the practical security in detail and presented a numerical simulation under various parameter regimes, showing the feasibility of the logical Bell state analyzer along with the potential that double communication distance can be achieved without a shared reference frame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hao Wei
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin-Yu Xu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shu-Ming Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Nai-Le Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|