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Jarosik A, Nádasi H, Schwidder M, Manabe A, Bremer M, Klasen-Memmer M, Eremin A. Fluid fibers in true 3D ferroelectric liquids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313629121. [PMID: 38513103 PMCID: PMC10990086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313629121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate an exceptional ability of a high-polarization 3D ferroelectric liquid to form freely suspended fluid fibers at room temperature. Unlike fluid threads in modulated smectics and columnar phases, where translational order is a prerequisite for forming liquid fibers, recently discovered ferroelectric nematic forms fibers with solely orientational molecular order. Additional stabilization mechanisms based on the polar nature of the mesophase are required for this. We propose a model for such a mechanism and show that these fibers demonstrate an exceptional nonlinear optical response and exhibit electric field-driven instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jarosik
- Department of Nonlinear Phenomena, Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg39106, Germany
| | - Hajnalka Nádasi
- Department of Nonlinear Phenomena, Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg39106, Germany
| | - Michael Schwidder
- Department Industrial Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg39106, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexey Eremin
- Department of Nonlinear Phenomena, Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg39106, Germany
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2
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Wang Y, Li YX, Cseh L, Chen YX, Yang SG, Zeng X, Liu F, Hu W, Ungar G. Enantiomers Self-Sort into Separate Counter-Twisted Ribbons of the Fddd Liquid Crystal─Antiferrochirality and Parachirality. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17443-17460. [PMID: 37523689 PMCID: PMC10416214 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered orthorhombic liquid crystal (LC) phase of symmetry Fddd is proving to be widespread. In this work, a chiral hydroxybutyrate linkage is inserted into the molecular core of hexacatenar rodlike compounds, containing a thienylfluorenone fluorophore. In addition to more usual tools, the methods used include grazing-incidence X-ray scattering, modulated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), flash DSC with rates up to 6000 K/s, and chiro-optical spectroscopies using Mueller matrix method, plus conformational mapping. Although pure R and S enantiomers form only a strongly chiral hexagonal columnar LC phase (Colh*), the racemic mixture forms a highly ordered Fddd phase with 4 right- and 4 left-handed twisted ribbon-like columns traversing its large unit cell. In that structure, the two enantiomers locally deracemize and self-sort into the columns of their preferred chirality. The twisted ribbons in Fddd, with a 7.54 nm pitch, consist of stacked rafts, each containing ∼2 side-by-side molecules, the successive rafts rotated by 17°. In contrast, an analogous achiral compound forms only the columnar phase. The multiple methods used gave a comprehensive picture and helped in-depth understanding not only of the Fddd phase but also of the "parachiral" Colh* in pure enantiomers with irregular helicity, whose chirality is compared to the magnetization of a paramagnet in a field. Unusual short-range ordering effects are also described. An explanation of these phenomena is proposed based on conformational analysis. Surprisingly, the isotropic-columnar transition is extremely fast, completing within ∼20 ms. A clear effect of phase on UV-vis absorption and emission is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Shaanxi
International Research Centre for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Ya-Xin Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liliana Cseh
- Romanian
Academy, Coriolan Dragulescu Institute of Chemistry, Timisoara 300223, Romania
| | - Yong-Xuan Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shu-Gui Yang
- Shaanxi
International Research Centre for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi
International Research Centre for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Wenbing Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Goran Ungar
- Shaanxi
International Research Centre for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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3
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Abstract
Bottom-up materials design by the conceiving of new molecular building blocks is powerful and chemists are uniquely qualified to innovate. Liquid crystals (LCs) and related soft crystals, collectively called mesophases, naturally create materials with dynamic properties. The thermotropic LC state has a liquid-like intermolecular disorder, but the cooperative nature of these materials facilitates a long-range directional order (alignment) that couples strongly to applied electric/magnetic fields and interfaces. Thermotropic LCs are held together by mesogen cores, which are often unsaturated with anisotropic polarizability, and are appended with flexible (often n-alkane) side chains. Thermal excitation of the side chains produces large amplitude motions that drive a melting transition, and the anisotropic attractions between mesogenic cores produce a directional organization that produces the LC order. LCs are liquids as defined by thermodynamics and may not contain three-dimensional (3D) organization. However, in many cases there are 3D ordered phases below the melting temperatures, which are soft (deformable) plastic materials. Unconventional mesogens offer opportunities to create responsive molecular assemblies with optical, electronic, or magnetic activity. I will detail in this account my efforts to control these dynamic states with the goal of creating polar organizations in columnar LCs. The use of molecular shape, dative bonding, and dynamic correlations between molecules in fluid/plastic phases will be highlighted and how applied electric fields can polarize select materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Nanocomposite system of a discotic liquid crystal doped with thiol capped gold nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Rybak P, Krowczynski A, Szydlowska J, Pociecha D, Gorecka E. Chiral columns forming a lattice with a giant unit cell. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2006-2011. [PMID: 35188168 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01585k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesogenic materials, quinoxaline derivatives with semi-flexible cores, are reported to form a new type of 3D columnar phase with a large crystallographic unit cell and Fddd lattice below the columnar hexagonal phase. The 3D columnar structure is a result of frustration imposed by the arrangement of helical columns of opposite chiralities into a triangular lattice. The studied materials exhibit fluorescence properties that could be easily tuned by modification of the molecular structure; for compounds with the extended π electron conjugated systems the fluorescence is quenched. For molecules with a flexible structure the fluorescence quantum yield reaches 25%. On the other hand, compounds with a more rigid mesogenic core, for which the fluorescence is suppressed, show effective photogeneration of charge carriers. For some materials bi-polar hole and electron transport was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rybak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Krowczynski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Szydlowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Damian Pociecha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Gorecka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Kawano SI, Narita K, Ikemoto Y, Sasaki A, Tanaka K. Mesogenic discrete metallofoldamer for columnar liquid crystal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3274-3277. [PMID: 35175273 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A mesogenic metallofoldamer [(1R,R-Ni)2Pd] exhibits thermotropic columnar liquid crystalline properties. The metallofoldamer was prepared from two homochiral crescent-shaped precursors having β-diketonate ligands (1R,R-Ni) through bridging by metal complexation; it exhibited a single helicity owing to the overlapping of both ends. The precursor and metallofoldamer formed similar hexagonal columnar phases. The helical metallofoldamer exhibited the hexagonal columnar phase at the higher temperature range owing to its rigid helical mesogenic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Narita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Yuka Ikemoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Ako Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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7
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Li YX, Gao HF, Zhang RB, Gabana K, Chang Q, Gehring GA, Cheng XH, Zeng XB, Ungar G. A case of antiferrochirality in a liquid crystal phase of counter-rotating staircases. Nat Commun 2022; 13:384. [PMID: 35046396 PMCID: PMC8770800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Helical structures continue to inspire, prompted by examples such as DNA double-helix and alpha-helix in proteins. Most synthetic polymers also crystallize as helices, which relieves steric clashes by twisting, while keeping the molecules straight for their ordered packing. In columnar liquid crystals, which often display useful optoelectronic properties, overall helical chirality can be induced by inclusion of chiral chemical groups or dopants; these bias molecular twist to either left or right, analogous to a magnetic field aligning the spins in a paramagnet. In this work, however, we show that liquid-crystalline columns with long-range helical order can form by spontaneous self-assembly of straight- or bent-rod molecules without inclusion of any chiral moiety. A complex lattice with Fddd symmetry and 8 columns per unit cell (4 right-, 4 left-handed) characterizes this "antiferrochiral" structure. In selected compounds it allows close packing of their fluorescent groups reducing their bandgap and giving them promising light-emitting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Centre for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 450001, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry from Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Bin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Kutlwano Gabana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, E1 2C, UK
| | - Qing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry from Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Gillian A Gehring
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, E1 2C, UK
| | - Xiao-Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry from Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang-Bing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Goran Ungar
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Centre for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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8
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Asphaltenes as novel thermal conductivity enhancers for liquid paraffin: Insight from in silico modeling. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Termine R, Golemme A. Charge Mobility in Discotic Liquid Crystals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E877. [PMID: 33467214 PMCID: PMC7830985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discotic (disk-shaped) molecules or molecular aggregates may form, within a certain temperature range, partially ordered phases, known as discotic liquid crystals, which have been extensively studied in the recent past. On the one hand, this interest was prompted by the fact that they represent models for testing energy and charge transport theories in organic materials. However, their long-range self-assembling properties, potential low cost, ease of processability with a variety of solvents and the relative ease of tailoring their properties via chemical synthesis, drove the attention of researchers also towards the exploitation of their semiconducting properties in organic electronic devices. This review covers recent research on the charge transport properties of discotic mesophases, starting with an introduction to their phase structure, followed by an overview of the models used to describe charge mobility in organic substances in general and in these systems in particular, and by the description of the techniques most commonly used to measure their charge mobility. The reader already familiar or not interested in such details can easily skip these sections and refer to the core section of this work, focusing on the most recent and significant results regarding charge mobility in discotic liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Termine
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM, CNR-NANOTEC SS di Rende, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Della Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
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10
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Shokurov AV, Alexandrova AV, Shcherbina MA, Bakirov AV, Rogachev AV, Yakunin SN, Chvalun SN, Arslanov VV, Selektor SL. Supramolecular control of the structure and receptor properties of an amphiphilic hemicyanine chromoionophore monolayer at the air/water interface. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9857-9863. [PMID: 33048105 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Designing sensors for toxic compounds such as mercury salts in aqueous solutions still remains one of the most pressing tasks of modern chemical research, since many existing systems do not show enough sensitivity and/or response. In this regard, the opportunities offered by supramolecular approaches can be used to improve both these characteristics by creating a new self-organized smart system. Herein, we show that barium cations, that according to the data of X-ray standing waves do not bind directly to the ionophore molecules in the monolayers at the air/water interface, could be used to efficiently preorganize such molecules to achieve supramolecular architecture. We demonstrate that such preorganization ensures both low analyte detection threshold and high fluorescent response. We reveal the interrelation of the monolayer structure and receptor characteristics of a sensory system and show that such cation-induced preorganization in Langmuir monolayers of a hemicyanine dithia-aza-crown-substituted chromoionophore inhibits the formation of non-fluorescent aggregates with low receptor function, and allows the quantitative detection of mercury cations using a ratiometric fluorometric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Shokurov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Alvina V Alexandrova
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Maxim A Shcherbina
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 70, Moscow, 117393, Russia and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 4 Institutsky line, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Artem V Bakirov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 70, Moscow, 117393, Russia
| | - Alexander V Rogachev
- Kurchatov Institute, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov square, 123098 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey N Yakunin
- Kurchatov Institute, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov square, 123098 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey N Chvalun
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 70, Moscow, 117393, Russia and Kurchatov Institute, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov square, 123098 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Arslanov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Sofiya L Selektor
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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11
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Vadra N, Huck-Iriart C, Giovanetti LJ, Di Chenna PH, Cukiernik FD. Supramolecular organogels based on mesogenic 2,7-difunctionalized triphenylenes as a simple system for water content assessment in light alcohols. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04834k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of di-hydroxylated triphenylenes in columnar mesophases and organogels depends on the spacer length and allows water quantification in alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahir Vadra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física and CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales
| | - Cristián Huck-Iriart
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología
- CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Lisandro J. Giovanetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- CONICET
- La Plata
| | - Pablo H. Di Chenna
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
| | - Fabio D. Cukiernik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física and CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales
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12
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Akagi K. Interdisciplinary Chemistry Based on Integration of Liquid Crystals and Conjugated Polymers: Development and Progress. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Akagi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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13
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Shcherbina MA, Borshchev OV, Pleshkova AP, Ponomarenko SA, Chvalun SN. When dendrimers are not better - rational design of nanolayers for high-performance organic electronic devices. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4463-4470. [PMID: 30801586 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several generations of carbosilane dendrimers with quaterthiophene end groups were studied by X-ray scattering in small and wide angles, differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical and atomic force microscopy and molecular modelling. It was established that the semiconducting properties of such materials are determined by the formation of smectic structures in which aliphatic regions, possessing a low degree of the ordering, alternate with highly ordered herring-bone type crystallites formed by aromatic fragments. The presence of long aliphatic spacers in the dendrimers' structure allows easy formation of such crystallites. Such dendrimers assume flattened conformations, as a smectic mesophase is thermodynamically preferable in a wide temperature range. Only in the dendrimers of the fifth generation, as the density of periphery regions increases substantially, π-π stacking of oligothiophene groups is not enough to hold together, and the molecules take on a spherical shape. As a result, extended conducting conjugated regions do not form, and dendrimers of high generations possess comparatively low semiconducting properties. From the technological point of view, quaterthiophene based carbosilane dendrimers are able to form highly uniform functional films. However, the use of lower generation dendrimers is much more preferable, as additional synthetic steps for the production of higher generation compounds do not lead to the improvement of functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Shcherbina
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky line, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, 141700, Russian Federation.
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14
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Shcherbina MA, Chvalun SN. Driving Forces of the Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Systems: Partially Ordered Mesophases. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441806016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Cheng H, Li YX, Zeng XB, Gao H, Cheng X, Ungar G. Trigonal columnar self-assembly of bent phasmid mesogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:156-159. [PMID: 29215099 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06714c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Three compounds with a bent rod-like aromatic core and with three alkoxy chains at each end were synthesised by click reaction. The compounds form a columnar liquid crystal phase with non-centrosymmetric trigonal p31m symmetry, the columns having a 3-arm star-like cross-section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Chemistry Department, Yunnan University, Yunnan 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Ya-Xin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Xiang-Bing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Hongfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Chemistry Department, Yunnan University, Yunnan 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Chemistry Department, Yunnan University, Yunnan 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK. and Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha College Park, Zhejiang, 310018, China
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16
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Hernandez JJ, Zhang H, Chen Y, Rosenthal M, Lingwood MD, Goswami M, Zhu X, Moeller M, Madsen LA, Ivanov DA. Bottom-Up Fabrication of Nanostructured Bicontinuous and Hexagonal Ion-Conducting Polymer Membranes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime J. Hernandez
- CNRS
UMR 7361, Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), 15,
rue Jean Starcky, Mulhouse 68057, France
- Madrid
Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience)
C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Heng Zhang
- Interactive
Materials Research − DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute
of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ying Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Martin Rosenthal
- European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules
Horowitz, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Mark D. Lingwood
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s College of California, 1928 Saint
Mary’s Road, Moraga, California 94575, United States
| | - Mithun Goswami
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- Interactive
Materials Research − DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute
of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- Interactive
Materials Research − DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute
of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- CNRS
UMR 7361, Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), 15,
rue Jean Starcky, Mulhouse 68057, France
- Faculty of
Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-51 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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17
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Wang J, Liu XQ, Ren XK, Zhang B, Yang S, Cao Y, Liu F, Lotz B, Chen EQ. Helical Polyacetylene-Based Switchable Chiral Columnar Phases: Frustrated Chain Packing and Two-Way Shape Actuator. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2387-91. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Kui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Bernard Lotz
- Institut Charles Sadron; CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg 67034 France
| | - Er-Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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18
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Polymerizable wedge-shaped ionic liquid crystals for fabrication of ion-conducting membranes: Impact of the counterion on the phase structure and conductivity. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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X-ray characterization of mesophases of human telomeric G-quadruplexes and other DNA analogues. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27079. [PMID: 27249961 PMCID: PMC4890033 DOI: 10.1038/srep27079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Observed in the folds of guanine-rich oligonucleotides, non-canonical G-quadruplex structures are based on G-quartets formed by hydrogen bonding and cation-coordination of guanosines. In dilute 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP) solutions, G-quartets form by the self-assembly of four GMP nucleotides. We use x-ray diffraction to characterize the columnar liquid-crystalline mesophases in concentrated solutions of various model G-quadruplexes. We then probe the transitions between mesophases by varying the PEG solution osmotic pressure, thus mimicking in vivo molecular crowding conditions. Using the GMP-quadruplex, built by the stacking of G-quartets with no covalent linking between them, as the baseline, we report the liquid-crystalline phase behaviors of two other related G-quadruplexes: (i) the intramolecular parallel-stranded G-quadruplex formed by the 22-mer four-repeat human telomeric sequence AG3(TTAG3)3 and (ii) the intermolecular parallel-stranded G-quadruplex formed by the TG4T oligonucleotides. Finally, we compare the mesophases of the G-quadruplexes, under PEG-induced crowding conditions, with the corresponding mesophases of the canonical duplex and triplex DNA analogues.
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20
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Wöhrle T, Wurzbach I, Kirres J, Kostidou A, Kapernaum N, Litterscheidt J, Haenle JC, Staffeld P, Baro A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Discotic Liquid Crystals. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1139-241. [PMID: 26483267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wöhrle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Wurzbach
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Kirres
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonia Kostidou
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Litterscheidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Christian Haenle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Staffeld
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Tschierske C, Ungar G. Mirror Symmetry Breaking by Chirality Synchronisation in Liquids and Liquid Crystals of Achiral Molecules. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:9-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes Str. 2 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Physics; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Xiasha College Park 310018 Hangzhou China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S1 3JD Sheffield UK
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22
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Cseh L, Mang X, Zeng X, Liu F, Mehl GH, Ungar G, Siligardi G. Helically Twisted Chiral Arrays of Gold Nanoparticles Coated with a Cholesterol Mesogen. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12736-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Cseh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaobin Mang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Feng Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- State
Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, PR China
| | - Georg H. Mehl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department
of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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23
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Całus S, Kityk AV, Borowik L, Lefort R, Morineau D, Krause C, Schönhals A, Busch M, Huber P. High-resolution dielectric study reveals pore-size-dependent orientational order of a discotic liquid crystal confined in tubular nanopores. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:012503. [PMID: 26274191 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.012503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-resolution dielectric study on a pyrene-based discotic liquid crystal (DLC) in the bulk state and confined in parallel tubular nanopores of monolithic silica and alumina membranes. The positive dielectric anisotropy of the DLC molecule at low frequencies (in the quasistatic case) allows us to explore the thermotropic collective orientational order. A face-on arrangement of the molecular discs on the pore walls and a corresponding radial arrangement of the molecules is found. In contrast to the bulk, the isotropic-to-columnar transition of the confined DLC is continuous, shifts with decreasing pore diameter to lower temperatures, and exhibits a pronounced hysteresis between cooling and heating. These findings corroborate conclusions from previous neutron and x-ray-scattering experiments as well as optical birefringence measurements. Our study also indicates that the relative simple dielectric technique presented here is a quite efficient method in order to study the thermotropic orientational order of DLC-based nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Całus
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Andriy V Kityk
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Lech Borowik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Ronan Lefort
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Denis Morineau
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Christina Krause
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Busch
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), D-21073 Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), D-21073 Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
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24
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Park S, Cho BK. Sequential phase transformation of propeller-like C3-symmetric liquid crystals from a helical to ordered to disordered hexagonal columnar structure. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:94-101. [PMID: 25370808 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report thermally induced intercolumnar phase transitions of C3-symmetric liquid crystals (LCs) bearing a triazole-based propeller-like aromatic mesogen. Since the constituting aromatic rings are conjugated through rotatable single bonds, the mesogenic shape is tuneable depending on the degree of conformational motion. Molecule 1 with ninefold octyl peripheries shows a hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline phase transition from ordered mesogenic stacking to disordered mesogenic stacking upon heating. On the other hand, molecule 2 with sixfold octyl peripheries displays a helical hexagonal columnar phase with the P6/mmm space group at ambient temperature as well as the ordered and disordered hexagonal columnar phases at higher temperatures. The intracolumnar helical order can be understood by an interdigitated stacking of the propeller-like mesogens along the columnar axis and the optimized space-filling. Notably, all the intercolumnar phase transformations in this study are revealed as second-order transitions. The thermodynamic nature agrees well with the fact that the conformational motions of the C3-symmetric aromatic mesogen change abruptly with each columnar transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do 448-701, Korea.
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25
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Segura JL, Juárez R, Ramos M, Seoane C. Hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) derivatives: from synthesis to molecular design, self-organization and device applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6850-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The creativity and inventiveness of chemists working with the 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) building block is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Segura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Rafael Juárez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Mar Ramos
- Department of Environmental and Technological Chemistry
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Madrid 28933
- Spain
| | - Carlos Seoane
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
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26
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Chu M, Scioneaux AN, Hartley CS. Solution-phase dimerization of an oblong shape-persistent macrocycle. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9009-17. [PMID: 25185081 DOI: 10.1021/jo501260c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new shape-persistent macrocycle comprising two 2,3-triphenylene moieties bridged by m-phenylene ethynylenes has been synthesized. UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies indicate limited interaction between the two triphenylene units. The compound, which has a pronounced oblong shape (the core measures approximately 2.2 × 1.0 nm), aggregates in CDCl3 and toluene-d8 to give stacked dimers, as indicated by the (1)H NMR signals corresponding to protons on or near the core, which shift upfield with increasing concentration. These changes in NMR shielding were modeled using DFT calculations on candidate dimer geometries. The best match to the experimental data was obtained for a dimer consisting of arene-arene stacking by 3.6 Å (on average) with a displacement along the molecular long axis of 3.5-4.0 Å. This displacement is larger than can be explained by the electronic effects of aromatic stacking interactions. Instead, the minimization of steric interactions between the side chains appears to control the dimer geometry, with the alkoxy groups of one molecule sliding into registry with the gaps along the periphery of the other. Such lateral displacement (as opposed to rotation) is a direct consequence of the extended oval shape of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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27
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Shu J, Dudenko D, Esmaeili M, Park JH, Puniredd SR, Chang JY, Breiby DW, Pisula W, Hansen MR. Coexistence of helical morphologies in columnar stacks of star-shaped discotic hydrazones. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11075-86. [PMID: 23829567 DOI: 10.1021/ja4029186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Discotic hydrazone molecules are of particular interest as they form discotic phases where the discs are rigidified by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Here, we investigate the thermotropic behavior and solid-state organizations of three discotic hydrazone derivatives with dendritic groups attached to their outer peripheries, containing six, eight, and ten carbons of linear alkoxy chains. On the basis of two-dimensional wide angle X-ray scattering (2DWAXS), the elevated temperature liquid crystalline (LC) phases were assigned to a hexagonal columnar (Colh) organization with nontilted hydrazone discs for all three compounds. With WAXS, advanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) techniques, and ab initio computations, the compounds with six and ten carbons of achiral alkoxy side chains were further subjected to studies at 25 °C, revealing complex crystalline phases with rigid columns and flexible side chains. This combined approach led to models of coexisting helical columnar stacking morphologies for both systems with two different tilt/pitch angles between successive hydrazone molecules. The differences in tilt/pitch angles between the two compounds illustrate that the columns with short alkoxy chains (six carbons) are more influenced by the presence of other stacks in their vicinity, while those with long side chains are less tilted due to a larger alkoxy (ten carbons) buffer zone. The formation of different packing morphologies in the crystalline phase of a columnar LC has rarely been reported so far, which suggests the possibility of complex stacking structures of similar organic LC systems, utilizing small molecules as potential materials for applications in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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28
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McKenzie I, Cammidge AN, Gopee H, Dilger H, Scheuermann R, Stoykov A, Jayasooriya UA. Muoniated spin probes in the discotic liquid crystal HHTT: rapid electron spin relaxation in the hexagonal columnar and isotropic phases. Phys Rev E 2013; 87:012504. [PMID: 23410346 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.012504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Avoided level crossing muon spin resonance (ALC-μSR) spectroscopy was used to study radicals produced by the addition of the light hydrogen isotope muonium (Mu) to the discotic liquid crystal (DLC) 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahexylthiotriphenylene (HHTT). Mu adds to the secondary carbon atoms of HHTT to produce a substituted cyclohexadienyl radical, whose identity was confirmed by comparing the measured hyperfine coupling constants with values obtained from DFT calculations. ALC-μSR spectra were obtained in the isotropic (I), hexagonal columnar (Col(h)), helical (H), and crystalline (Cr) phases. In the I and Col(h) phases the radicals, which are incorporated within the stacks of HHTT molecules as isolated paramagnetic defects, undergo extremely rapid electron spin relaxation, on the order of a hundredfold faster than in the H or Cr phases. The electron spin relaxation rate increases significantly with increasing temperature and appears to be caused by the liquidlike motion within the columns, which modulates the overlap between the π system of the radical and the π systems of the neighboring HHTT molecules, and hence, the hyperfine coupling constants. Rapid electron spin relaxation should occur for any π radical incorporated within the columns of a DLC, which may limit the utility of DLCs for future spin-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2A3.
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29
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Roy B, De N, Majumdar KC. Advances in Metal-Free Heterocycle-Based Columnar Liquid Crystals. Chemistry 2012; 18:14560-88. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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New chiral discotics with helical organization of the mesophase—liquid crystalline derivatives of dibenzotetraaza[14]annulene. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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van Houtem MHCJ, Benaskar F, Fitié CFC, Martín-Rapún R, Vekemans JAJM, Meijer EW. Helical self-assembly and co-assembly of fluorinated, preorganized discotics. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5898-908. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25385b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Lamarra M, Muccioli L, Orlandi S, Zannoni C. Temperature dependence of charge mobility in model discotic liquid crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5368-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23178f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Hansen MR, Feng X, Macho V, Müllen K, Spiess HW, Floudas G. Fast and slow dynamics in a discotic liquid crystal with regions of columnar order and disorder. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:257801. [PMID: 22243114 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.257801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic disk-shaped molecules tend to self-organize into a herringbone packing where the disks are inclined at angles ±θ with respect to the axis of the column. In discotic liquid crystals this can introduce defects between stacks of limited length. In a C(3)-symmetric hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, solid-state NMR, x-ray scattering, and rheology identifies such a packing with θ=43° and stacks of about seven disks. Disordered regions containing defects fill the space in between the ordered stacks. Biaxial intra- and intercolumnar dynamics differing by eight decades are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hansen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, D-55021 Mainz, Germany.
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34
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Suda K, Akagi K. Self-Assembled Helical Conjugated Poly(m-phenylene) Derivatives That Afford Whiskers with Hexagonal Columnar Packed Structure. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201846m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Suda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan)
| | - Kazuo Akagi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan)
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35
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Haverkate LA, Zbiri M, Johnson MR, Deme B, Mulder FM, Kearley GJ. Conformation, defects, and dynamics of a discotic liquid crystal and their influence on charge transport. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:13809-16. [PMID: 21977967 DOI: 10.1021/jp2068478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Future applications of discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) in electronic devices depend on a marked improvement of their conductivity properties. We present a study of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexakishexyloxytriphenylene (HAT6) and show how local conformation, structural defects, and thermal motions on the picosecond time scale strongly affect the efficient charge transport in DLCs. A direct and successful comparison of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with both neutron powder diffraction and quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) give a full insight into the structural and dynamical properties of HAT6. The local conformation of HAT6 molecules is characterized by a mutual rotation (twist) angle of about 37° and typically a mutual aromatic-core distance of 3.4 Å instead of the average distance of 3.65 Å usually quoted. We show that a considerable number of structural traps is present in HAT6, which persist at the picosecond time scale. We find that the high disorder in the mutual positions of the aromatic cores is an important factor contributing to the limited conductivity of HAT6 compared to larger DLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Haverkate
- RID, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB Delft, The Netherlands
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36
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Stevensson B, Marini A, Zimmermann H, Maliniak A. Carbon-13 NMR Chemical Shifts in Columnar Liquid Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:7561-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2027669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baltzar Stevensson
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Marini
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Universittà degli Studi di Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Herbert Zimmermann
- Department of Biophysics, Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnold Maliniak
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Chvalun SN, Blackwell J, Kwon YK, Percec V. Small angle x-ray analysis of the effect of temperature on the self-assembling columnar structures formed by a polymethacrylate with highly tapered side groups and by one of its low molar mass precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19971180186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Savage RC, Mativetsky JM, Orgiu E, Palma M, Gbabode G, Geerts YH, Samorì P. Integration of self-assembled discotic-based fibres into field-effect transistors: a comparison of preparation approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Metzroth T, Hoffmann A, Martín-Rapún R, Smulders MMJ, Pieterse K, Palmans ARA, Vekemans JAJM, Meijer EW, Spiess HW, Gauss J. Unravelling the fine structure of stacked bipyridine diamine-derived C3-discotics as determined by X-ray diffraction, quantum-chemical calculations, Fast-MAS NMR and CD spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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McMahon DP, Troisi A. Organic semiconductors: impact of disorder at different timescales. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2067-74. [PMID: 20540142 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The charge transport in organic materials, from molecular crystals to polymers, is determined by their degree of disorder. The dynamic disorder in ideal molecular crystals at room temperature and the static disorder in disordered polymers are just two limiting cases of the timescale of the fluctuations in the electronic Hamiltonian caused by nuclear motions. In fact, a very large number of important materials (e.g. liquid crystalline semiconductors) are actually in an intermediate regime where the disorder is neither purely static nor purely dynamic. This Minireview discusses the recent contribution of computational chemistry (molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry) to the characterization of these transport regimes and outlines the theoretical methods that can be used to relate the system characteristics to the measurable mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P McMahon
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Pisula W, Feng X, Müllen K. Tuning the columnar organization of discotic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3634-3649. [PMID: 20652899 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Memmer R. Computer simulation of chiral liquid crystal phases - VII. The Chiral Gay-Berne Discogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19981020804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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van Houtem M, Martín-Rapún R, Vekemans J, Meijer E. Desymmetrization of 3,3′-Bis(acylamino)-2,2′-bipyridine-Based Discotics: The High Fidelity of Their Self-Assembly Behavior in the Liquid-Crystalline State and in Solution. Chemistry 2010; 16:2258-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nagayama H, Varshney S, Goto M, Araoka F, Ishikawa K, Prasad V, Takezoe H. Spontaneous Deracemization of Disc‐like Molecules in the Columnar Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:445-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagayama
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
| | - Sanjay Kumar Varshney
- Centre for Liquid Crystal Research, Post Box No. 1329, Jalahall, Bangalore, 560013 (India)
| | - Masanao Goto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
| | - Fumito Araoka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
| | - Ken Ishikawa
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
| | - Veena Prasad
- Centre for Liquid Crystal Research, Post Box No. 1329, Jalahall, Bangalore, 560013 (India)
| | - Hideo Takezoe
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
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Wicklein A, Kohn P, Ghazaryan L, Thurn-Albrecht T, Thelakkat M. Synthesis and structure elucidation of discotic liquid crystalline perylene imide benzimidazole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2328-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b921476c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nagayama H, Varshney S, Goto M, Araoka F, Ishikawa K, Prasad V, Takezoe H. Spontaneous Deracemization of Disc‐like Molecules in the Columnar Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagayama
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
| | - Sanjay Kumar Varshney
- Centre for Liquid Crystal Research, Post Box No. 1329, Jalahall, Bangalore, 560013 (India)
| | - Masanao Goto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
| | - Fumito Araoka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
| | - Ken Ishikawa
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
| | - Veena Prasad
- Centre for Liquid Crystal Research, Post Box No. 1329, Jalahall, Bangalore, 560013 (India)
| | - Hideo Takezoe
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O‐Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2876
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Shcherbina MA, Zeng XB, Tadjiev T, Ungar G, Eichhorn SH, Phillips KES, Katz TJ. Hollow six-stranded helical columns of a helicene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7837-40. [PMID: 19739171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Shcherbina
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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Shcherbina M, Zeng XB, Tadjiev T, Ungar G, Eichhorn S, Phillips K, Katz T. Hollow Six-Stranded Helical Columns of a Helicene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Martín-Rapún R, Byelov D, Palmans ARA, de Jeu WH, Meijer EW. Lyomesophases of C3-symmetrical bipyridine-based discs in alkanes: an X-ray diffraction study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:8794-8801. [PMID: 20050050 DOI: 10.1021/la9003017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the role of alkane solvents in the self-assembly process of pi-conjugated molecules is well recognized but hardly understood. Here we present our results on the X-ray diffraction studies that we conducted to gain insight into the supramolecular structure of mixtures of a bipyridine-based molecule (1) with alkanes. Independent of the alkane used (linear or branched), above x(w) > 0.06 (with x(w) being the weight fraction of 1) the mixtures show lyotropic liquid-crystalline behavior. The nature of the lyomesophase depends only on x(w) and not on the nature of the alkane (linear or branched). A columnar rectangular phase is present when x(w) > 0.66. Upon dilution of 1, a columnar hexagonal phase is assigned first (0.50 < x(w) < 0.65), and finally a columnar nematic phase is observed when x(w) < 0.50. Concentration-dependent SAXD measurements revealed that the dilution of 1 can be viewed as a swelling process. First, solvent molecules occupy space between the columns formed by 1, which are not disrupted. This process can quantitatively be described by a 2D swelling model. Only at lower concentrations does 3D swelling start as the columns start breaking into shorter fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martín-Rapún
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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