1
|
Kang M, Nuomin H, Chowdhury SN, Yuly JL, Sun K, Whitlow J, Valdiviezo J, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Beratan DN, Brown KR. Seeking a quantum advantage with trapped-ion quantum simulations of condensed-phase chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:340-358. [PMID: 38641733 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Simulating the quantum dynamics of molecules in the condensed phase represents a longstanding challenge in chemistry. Trapped-ion quantum systems may serve as a platform for the analog-quantum simulation of chemical dynamics that is beyond the reach of current classical-digital simulation. To identify a 'quantum advantage' for these simulations, performance analysis of both analog-quantum simulation on noisy hardware and classical-digital algorithms is needed. In this Review, we make a comparison between a noisy analog trapped-ion simulator and a few choice classical-digital methods on simulating the dynamics of a model molecular Hamiltonian with linear vibronic coupling. We describe several simple Hamiltonians that are commonly used to model molecular systems, which can be simulated with existing or emerging trapped-ion hardware. These Hamiltonians may serve as stepping stones towards the use of trapped-ion simulators for systems beyond the reach of classical-digital methods. Finally, we identify dynamical regimes in which classical-digital simulations seem to have the weakest performance with respect to analog-quantum simulations. These regimes may provide the lowest hanging fruit to make the most of potential quantum advantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Kang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hanggai Nuomin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jonathon L Yuly
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ke Sun
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jacob Whitlow
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jesús Valdiviezo
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Departamento de Ciencias, Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Zhendian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David N Beratan
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xin NC, Qin HR, Miao SN, Chen YT, Zheng Y, Han JZ, Zhang JW, Wang LJ. Laser-cooled 171Yb + microwave frequency standard with a short-term frequency instability of 8.5 × 10 -13/√τ. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:14574-14585. [PMID: 35473197 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a microwave frequency standard based on a laser-cooled 171 Y b + ion trap system. The electronics , lasers, and magnetic shields are integrated into a single physical package. With over 105 ions are stably trapped, the system offers a high signal-to-noise ratio Ramsey line-shape. In comparison with previous work, the frequency instability of a 171 Y b + microwave clock was further improved to 8.5×10-13/τ for averaging times between 10 and 1000 s. Essential systematic shifts and uncertainties are also estimated.
Collapse
|
3
|
Mlodik ME, Kolmes EJ, Ochs IE, Fisch NJ. Heat pump via charge incompressibility in a collisional magnetized multi-ion plasma. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:013212. [PMID: 32795044 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.013212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stratification due to ion-ion friction in a magnetized multiple-ion species plasma is shown to be accompanied by a heat pump effect, transferring heat from one ion species to another as well as from one region of space to another. The heat pump is produced via identified heating mechanisms associated with charge incompressibility and the Ettingshausen effect. Besides their academic interest, these effects may have useful applications to plasma technologies that involve rotation or compression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Mlodik
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - E J Kolmes
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - I E Ochs
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - N J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hannig S, Pelzer L, Scharnhorst N, Kramer J, Stepanova M, Xu ZT, Spethmann N, Leroux ID, Mehlstäubler TE, Schmidt PO. Towards a transportable aluminium ion quantum logic optical clock. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:053204. [PMID: 31153262 DOI: 10.1063/1.5090583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of optical clocks featuring fractional frequency uncertainties on the order of 10-17 and below, new applications such as chronometric leveling with few-centimeter height resolution emerge. We are developing a transportable optical clock based on a single trapped aluminum ion, which is interrogated via quantum logic spectroscopy. We employ singly charged calcium as the logic ion for sympathetic cooling, state preparation, and readout. Here, we present a simple and compact physics and laser package for manipulation of 40Ca+. Important features are a segmented multilayer trap with separate loading and probing zones, a compact titanium vacuum chamber, a near-diffraction-limited imaging system with high numerical aperture based on a single biaspheric lens, and an all-in-fiber 40Ca+ repump laser system. We present preliminary estimates of the trap-induced frequency shifts on 27Al+, derived from measurements with a single calcium ion. The micromotion-induced second-order Doppler shift for 27Al+ has been determined to be δνEMMν=-0.4-0.3 +0.4×10-18 and the black-body radiation shift is δνBBR/ν = (-4.0 ± 0.4) × 10-18. Moreover, heating rates of 30 (7) quanta per second at trap frequencies of ωrad,Ca+ ≈ 2π × 2.5 MHz (ωax,Ca+ ≈ 2π × 1.5 MHz) in radial (axial) direction have been measured, enabling interrogation times of a few hundreds of milliseconds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hannig
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - L Pelzer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - N Scharnhorst
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Kramer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Stepanova
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Z T Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - N Spethmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - I D Leroux
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T E Mehlstäubler
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P O Schmidt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shyshlov D, Babikov D. Computational study of cold ions trapped in a double-well potential. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1559956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitri Babikov
- Chemistry Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meir Z, Pinkas M, Sikorsky T, Ben-Shlomi R, Akerman N, Ozeri R. Direct Observation of Atom-Ion Nonequilibrium Sympathetic Cooling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:053402. [PMID: 30118277 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.053402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic cooling is the process of energy exchange between a system and a colder bath. We investigate this fundamental process in an atom-ion experiment where the system is composed of a single ion trapped in a radio-frequency Paul trap and prepared in a classical oscillatory motion with total energy of ∼200 K, and the bath is an ultracold cloud of atoms at μK temperature. We directly observe the sympathetic cooling dynamics with single-shot energy measurements during one to several collisions in two distinct regimes. In one, collisions predominantly cool the system with very efficient momentum transfer leading to cooling in only a few collisions. In the other, collisions can both cool and heat the system due to nonequilibrium dynamics in the presence of the ion trap's oscillating electric fields. While the bulk of our observations agree well with a molecular-dynamics simulation of hard-sphere (Langevin) collisions, a measurement of the scattering angle distribution reveals forward-scattering (glancing) collisions which are beyond the Langevin model. This work paves the way for further nonequilibrium and collision dynamics studies using the well-controlled atom-ion system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Meir
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Meirav Pinkas
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tomas Sikorsky
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruti Ben-Shlomi
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nitzan Akerman
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Roee Ozeri
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang T, Li A, Chen GK, Xie C, Suits AG, Campbell WC, Guo H, Hudson ER. Optical Control of Reactions between Water and Laser-Cooled Be + Ions. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3555-3560. [PMID: 29893569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate reactions between laser-cooled Be+ ions and room-temperature water molecules using an integrated ion trap and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This system allows simultaneous measurement of individual reaction rates that are resolved by reaction product. The rate coefficient of the Be+(2S1/2) + H2O → BeOH+ + H reaction is measured for the first time and is found to be approximately two times smaller than predicted by an ion-dipole capture model. Zero-point-corrected quasi-classical trajectory calculations on a highly accurate potential energy surface for the ground electronic state reveal that the reaction is capture-dominated, but a submerged barrier in the product channel lowers the reactivity. Furthermore, laser excitation of the ions from the 2S1/2 ground state to the 2P3/2 state opens new reaction channels, and we report the rate and branching ratio of the Be+(2P3/2) + H2O → BeOH+ + H and H2O+ + Be reactions. The excited-state reactions are nonadiabatic in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , 710127 Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Gary K Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Changjian Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Arthur G Suits
- Department of Chemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Wesley C Campbell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Eric R Hudson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kanai D, Hasegawa T. A radio-frequency ion trap with string electrodes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:023106. [PMID: 29495808 DOI: 10.1063/1.5011709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A radio-frequency (rf) ion trap with string electrodes is introduced. In this trap configuration, the rf electrodes are made of narrow metal strings, by which a negligibly small portion of light-induced fluorescence (LIF) is blocked. Then the LIF collection solid angle can be maximized. In the demonstration, barium ions are trapped and laser-cooled in the rf trap with string electrodes successfully, and the crystallization is confirmed by the LIF spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kanai
- Department of Physics, Keio University, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taro Hasegawa
- Department of Physics, Keio University, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Condoluci J, Janardan S, Calvin AT, Rugango R, Shu G, Sherrill CD, Brown KR. Reassigning the CaH+ 11Σ → 21Σ vibronic transition with CaD+. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:214309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5016556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Condoluci
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S. Janardan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A. T. Calvin
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - R. Rugango
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - G. Shu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C. D. Sherrill
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - K. R. Brown
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brandl MF, van Mourik MW, Postler L, Nolf A, Lakhmanskiy K, Paiva RR, Möller S, Daniilidis N, Häffner H, Kaushal V, Ruster T, Warschburger C, Kaufmann H, Poschinger UG, Schmidt-Kaler F, Schindler P, Monz T, Blatt R. Cryogenic setup for trapped ion quantum computing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:113103. [PMID: 27910317 DOI: 10.1063/1.4966970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design of a cryogenic setup for trapped ion quantum computing containing a segmented surface electrode trap. The heat shield of our cryostat is designed to attenuate alternating magnetic field noise, resulting in 120 dB reduction of 50 Hz noise along the magnetic field axis. We combine this efficient magnetic shielding with high optical access required for single ion addressing as well as for efficient state detection by placing two lenses each with numerical aperture 0.23 inside the inner heat shield. The cryostat design incorporates vibration isolation to avoid decoherence of optical qubits due to the motion of the cryostat. We measure vibrations of the cryostat of less than ±20 nm over 2 s. In addition to the cryogenic apparatus, we describe the setup required for an operation with 40Ca+ and 88Sr+ ions. The instability of the laser manipulating the optical qubits in 40Ca+ is characterized by yielding a minimum of its Allan deviation of 2.4 ⋅ 10-15 at 0.33 s. To evaluate the performance of the apparatus, we trapped 40Ca+ ions, obtaining a heating rate of 2.14(16) phonons/s and a Gaussian decay of the Ramsey contrast with a 1/e-time of 18.2(8) ms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Brandl
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M W van Mourik
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Postler
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Nolf
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Lakhmanskiy
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R R Paiva
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Möller
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Daniilidis
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H Häffner
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V Kaushal
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ruster
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Warschburger
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Kaufmann
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - U G Poschinger
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Schmidt-Kaler
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Schindler
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Monz
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Blatt
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frimmer M, Gieseler J, Novotny L. Cooling Mechanical Oscillators by Coherent Control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:163601. [PMID: 27792359 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.163601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In optomechanics, electromagnetic fields are harnessed to control a single mode of a mechanically compliant system, while other mechanical degrees of freedom remain unaffected due to the modes' mutual orthogonality and high quality factor. Extension of the optical control beyond the directly addressed mode would require a controlled coupling between mechanical modes. Here, we introduce an optically controlled coupling between two oscillation modes of an optically levitated nanoparticle. We sympathetically cool one oscillation mode by coupling it coherently to the second mode, which is feedback cooled. Furthermore, we demonstrate coherent energy transfer between mechanical modes and discuss its application for ground-state cooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gieseler
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affolter M, Anderegg F, Dubin DHE, Driscoll CF. First Test of Long-Range Collisional Drag via Plasma Wave Damping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:155001. [PMID: 27768331 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.155001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the first experimental confirmation of a new theory predicting enhanced drag due to long-range collisions in a magnetized plasma. The experiments measure damping of Langmuir waves in a multispecies pure ion plasma, which is dominated by interspecies collisional drag in certain regimes. The measured damping rates in these regimes exceed classical predictions of collisional drag damping by as much as an order of magnitude, but agree with the new theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Affolter
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - F Anderegg
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - D H E Dubin
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - C F Driscoll
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schmöger L, Schwarz M, Baumann TM, Versolato OO, Piest B, Pfeifer T, Ullrich J, Schmidt PO, López-Urrutia JRC. Deceleration, precooling, and multi-pass stopping of highly charged ions in Be⁺ Coulomb crystals. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:103111. [PMID: 26520944 DOI: 10.1063/1.4934245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Preparing highly charged ions (HCIs) in a cold and strongly localized state is of particular interest for frequency metrology and tests of possible spatial and temporal variations of the fine structure constant. Our versatile preparation technique is based on the generic modular combination of a pulsed ion source with a cryogenic linear Paul trap. Both instruments are connected by a compact beamline with deceleration and precooling properties. We present its design and commissioning experiments regarding these two functionalities. A pulsed buncher tube allows for the deceleration and longitudinal phase-space compression of the ion pulses. External injection of slow HCIs, specifically Ar(13+), into the linear Paul trap and their subsequent retrapping in the absence of sympathetic cooling is demonstrated. The latter proved to be a necessary prerequisite for the multi-pass stopping of HCIs in continuously laser-cooled Be(+) Coulomb crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Schmöger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T M Baumann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O O Versolato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Piest
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Ullrich
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P O Schmidt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Preparation of cold ions in strong magnetic field and its application to gas-phase NMR spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-015-1189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Luan T, Yao H, Wang L, Li C, Yang S, Chen X, Ma Z. Two-stage crossed beam cooling with ⁶Li and ¹³³Cs atoms in microgravity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:11378-11387. [PMID: 25969232 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.011378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Applying the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method developed for ultracold Bose-Fermi mixture gases research, we study the sympathetic cooling process of 6Li and 133Cs atoms in a crossed optical dipole trap. The obstacles to producing 6Li Fermi degenerate gas via direct sympathetic cooling with 133Cs are also analyzed, by which we find that the side-effect of the gravity is one of the main obstacles. Based on the dynamic nature of 6Li and 133Cs atoms, we suggest a two-stage cooling process with two pairs of crossed beams in microgravity environment. According to our simulations, the temperature of 6Li atoms can be cooled to T = 29.5 pK and T/TF = 0.59 with several thousand atoms, which propose a novel way to get ultracold fermion atoms with quantum degeneracy near pico-Kelvin.
Collapse
|
16
|
Schmoger L, Versolato OO, Schwarz M, Kohnen M, Windberger A, Piest B, Feuchtenbeiner S, Pedregosa-Gutierrez J, Leopold T, Micke P, Hansen AK, Baumann TM, Drewsen M, Ullrich J, Schmidt PO, Lopez-Urrutia JRC. Coulomb crystallization of highly charged ions. Science 2015; 347:1233-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
17
|
Affolter M, Anderegg F, Driscoll CF. Space charge frequency shifts of the cyclotron modes in multi-species ion plasmas. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:330-336. [PMID: 25450158 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Shifts of the cyclotron frequency away from the "bare" cyclotron frequency are observed to be proportional to the total ion density through the E × B rotation frequency, and to the relative concentration of each ion species, in quantitative agreement with analytic theory. These shifts are measured at small excitation amplitudes on the typical center-of-mass m = 1 mode, and also on cyclotron modes with m = 0 and m = 2 azimuthal dependence. The frequency spacing between these modes is proportional to the rotation frequency of the ion cloud, which is controlled and measured using a "rotating wall" and laser-induced fluorescence. These cylindrical ion plasmas consist of Mg(+) isotopes, with H3 O (+) and O2 (+) impurities. It is observed that the shift in the m = 1 cyclotron frequency is larger for the minority species (25)Mg(+) and (26)Mg(+), than for the majority species (24)Mg(+). A simple center-of-mass model is presented, which is in quantitative agreement with these results. It is also shown that this model interprets and expands the intensity dependent calibration equation, (M/q) = A/f + B/f (2) + CI/f (2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Affolter
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jöckel A, Faber A, Kampschulte T, Korppi M, Rakher MT, Treutlein P. Sympathetic cooling of a membrane oscillator in a hybrid mechanical-atomic system. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:55-59. [PMID: 25420032 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic cooling with ultracold atoms and atomic ions enables ultralow temperatures in systems where direct laser or evaporative cooling is not possible. It has so far been limited to the cooling of other microscopic particles, with masses up to 90 times larger than that of the coolant atom. Here, we use ultracold atoms to sympathetically cool the vibrations of a Si3N4 nanomembrane, the mass of which exceeds that of the atomic ensemble by a factor of 10(10). The coupling of atomic and membrane vibrations is mediated by laser light over a macroscopic distance and is enhanced by placing the membrane in an optical cavity. We observe cooling of the membrane vibrations from room temperature to 650 ± 230 mK, exploiting the large atom-membrane cooperativity of our hybrid optomechanical system. With technical improvements, our scheme could provide ground-state cooling and quantum control of low-frequency oscillators such as nanomembranes or levitated nanoparticles, in a regime where purely optomechanical techniques cannot reach the ground state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jöckel
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aline Faber
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Korppi
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Rakher
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Indelicato P, Chardin G, Grandemange P, Lunney D, Manea V, Badertscher A, Crivelli P, Curioni A, Marchionni A, Rossi B, Rubbia A, Nesvizhevsky V, Brook-Roberge D, Comini P, Debu P, Dupré P, Liszkay L, Mansoulié B, Pérez P, Rey JM, Reymond B, Ruiz N, Sacquin Y, Vallage B, Biraben F, Cladé P, Douillet A, Dufour G, Guellati S, Hilico L, Lambrecht A, Guérout R, Karr JP, Nez F, Reynaud S, Szabo CI, Tran VQ, Trapateau J, Mohri A, Yamazaki Y, Charlton M, Eriksson S, Madsen N, van der Werf D, Kuroda N, Torii H, Nagashima Y, Schmidt-Kaler F, Walz J, Wolf S, Hervieux PA, Manfredi G, Voronin A, Froelich P, Wronka S, Staszczak M. The Gbar project, or how does antimatter fall? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-014-1019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
20
|
Sivarajah I, Goodman DS, Wells JE, Narducci FA, Smith WW. Off-resonance energy absorption in a linear Paul trap due to mass selective resonant quenching. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:113101. [PMID: 24289382 DOI: 10.1063/1.4825352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Linear Paul traps (LPT) are used in many experimental studies such as mass spectrometry, atom-ion collisions, and ion-molecule reactions. Mass selective resonant quenching (MSRQ) is implemented in LPT either to identify a charged particle's mass or to remove unwanted ions from a controlled experimental environment. In the latter case, MSRQ can introduce undesired heating to co-trapped ions of different mass, whose secular motion is off resonance with the quenching ac field, which we call off-resonance energy absorption (OREA). We present simulations and experimental evidence that show that the OREA increases exponentially with the number of ions loaded into the trap and with the amplitude of the off-resonance external ac field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Sivarajah
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kaufmann H, Ulm S, Jacob G, Poschinger U, Landa H, Retzker A, Plenio MB, Schmidt-Kaler F. Precise experimental investigation of eigenmodes in a planar ion crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:263003. [PMID: 23368557 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.263003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The accurate characterization of eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of two-dimensional ion crystals provides the foundation for the use of such structures for quantum simulation purposes. We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of two-dimensional ion crystals. We demonstrate that standard pseudopotential theory accurately predicts the positions of the ions and the location of structural transitions between different crystal configurations. However, pseudopotential theory is insufficient to determine eigenfrequencies of the two-dimensional ion crystals accurately but shows significant deviations from the experimental data obtained from resolved sideband spectroscopy. Agreement at the level of 2.5×10(-3) is found with the full time-dependent Coulomb theory using the Floquet-Lyapunov approach and the effect is understood from the dynamics of two-dimensional ion crystals in the Paul trap. The results represent initial steps towards an exploitation of these structures for quantum simulation schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kaufmann
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schwarz M, Versolato OO, Windberger A, Brunner FR, Ballance T, Eberle SN, Ullrich J, Schmidt PO, Hansen AK, Gingell AD, Drewsen M, López-Urrutia JRC. Cryogenic linear Paul trap for cold highly charged ion experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:083115. [PMID: 22938282 DOI: 10.1063/1.4742770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Storage and cooling of highly charged ions require ultra-high vacuum levels obtainable by means of cryogenic methods. We have developed a linear Paul trap operating at 4 K capable of very long ion storage times of about 30 h. A conservative upper bound of the H(2) partial pressure of about 10(-15) mbar (at 4 K) is obtained from this. External ion injection is possible and optimized optical access for lasers is provided, while exposure to black body radiation is minimized. First results of its operation with atomic and molecular ions are presented. An all-solid state laser system at 313 nm has been set up to provide cold Be(+) ions for sympathetic cooling of highly charged ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fuke K, Tona M, Fujihara A, Sakurai M, Ishikawa H. Design and development of a novel nuclear magnetic resonance detection for the gas phase ions by magnetic resonance acceleration technique. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:085106. [PMID: 22938331 DOI: 10.1063/1.4742768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique is a well-established powerful tool to study the physical and chemical properties of a wide range of materials. However, presently, NMR applications are essentially limited to materials in the condensed phase. Although magnetic resonance was originally demonstrated in gas phase molecular beam experiments, no application to gas phase molecular ions has yet been demonstrated. Here, we present a novel principle of NMR detection for gas phase ions based on a "magnetic resonance acceleration" technique and describe the design and construction of an apparatus which we are developing. We also present an experimental technique and some results on the formation and manipulation of cold ion packets in a strong magnetic field, which are the key innovations to detect NMR signal using the present method. We expect this novel method to lead new realm for the study of mass-selected gas-phase ions with interesting applications in both fundamental and applied sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Fuke
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hansen AK, Sørensen MA, Staanum PF, Drewsen M. Single-Ion Recycling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
25
|
Hansen AK, Sørensen MA, Staanum PF, Drewsen M. Single-Ion Recycling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7960-2. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
26
|
Willitsch S. Coulomb-crystallised molecular ions in traps: methods, applications, prospects. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.667221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
27
|
van de Meerakker SYT, Bethlem HL, Vanhaecke N, Meijer G. Manipulation and Control of Molecular Beams. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4828-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrick L. Bethlem
- Institute for Lasers, Life and
Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam,
De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Vanhaecke
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Bâtiment 505, Université Paris-Sud,
91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wells N, Lane IC. Prospects for ultracold carbon via charge exchange reactions and laser cooled carbides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19036-51. [PMID: 21971563 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21304k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to produce an ultracold sample of carbon atoms are explored and assessed with the help of quantum chemistry. After a brief discussion of the experimental difficulties using conventional methods, two strategies are investigated. The first attempts to exploit charge exchange reactions between ultracold metal atoms and sympathetically cooled C(+) ions. Ab initio calculations including electron correlation have been conducted on the molecular ions [LiC](+) and [BeC](+) to determine whether alkali or alkaline earth metals are a suitable buffer gas for the formation of C atoms but strong spontaneous radiative charge exchange ensure they are not ideal. The second technique involves the stimulated production of ultracold C atoms from a gas of laser cooled carbides. Calculations on LiC suggest that the alkali carbides are not suitable but the CH radical is a possible laser cooling candidate thanks to very favourable Frank-Condon factors. A scheme based on a four pulse STIRAP excitation pathway to a Feshbach resonance is outlined for the production of atomic fragments with near zero centre of mass velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Wells
- Innovative Molecular Materials Group, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, UK BT9 5AG
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gingell AD, Bell MT, Oldham JM, Softley TP, Harvey JN. Cold chemistry with electronically excited Ca+ Coulomb crystals. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:194302. [PMID: 21090857 DOI: 10.1063/1.3505142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rate constants for chemical reactions of laser-cooled Ca(+) ions and neutral polar molecules (CH(3)F, CH(2)F(2), or CH(3)Cl) have been measured at low collision energies (<E(coll)>/k(B)=5-243 K). Low kinetic energy ensembles of (40)Ca(+) ions are prepared through Doppler laser cooling to form "Coulomb crystals" in which the ions form a latticelike arrangement in the trapping potential. The trapped ions react with translationally cold beams of polar molecules produced by a quadrupole guide velocity selector or with room-temperature gas admitted into the vacuum chamber. Imaging of the Ca(+) ion fluorescence allows the progress of the reaction to be monitored. Product ions are sympathetically cooled into the crystal structure and are unambiguously identified through resonance-excitation mass spectrometry using just two trapped ions. Variations of the laser-cooling parameters are shown to result in different steady-state populations of the electronic states of (40)Ca(+) involved in the laser-cooling cycle, and these are modeled by solving the optical Bloch equations for the eight-level system. Systematic variation of the steady-state populations over a series of reaction experiments allows the extraction of bimolecular rate constants for reactions of the ground state ((2)S(1/2)) and the combined excited states ((2)D(3/2) and (2)P(1/2)) of (40)Ca(+). These results are analyzed in the context of capture theories and ab initio electronic structure calculations of the reaction profiles. In each case, suppression of the ground state rate constant is explained by the presence of a submerged or real barrier on the ground state potential surface. Rate constants for the excited states are generally found to be in line with capture theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Gingell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Andresen GB, Ashkezari MD, Baquero-Ruiz M, Bertsche W, Bowe PD, Butler E, Cesar CL, Chapman S, Charlton M, Deller A, Eriksson S, Fajans J, Friesen T, Fujiwara MC, Gill DR, Gutierrez A, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayden ME, Humphries AJ, Hydomako R, Jonsell S, Madsen N, Menary S, Nolan P, Olin A, Povilus A, Pusa P, Robicheaux F, Sarid E, Silveira DM, So C, Storey JW, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS, Yamazaki Y. Centrifugal separation and equilibration dynamics in an electron-antiproton plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:145001. [PMID: 21561196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Charges in cold, multiple-species, non-neutral plasmas separate radially by mass, forming centrifugally separated states. Here, we report the first detailed measurements of such states in an electron-antiproton plasma, and the first observations of the separation dynamics in any centrifugally separated system. While the observed equilibrium states are expected and in agreement with theory, the equilibration time is approximately constant over a wide range of parameters, a surprising and as yet unexplained result. Electron-antiproton plasmas play a crucial role in antihydrogen trapping experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G B Andresen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cho J, Bose S, Kim MS. Optical pumping into many-body entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:020504. [PMID: 21405214 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme of optical pumping by which a system of atoms coupled to harmonic oscillators is driven to an entangled steady state through the atomic spontaneous emission. It is shown that the optical pumping can be tailored so that the many-body atomic state asymptotically reaches an arbitrary stabilizer state regardless of the initial state. The proposed scheme can be suited to various physical systems. In particular, the ion-trap realization is well within current technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoon Cho
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wolf AL, Morgenweg J, Koelemeij JCJ, van den Berg SA, Ubachs W, Eikema KSE. Direct frequency-comb spectroscopy of a dipole-forbidden clock transition in trapped 40Ca+ ions. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:49-51. [PMID: 21209683 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate direct frequency-comb (FC) spectroscopy of the dipole-forbidden 4s(2)S(1/2)-3d(2)D(5/2) transition in trapped (40)Ca(+) ions using an unamplified FC laser. The excitation is detected with nearly 100% efficiency using a shelving scheme in combination with single-ion imaging. The method demonstrated here has the potential to reach hertz-level accuracy, if a hertz-level linewidth FC is used in combination with confinement in the Lamb-Dicke regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lisa Wolf
- LaserLaB Amsterdam (Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics) Amsterdam, VU University De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Żuchowski PS, Hutson JM. Cold collisions of N (4S) atoms and NH (3Σ) molecules in magnetic fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3669-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01447h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
34
|
Skomorowski W, González-Martínez ML, Moszynski R, Hutson JM. Cold collisions of an open-shell S-state atom with a 2Π molecule: N(4S) colliding with OH in a magnetic field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19077-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Gabrielse G, Kolthammer WS, McConnell R, Richerme P, Wrubel J, Kalra R, Novitski E, Grzonka D, Oelert W, Sefzick T, Zielinski M, Borbely JS, Fitzakerley D, George MC, Hessels EA, Storry CH, Weel M, Müllers A, Walz J, Speck A. Centrifugal separation of antiprotons and electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:213002. [PMID: 21231298 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.213002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Centrifugal separation of antiprotons and electrons is observed, the first such demonstration with particles that cannot be laser cooled or optically imaged. The spatial separation takes place during the electron cooling of trapped antiprotons, the only method available to produce cryogenic antiprotons for precision tests of fundamental symmetries and for cold antihydrogen studies. The centrifugal separation suggests a new approach for isolating low energy antiprotons and for producing a controlled mixture of antiprotons and electrons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gabrielse
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Recent developments in laser spectroscopy of atomic ions stored in electromagnetic traps are reviewed with emphasis on techniques that appear to hold the greatest promise of attaining extremely high resolution. Among these techniques are laser cooling and the use of single, isolated ions as experimental samples. Doppler shifts and other perturbing influences can be largely eliminated. Atomic resonances with line widths of a few parts in 10(11) have been observed at frequencies ranging from the radio frequency to the ultraviolet. Experimental accuracies of one part in 10(18) appear to be attainable.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Zipkes C, Palzer S, Sias C, Köhl M. A trapped single ion inside a Bose–Einstein condensate. Nature 2010; 464:388-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nature08865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
Kellerbauer A, Canali C, Fischer A, Warring U. Ultracold antiprotons by indirect laser cooling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-009-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
41
|
Wolf AL, van den Berg SA, Ubachs W, Eikema KSE. Direct frequency comb spectroscopy of trapped ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:223901. [PMID: 19658865 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.223901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Direct frequency comb spectroscopy of trapped ions is demonstrated for the first time. It is shown that the 4s ;{2}S_{1/2}-4p ;{2}P_{3/2} transition in calcium ions can be excited directly with a frequency comb laser that is up-converted to 393 nm. Detection of the transition is performed using a shelving scheme to suppress the background signal from nonresonant comb modes. The measured transition frequency of f=761 905 012.7(0.5) MHz presents an improvement in accuracy of more than 2 orders of magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Wolf
- Laser Centre Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Soldán P, Żuchowski PS, Hutson JM. Prospects for sympathetic cooling of polar molecules: NH with alkali-metal and alkaline-earth atoms – a new hope. Faraday Discuss 2009; 142:191-201; discussion 221-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b822769c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
43
|
Asvany O, Ricken O, Müller HSP, Wiedner MC, Giesen TF, Schlemmer S. High-resolution rotational spectroscopy in a cold ion trap: H2D+ and D2H+. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:233004. [PMID: 18643494 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.233004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The lowest-lying 1(01) <-- 0(00) transition of para-H(2)D(+) and 1(11) <-- 0(00) of ortho-D(2)H(+) has been detected by the enhancement of the D/H isotope exchange reaction in collisions with p-H2 upon rotational excitation. These are the first pure rotational spectra of molecular ions by action spectroscopy. For this purpose, a cryogenic multipole ion trap has been combined with narrow-band tunable radiation sources operating in the 1.25 to 1.53 THz range. The low temperature of the ions allows us to determine the astronomically important transitions with a relative precision of Delta nu/nu=10(-8). While the 1 476 605.708(15) MHz line center frequency for the o-D(2)H(+) transition agrees very well with previous unpublished work, the 1 370 084.880(20) MHz line center frequency for the p-H(2)D(+) transition deviates by 61 MHz. Potential future applications of this new approach to rotational spectroscopy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Asvany
- I Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Andresen GB, Bertsche W, Bowe PD, Bray CC, Butler E, Cesar CL, Chapman S, Charlton M, Fajans J, Fujiwara MC, Funakoshi R, Gill DR, Hangst JS, Hardy WN, Hayano RS, Hayden ME, Hydomako R, Jenkins MJ, Jørgensen LV, Kurchaninov L, Lambo R, Madsen N, Nolan P, Olchanski K, Olin A, Povilus A, Pusa P, Robicheaux F, Sarid E, El Nasr SS, Silveira DM, Storey JW, Thompson RI, van der Werf DP, Wurtele JS, Yamazaki Y. Compression of antiproton clouds for antihydrogen trapping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:203401. [PMID: 18518531 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Control of the radial profile of trapped antiproton clouds is critical to trapping antihydrogen. We report the first detailed measurements of the radial manipulation of antiproton clouds, including areal density compressions by factors as large as ten, by manipulating spatially overlapped electron plasmas. We show detailed measurements of the near-axis antiproton radial profile and its relation to that of the electron plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G B Andresen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang XB, Woo HK, Wang LS. Vibrational cooling in a cold ion trap: vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of cold C60(-) anions. J Chem Phys 2007; 123:051106. [PMID: 16108622 DOI: 10.1063/1.1998787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate vibrational cooling of anions via collisions with a background gas in an ion trap attached to a cryogenically controlled cold head (10-400 K). Photoelectron spectra of vibrationally cold C60(-) anions, produced by electrospray ionization and cooled in the cold ion trap, have been obtained. Relative to spectra taken at room temperature, vibrational hot bands are completely eliminated, yielding well-resolved vibrational structures and a more accurate electron affinity for neutral C60. The electron affinity of C60 is measured to be 2.683+/-0.008 eV. The cold spectra reveal complicated vibrational structures for the transition to the C60 ground state due to the Jahn-Teller effect in the ground state of C60(-). Vibrational excitations in the two A(g) modes and eight H(g) modes are observed, providing ideal data to assess the vibronic couplings in C60(-).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ostendorf A, Zhang CB, Wilson MA, Offenberg D, Roth B, Schiller S. Sympathetic cooling of complex molecular ions to millikelvin temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:243005. [PMID: 17280279 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.243005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase singly protonated organic molecules of mass 410 Da (Alexa Fluor 350) have been cooled from ambient temperature to the hundred millikelvin range by Coulomb interaction with laser-cooled barium ions. The molecules were generated by an electrospray ionization source, transferred to and stored in a radio-frequency trap together with the atomic ions. Observations are well described by molecular dynamics simulations, which are used to determine the spatial distribution and thermal energy of the molecules. In one example, an ensemble of 830 laser-cooled 138Ba+ ions cooled 200 molecular ions to less than 115 mK. The demonstrated technique should allow a large variety of protonated molecules to be sympathetically cooled, including molecules of much higher mass, such as proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ostendorf
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lara M, Bohn JL, Potter D, Soldán P, Hutson JM. Ultracold Rb-OH collisions and prospects for sympathetic cooling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:183201. [PMID: 17155539 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.183201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We compute ab initio cross sections for cold collisions of Rb atoms with OH radicals. We predict collision rate constants of order 10(-11) cm3/s at temperatures in the range 10-100 mK at which molecules have already been produced. However, we also find that in these collisions the molecules have a strong propensity for changing their internal state, which could make sympathetic cooling of OH in a Rb buffer gas problematic in magnetostatic or electrostatic traps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lara
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
McNamara JM, Jeltes T, Tychkov AS, Hogervorst W, Vassen W. Degenerate Bose-Fermi mixture of metastable atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:080404. [PMID: 17026284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.080404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of simultaneous quantum degeneracy in a dilute gaseous Bose-Fermi mixture of metastable atoms. Sympathetic cooling of helium-3 (fermion) by helium-4 (boson), both in the lowest triplet state, allows us to produce ensembles containing more than 10(6) atoms of each isotope at temperatures below 1 microK, and achieve a fermionic degeneracy parameter of T/TF = 0.45. Because of their high internal energy, the detection of individual metastable atoms with subnanosecond time resolution is possible, permitting the study of bosonic and fermionic quantum gases with unprecedented precision. This may lead to metastable helium becoming the mainstay of quantum atom optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M McNamara
- Laser Centre, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Blythe P, Roth B, Fröhlich U, Wenz H, Schiller S. Production of ultracold trapped molecular hydrogen ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:183002. [PMID: 16383900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.183002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have cooled ensembles of the molecular hydrogen ions H2+, H3+, and all their deuterated variants to temperatures of a few mK in a radio frequency trap, by sympathetic cooling with laser-cooled beryllium ions. The molecular ions are embedded in the central regions of Coulomb crystals. Mass spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations were used to accurately characterize the properties of the ultracold multispecies crystals. We demonstrate species-selective purification of multispecies ensembles. These molecules are of fundamental importance as the simplest of all molecules, and have the potential to be used for precision tests of molecular structure theory, tests of Lorentz invariance, and measurements of electron to nuclear mass ratios and their time variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Blythe
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schmidt PO, Rosenband T, Langer C, Itano WM, Bergquist JC, Wineland DJ. Spectroscopy Using Quantum Logic. Science 2005; 309:749-52. [PMID: 16051790 DOI: 10.1126/science.1114375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We present a general technique for precision spectroscopy of atoms that lack suitable transitions for efficient laser cooling, internal state preparation, and detection. In our implementation with trapped atomic ions, an auxiliary "logic" ion provides sympathetic laser cooling, state initialization, and detection for a simultaneously trapped "spectroscopy" ion. Detection is achieved by applying a mapping operation to each ion, which results in a coherent transfer of the spectroscopy ion's internal state onto the logic ion, where it is then measured with high efficiency. Experimental realization, by using 9Be+ as the logic ion and 27Al+ as the spectroscopy ion, indicates the feasibility of applying this technique to make accurate optical clocks based on single ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P O Schmidt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|