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Sun Z, Zhang D, Qi Z, Wang Q, Sun X, Liang K, Dong F, Zhao Y, Zou D, Li L, Wu G, Shen W, Liu S. Insight into Interfacial Heat Transfer of β-Ga 2O 3/Diamond Heterostructures via the Machine Learning Potential. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38833630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
β-Ga2O3 is an ultrawide-band gap semiconductor with excellent potential for high-power and ultraviolet optoelectronic device applications. Low thermal conductivity is one of the major obstacles to enable the full performance of β-Ga2O3-based devices. A promising solution for this problem is to integrate β-Ga2O3 with a diamond heat sink. However, the thermal properties of the β-Ga2O3/diamond heterostructures after the interfacial bonding have not been studied extensively, which are influenced by the crystal orientations and interfacial atoms for the β-Ga2O3 and diamond interfaces. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations based on machine learning potential have been adopted to investigate the crystal-orientation-dependent and interfacial-atom-dependent thermal boundary resistance (TBR) of the β-Ga2O3/diamond heterostructure after interfacial bonding. The differences in TBR at different interfaces are explained in detail through the explorations of thermal conductivity value, thermal conductivity spectra, vibration density of states, and interfacial structures. Based on the above explorations, a further understanding of the influence of different crystal orientations and interfacial atoms on the β-Ga2O3/diamond heterostructure was achieved. Finally, insightful optimization strategies have been proposed in the study, which could pave the way for better thermal design and management of β-Ga2O3/diamond heterostructures according to guidance in the selection of the crystal orientations and interfacial atoms of the β-Ga2O3 and diamond interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Sun
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zijun Qi
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qijun Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kang Liang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fang Dong
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electronic Manufacturing and Packaging Integration, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Diwei Zou
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lijie Li
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Gai Wu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electronic Manufacturing and Packaging Integration, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electronic Manufacturing and Packaging Integration, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Feng T, Zhou H, Cheng Z, Larkin LS, Neupane MR. A Critical Review of Thermal Boundary Conductance across Wide and Ultrawide Bandgap Semiconductor Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37326498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of wide and ultrawide bandgap semiconductors has revolutionized the advancement of next-generation power, radio frequency, and opto- electronics, paving the way for chargers, renewable energy inverters, 5G base stations, satellite communications, radars, and light-emitting diodes. However, the thermal boundary resistance at semiconductor interfaces accounts for a large portion of the near-junction thermal resistance, impeding heat dissipation and becoming a bottleneck in the devices' development. Over the past two decades, many new ultrahigh thermal conductivity materials have emerged as potential substrates, and numerous novel growth, integration, and characterization techniques have emerged to improve the TBC, holding great promise for efficient cooling. At the same time, numerous simulation methods have been developed to advance the understanding and prediction of TBC. Despite these advancements, the existing literature reports are widely dispersed, presenting varying TBC results even on the same heterostructure, and there is a large gap between experiments and simulations. Herein, we comprehensively review the various experimental and simulation works that reported TBCs of wide and ultrawide bandgap semiconductor heterostructures, aiming to build a structure-property relationship between TBCs and interfacial nanostructures and to further boost the TBCs. The advantages and disadvantages of various experimental and theoretical methods are summarized. Future directions for experimental and theoretical research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Zhe Cheng
- School of Integrated Circuits and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Leighann Sarah Larkin
- Army Research Directorate (ARD), DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20708, United States
| | - Mahesh R Neupane
- Army Research Directorate (ARD), DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20708, United States
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Hu S, Chen J, Liang J, Luo J, Shi W, Yuan J, Chen Y, Chen L, Chen Z, Liu GS, Luo Y. Hyperbolic-Metamaterials-Based SPR Temperature Sensor Enhanced by a Nanodiamond-PDMS Hybrid for High Sensitivity and Fast Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42412-42419. [PMID: 36070359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber sensor is proposed with hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), nanodiamonds (NDs), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to enhance the temperature sensitivity and response time. The HMM with tunable dispersion can break through the structural limitations of the optical fiber to improve the refractive index (RI) sensitivity, while NDs and PDMS with large thermo-optic coefficients enable to induce significant RI change under varied thermal fields. The ternary composite endows the sensor with a high temperature sensitivity of -9.021 nm/°C, which is 28.6 times higher than that of the conventional gold film-based SPR sensor. Furthermore, NDs with high thermal conductivity (2200 W/mK) effectively expedite the thermal response of PDMS, which reduces the response time from 80 to 6 s. It is believed that the proposed sensors with high sensitivity, fast response time, and compact size have great potential for applications in industrial production, healthcare, environmental monitoring, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiayao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junhao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiajia Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weicheng Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinming Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yaofei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gui-Shi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Chen G, Wang W, Lin F, Zhang M, Wei Q, Yu C, Wang H. Electrical Characteristics of Diamond MOSFET with 2DHG on a Heteroepitaxial Diamond Substrate. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072557. [PMID: 35407888 PMCID: PMC8999921 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this work, hydrogen-terminated diamond (H-diamond) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) on a heteroepitaxial diamond substrate with an Al2O3 dielectric and a passivation layer were characterized. The full-width at half maximum value of the diamond (004) X-ray rocking curve was 205.9 arcsec. The maximum output current density and transconductance of the MOSFET were 172 mA/mm and 10.4 mS/mm, respectively. The effect of a low-temperature annealing process on electrical properties was also investigated. After the annealing process in N2 atmosphere, the threshold voltage (Vth) and flat-band voltage (VFB) shifts to negative direction due to loss of negative charges. After annealing at 423 K for 3 min, the maximum value of hole field effective mobility (μeff) increases by 27% at Vth − VGS = 2 V. The results, which are not inferior to those based on homoepitaxial diamond, promote the application of heteroepitaxial diamond in the field of electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (G.C.); (W.W.); (F.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Institute of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (G.C.); (W.W.); (F.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Institute of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (G.C.); (W.W.); (F.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Institute of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (G.C.); (W.W.); (F.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Institute of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (G.C.); (W.W.); (F.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Institute of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Cui Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Application Specific Integrated Circuit, Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (H.-X.W.)
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (G.C.); (W.W.); (F.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Institute of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (H.-X.W.)
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5
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Guo G, Yang X, Carrete J, Li W. Revisiting the thermal conductivity of Si, Ge and diamond from first principles: roles of atomic mass and interatomic potential. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:285702. [PMID: 33930883 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abfd4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The thermal conductivity (κ) of nonmetals is determined by the constituent atoms, the crystal structure and interatomic potentials. Although the group-IV elemental solids Si, Ge and diamond have been studied extensively, a detailed understanding of the connection between the fundamental features of their energy landscapes and their thermal transport properties is still lacking. Here, starting from first principles, we analyze those factors, including the atomic mass (m) and the second- (harmonic) and third-order (anharmonic) interatomic force constants (IFCs). Both the second- and third-order IFCs of Si and Ge are very similar, and thus Si and Ge represent ideal systems to understand how the atomic mass alone affectsκ. Although the group velocity (v) decreases with increasing atomic mass (v-1∝m), the phonon lifetime (τ) follows the opposite trend (τ∝m). Since the contribution toκfrom each phonon mode is approximately proportionalv2τ,κis lower for the heavier element, namely Ge. Although the extremely high thermal conductivity of diamond is often attributed to weak anharmonic scattering, the anharmonic component of the interatomic potential is not much weaker than those of Si and Ge, which seems to be overlooked in the literature. In fact, the absolute magnitude of the third-order IFCs is much larger in diamond, and the ratios of the third-order IFCs with respect to the second-order ones are comparable to those of Si and Ge. We also explain the experimentally measuredκof high-quality diamonds (Inyushikinet al2018Phys. Rev. B97144305) by introducing boundary scattering into the picture, and obtain good agreement between calculations and measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Guo
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jesús Carrete
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wu Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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6
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Shi L, Ma X, Li M, Zhong Y, Yang L, Yin W, He X. Molecular dynamics simulation of phonon thermal transport in nanotwinned diamond with a new optimized Tersoff potential. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8336-8343. [PMID: 33875998 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inaccuracy of the most widely used potentials in calculating the phonon transport of sp3 carbon materials hinders the use of molecular dynamics simulations for revealing the underlying mechanism of phonon transport in diamond and related materials. Here, we introduce an optimized Tersoff potential by optimizing the parameters to fit the experimentally determined phonon dispersion in diamond along the high-symmetry directions. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed using this new potential to investigate the phonon thermal transport in flawless and nanotwinned diamond. The simulation results show that while the phonon lifetimes of nanotwinned diamond are slightly lower than those of the flawless one, the phonon group velocities of nanotwinned diamond are obviously lower than those of diamond. The present results indicate that the twin boundaries in diamond are ineffective in scattering the phonons and the lower thermal conductivity of the nanotwinned diamond mainly originates from the lower group velocities due to its reduced structural rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Shi
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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Isotope Effect in Thermal Conductivity of Polycrystalline CVD-Diamond: Experiment and Theory. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We measured the thermal conductivity κ(T) of polycrystalline diamond with natural (natC) and isotopically enriched (12C content up to 99.96 at.%) compositions over a broad temperature T range, from 5 to 410 K. The high quality polycrystalline diamond wafers were produced by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition in CH4-H2 mixtures. The thermal conductivity of 12C diamond along the wafer, as precisely determined using a steady-state longitudinal heat flow method, exceeds much that of the natC sample at T>60 K. The enriched sample demonstrates the value of κ(298K)=25.1±0.5 W cm−1 K−1 that is higher than the ever reported conductivity of natural and synthetic single crystalline diamonds with natural isotopic composition. A phenomenological theoretical model based on the full version of Callaway theory of thermal conductivity is developed which provides a good approximation of the experimental data. The role of different resistive scattering processes, including due to minor isotope 13C atoms, defects, and grain boundaries, is estimated from the data analysis. The model predicts about a 37% increase of thermal conductivity for impurity and dislocation free polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-diamond with the 12C-enriched isotopic composition at room temperature.
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8
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Kundu A, Yang X, Ma J, Feng T, Carrete J, Ruan X, Madsen GKH, Li W. Ultrahigh Thermal Conductivity of θ-Phase Tantalum Nitride. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:115901. [PMID: 33798386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracting long-lasting performance from electronic devices and improving their reliability through effective heat management requires good thermal conductors. Taking both three- and four-phonon scattering as well as electron-phonon and isotope scattering into account, we predict that semimetallic θ-phase tantalum nitride (θ-TaN) has an ultrahigh thermal conductivity (κ), of 995 and 820 W m^{-1} K^{-1} at room temperature along the a and c axes, respectively. Phonons are found to be the main heat carriers, and the high κ hinges on a particular combination of factors: weak electron-phonon scattering, low isotopic mass disorder, and a large frequency gap between acoustic and optical phonon modes that, together with acoustic bunching, impedes three-phonon processes. On the other hand, four-phonon scattering is found to be significant. This study provides new insight into heat conduction in semimetallic solids and extends the search for high-κ materials into the realms of semimetals and noncubic crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Kundu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tianli Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jesús Carrete
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiulin Ruan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and the Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2088, USA
| | - Georg K H Madsen
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wu Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Field DE, Cuenca JA, Smith M, Fairclough SM, Massabuau FCP, Pomeroy JW, Williams O, Oliver RA, Thayne I, Kuball M. Crystalline Interlayers for Reducing the Effective Thermal Boundary Resistance in GaN-on-Diamond. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54138-54145. [PMID: 33196180 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrating diamond with GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) improves thermal management, ultimately increasing the reliability and performance of high-power high-frequency radio frequency amplifiers. Conventionally, an amorphous interlayer is used before growing polycrystalline diamond onto GaN in these devices. This layer contributes significantly to the effective thermal boundary resistance (TBReff) between the GaN HEMT and the diamond, reducing the benefit of the diamond heat spreader. Replacing the amorphous interlayer with a higher thermal conductivity crystalline material would reduce TBReff and help to enable the full potential of GaN-on-diamond devices. In this work, a crystalline Al0.32Ga0.68N interlayer has been integrated into a GaN/AlGaN HEMT device epitaxy. Two samples were studied, one with diamond grown directly on the AlGaN interlayer and another incorporating a thin crystalline SiC layer between AlGaN and diamond. The TBReff, measured using transient thermoreflectance, was improved for the sample with SiC (30 ± 5 m2 K GW-1) compared to the sample without (107 ± 44 m2 K GW-1). The reduced TBReff is thought to arise from improved adhesion between SiC and the diamond compared to the diamond directly on AlGaN because of an increased propensity for carbide bond formation between SiC and the diamond. The stronger carbide bonds aid transmission of phonons across the interface, improving heat transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Field
- Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability, H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
- Centre for Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Jerome A Cuenca
- Diamond Foundry, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Cardiff, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K
| | - Matthew Smith
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Simon M Fairclough
- Cambridge Centre for Gallium Nitride, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Fabien C-P Massabuau
- Cambridge Centre for Gallium Nitride, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, U.K
| | - James W Pomeroy
- Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability, H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
| | - Oliver Williams
- Diamond Foundry, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Cardiff, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K
| | - Rachel A Oliver
- Cambridge Centre for Gallium Nitride, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Iain Thayne
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Martin Kuball
- Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability, H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K
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Sun H, Sang L, Wu H, Zhang Z, Teraji T, Li TF, You JQ, Toda M, Koizumi S, Liao M. Effect of Deep-Defects Excitation on Mechanical Energy Dissipation of Single-Crystal Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:206802. [PMID: 33258634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.206802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ultrawide band gap of diamond distinguishes it from other semiconductors, in that all known defects have deep energy levels that are less active at room temperature. Here, we present the effect of deep defects on the mechanical energy dissipation of single-crystal diamond experimentally and theoretically up to 973 K. Energy dissipation is found to increase with temperature and exhibits local maxima due to the interaction between phonons and deep defects activated at specific temperatures. A two-level model with deep energies is proposed to explain well the energy dissipation at elevated temperatures. It is evident that the removal of boron impurities can substantially increase the quality factor of room-temperature diamond mechanical resonators. The deep energy nature of the defects bestows single-crystal diamond with outstanding low intrinsic energy dissipation in mechanical resonators at room temperature or above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanying Sun
- Quantum Physics and Quantum Information Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- Research Center for Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Liwen Sang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Haihua Wu
- Research Center for Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Research Center for Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tokuyuki Teraji
- Research Center for Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tie-Fu Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J Q You
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Masaya Toda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koizumi
- Research Center for Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Meiyong Liao
- Research Center for Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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11
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Liu B, Zhou J, Xu X, Li B. Thermal conductivity of one-dimensional organic nanowires: effect of mass difference phonon scattering. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:324003. [PMID: 32325442 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8c75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the thermal conductivity of π-stacked metallophthalocyanine nanowires using the thermal bridge method. In the temperature range of 20-300 K, the thermal conductivity of copper phthalocyanine nanowires (CuPc NWs) and iron phthalocyanine nanowires (FePc NWs) increases with temperature and reaches a peak value at around T = 40 K, then decreases at a higher temperature following T -1 behavior. For three FePc NWs, the peak values are 7.1 ± 1.21, 8.3 ± 1.33, and 7.6 ± 1.42 Wm-1 K-1, respectively. The peak thermal conductivity is 6.6 ± 0.67 and 6.6 ± 0.51 Wm-1 K-1 for the two CuPc nanowires. The thermal conductivity of FePc NWs is slightly larger than that of CuPc NWs, which is believed to result from the different mass of metal atoms in the phthalocyanine centers, indicating a phonon mass-difference scattering effect. Meanwhile, the thermal contact conductance of the FePc-Pt interface is measured, which will benefit from a better understanding of the thermal transport across dissimilar interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohai Liu
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Center for Nanophononics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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12
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Muthaiah R, Tarannum F, Annam RS, Nayal AS, Danayat S, Garg J. Thermal conductivity of hexagonal BC 2P – a first-principles study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42628-42632. [PMID: 35514895 PMCID: PMC9058011 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report a high thermal conductivity (k) of 162 W m−1 K−1 and 52 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature, along the directions perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis, respectively, of bulk hexagonal BC2P (h-BC2P), using first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohan Muthaiah
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Oklahoma
- Norman
- USA
| | - Fatema Tarannum
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Oklahoma
- Norman
- USA
| | - Roshan Sameer Annam
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Oklahoma
- Norman
- USA
| | - Avinash Singh Nayal
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Oklahoma
- Norman
- USA
| | - Swapneel Danayat
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Oklahoma
- Norman
- USA
| | - Jivtesh Garg
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- University of Oklahoma
- Norman
- USA
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13
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Behnia K, Kapitulnik A. A lower bound to the thermal diffusivity of insulators. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:405702. [PMID: 31252425 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab2db6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for decades that thermal conductivity of insulating crystals becomes proportional to the inverse of temperature when the latter is comparable to, or higher than, the Debye temperature. This behavior has been understood as resulting from Umklapp scattering among phonons. We put under scrutiny the magnitude of the thermal diffusion constant in this regime and find that it does not fall below a threshold set by the square of sound velocity times the Planckian time ([Formula: see text]). The conclusion, based on scrutinizing the ratio in cubic crystals with high thermal resistivity, appears to hold even in glasses where Umklapp events are not conceivable. Explaining this boundary, reminiscent of a recently-noticed limit for charge transport in metals, is a challenge to theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Behnia
- Laboratoire Physique et Etude de Matériaux (CNRS-Sorbonne Université), ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France. II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany
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14
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Jia X, Wei J, Kong Y, Li C, Liu J, Chen L, Sun F, Wang X. The influence of dielectric layer on the thermal boundary resistance of GaN‐on‐diamond substrate. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jia
- Institute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Jun‐jun Wei
- Institute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Yuechan Kong
- Science and Technology on Monolithic Integrated Circuits and Modules LaboratoryNanjing Electronic Devices Institute Nanjing China
| | - Cheng‐ming Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Liangxian Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Fangyuan Sun
- Institute of Engineering ThermophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Pipeline and Civil EngineeringChina University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
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15
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Coffee RN, Cryan JP, Duris J, Helml W, Li S, Marinelli A. Development of ultrafast capabilities for X-ray free-electron lasers at the linac coherent light source. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180386. [PMID: 30929632 PMCID: PMC6452055 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce ultrashort, high-brightness X-ray pulses is revolutionizing the field of ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy. Free-electron laser (FEL) facilities are driving this revolution, but unique aspects of the FEL process make the required characterization and use of the pulses challenging. In this paper, we describe a number of developments in the generation of ultrashort X-ray FEL pulses, and the concomitant progress in the experimental capabilities necessary for their characterization and use at the Linac Coherent Light Source. This includes the development of sub-femtosecond hard and soft X-ray pulses, along with ultrafast characterization techniques for these pulses. We also describe improved techniques for optical cross-correlation as needed to address the persistent challenge of external optical laser synchronization with these ultrashort X-ray pulses. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Linac Coherent Light Source, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Pulse Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James P. Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Linac Coherent Light Source, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Pulse Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joseph Duris
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Wolfram Helml
- Zentrum für Synchrotronstrahlung, Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer-Straße 2, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Physik-Department E11, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Siqi Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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16
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Tian F, Ren Z. High Thermal Conductivity in Boron Arsenide: From Prediction to Reality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5824-5831. [PMID: 30523650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Modern first-principles calculations predict that the thermal conductivity of boron arsenide is second only to that of diamond, the best thermal conductor, which may be of benefit for waste heat management in electronic devices. With the optimization of single-crystal growth methods, large-size and high-quality boron arsenide single crystals have been grown and thermal conductivity measurements have verified the related predictions. Benefiting from the increased size and improved qualities, additional properties have been characterized. Important factors related to boron arsenide, remaining challenges, and the future outlook are addressed in this minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zhifeng Ren
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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17
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Zhu L, Li W, Ding F. Giant thermal conductivity in diamane and the influence of horizontal reflection symmetry on phonon scattering. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4248-4257. [PMID: 30623946 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diamane, a chemically derived two-dimensional material, shows many superior physical and chemical properties similar to diamond thin films. Through the Peierls-Boltzmann transport equation, we reveal giant thermal conductivity in diamane with a stacking order of both AB and AA (respectively, abbreviated as D-AB and D-AA, hereafter) which are both comparable to that of diamond. Like in graphene, the phonon transport falls into the hydrodynamic regime even at room temperature, and the major contribution to the total thermal conductivity comes from the out-of-plane acoustic phonon modes (>40%). In addition, the thermal conductivity shows a dependence on the stacking order, namely, the thermal conductivity of D-AA, ∼2240 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K, is around 15% larger than that of D-AB, which is due to the strong restriction on the phonon scattering phase space induced by the horizontal reflection symmetry in D-AA. Such a kind of restriction, not limited to single atomic plane systems, is a general feature in two-dimensional materials with a horizontal reflection symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhu
- Department of Physics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligent Systems, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
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18
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Tian F, Ren Z. High Thermal Conductivity in Boron Arsenide: From Prediction to Reality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Zhifeng Ren
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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19
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Kandlakunta P, Thomas A, Tan Y, Khan R, Zhang T. Design and numerical simulations of W-diamond transmission target for distributed x-ray sources. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019; 5:025030. [PMID: 33833868 PMCID: PMC8026105 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aae55f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Distributed x-ray sources enable novel designs of x-ray imaging systems. However, the x-ray power of such sources is limited by the focal spot power density of the fixed anode. To further improve x-ray output, we have designed and evaluated a diamond-W transmission target for multi-pixel x-ray sources. The target features a thin layer of tungsten deposited on a diamond substrate. The thickness of tungsten layer was optimized for maximum fluence through Monte Carlo simulations. Finite element thermal simulations were performed to evaluate focal spot temperature in the target under different power loadings and dwell duration. The results showed that the optimal thickness of the tungsten layer in the W-diamond transmission target is linearly proportional to the electron energy. A 5-6 μm tungsten thickness is suitable for the kVps ranges from 60 kVp to 140 kVp. A W-diamond transmission target produces up to 20% more x-ray fluence than a traditional W reflection target in the beam center depending on the kVp settings. The x-ray spectrum of the transmission target shows less characteristic x-rays than that of reflection target. The thermal performance of W-diamond targets for peak power is significantly better than that of reflection targets. The maximum focal spot power densities of W-diamond transmission and W reflection targets are both strongly dependent on the dwell duration. For longer pulse durations, the W-diamond target allows as much as a four-fold increase in power and an eight-fold increase in power density in comparison to a traditional W reflection target for the same temperature spikes. The stability of the W-diamond bond needs to be tested experimentally. Nevertheless, the W-diamond transmission target is an appealing target that can significantly simplify the design and improve the performance of distributed x-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Kandlakunta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Allan Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Yuewen Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Rao Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Tiezhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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20
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Li C, Ravichandran NK, Lindsay L, Broido D. Fermi Surface Nesting and Phonon Frequency Gap Drive Anomalous Thermal Transport. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:175901. [PMID: 30411930 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.175901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The lattice thermal conductivity, k_{L}, of typical metallic and nonmetallic crystals decreases rapidly with increasing temperature because phonons interact more strongly with other phonons than they do with electrons. Using first principles calculations, we show that k_{L} can become nearly independent of temperature in metals that have nested Fermi surfaces and large frequency gaps between acoustic and optic phonons. Then, the interactions between phonons and electrons become much stronger than the mutual interactions between phonons, giving the fundamentally different k_{L} behavior. This striking trend is revealed here in the group V transition metal carbides, vanadium carbide, niobium carbide, and tantalum carbide, and it should also occur in several other metal compounds. This work gives insights into the physics of heat conduction in solids and identifies a new heat flow regime driven by the interplay between Fermi surfaces and phonon dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Li
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | | | - Lucas Lindsay
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - David Broido
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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21
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Kang JS, Li M, Wu H, Nguyen H, Hu Y. Experimental observation of high thermal conductivity in boron arsenide. Science 2018; 361:575-578. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Ogi H, Ishihara T, Ishida H, Nagakubo A, Nakamura N, Hirao M. Thermal Mode Spectroscopy for Thermal Diffusivity of Millimeter-Size Solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:195901. [PMID: 27858436 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.195901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat conduction possesses (thermal) modes in analogy with acoustics even without oscillation. Here, we establish thermal mode spectroscopy to measure the thermal diffusivity of small specimens. Local heating with a light pulse excites such modes that show antinodes at the heating point, and photothermal detection at another antinode spot allows measuring relaxation behavior of the desired mode selectively: The relaxation time yields thermal diffusivity. The Ritz method is proposed for arbitrary geometry specimens. This method is applicable even to a diamond crystal with ∼1 mm dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Ogi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishida
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Akira Nagakubo
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nobutomo Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hirao
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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23
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Defect-Engineered Heat Transport in Graphene: A Route to High Efficient Thermal Rectification. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11962. [PMID: 26132747 PMCID: PMC4487239 DOI: 10.1038/srep11962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dimensional materials such as graphene provide an ideal platform to probe the correlation between thermal transport and lattice defects, which could be engineered at the molecular level. In this work, we perform molecular dynamics simulations and non-contact optothermal Raman measurements to study this correlation. We find that oxygen plasma treatment could reduce the thermal conductivity of graphene significantly even at extremely low defect concentration (∼83% reduction for ∼0.1% defects), which could be attributed mainly to the creation of carbonyl pair defects. Other types of defects such as hydroxyl, epoxy groups and nano-holes demonstrate much weaker effects on the reduction where the sp2 nature of graphene is better preserved. With the capability of selectively functionalizing graphene, we propose an asymmetric junction between graphene and defective graphene with a high thermal rectification ratio of ∼46%, as demonstrated by our molecular dynamics simulation results. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the physics of thermal transport in defective graphene, and two-dimensional materials in general, which could help on the future design of functional applications such as optothermal and electrothermal devices.
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24
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de Tomas C, Cantarero A, Lopeandia AF, Alvarez FX. Thermal conductivity of group-IV semiconductors from a kinetic-collective model. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 470:20140371. [PMID: 25197256 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal conductivity of group-IV semiconductors (silicon, germanium, diamond and grey tin) with several isotopic compositions has been calculated from a kinetic-collective model. From this approach, significantly different to Callaway-like models in its physical interpretation, the thermal conductivity expression accounts for a transition from a kinetic (individual phonon transport) to a collective (hydrodynamic phonon transport) behaviour of the phonon field. Within the model, we confirm the theoretical proportionality between the phonon-phonon relaxation times of the group-IV semiconductors. This proportionality depends on some materials properties and it allows us to predict the thermal conductivity of the whole group of materials without the need to fit each material individually. The predictions on thermal conductivities are in good agreement with experimental data over a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- C de Tomas
- Department of Physics , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - A Cantarero
- Materials Science Institute , University of Valencia , PO Box 22085, Valencia 46071, Spain
| | - A F Lopeandia
- Department of Physics , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - F X Alvarez
- Department of Physics , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
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25
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Lindsay L, Broido DA, Reinecke TL. First-principles determination of ultrahigh thermal conductivity of boron arsenide: a competitor for diamond? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:025901. [PMID: 23889420 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.025901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have calculated the thermal conductivities (κ) of cubic III-V boron compounds using a predictive first principles approach. Boron arsenide is found to have a remarkable room temperature κ over 2000 W m(-1) K(-1); this is comparable to those in diamond and graphite, which are the highest bulk values known. We trace this behavior in boron arsenide to an interplay of certain basic vibrational properties that lie outside of the conventional guidelines in searching for high κ materials, and to relatively weak phonon-isotope scattering. We also find that cubic boron nitride and boron antimonide will have high κ with isotopic purification. This work provides new insight into the nature of thermal transport at a quantitative level and predicts a new ultrahigh κ material of potential interest for passive cooling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lindsay
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
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26
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Alaghemandi M, Leroy F, Algaer E, Böhm MC, Müller-Plathe F. Thermal rectification in mass-graded nanotubes: a model approach in the framework of reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:75704. [PMID: 20081296 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/7/075704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The thermal rectification in nanotubes with a mass gradient is studied by reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We predict a preferred heat flow from light to heavy atoms which differs from the preferential direction in one-dimensional monoatomic systems. This behavior of nanotubes is explained by anharmonicities caused by transverse motions which are stronger at the low-mass end. The present simulations show an enhanced rectification with increasing tube length, diameter and mass gradient. Implications of the present findings for applied topics are mentioned concisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alaghemandi
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 20, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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27
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Bradley DK, Eggert JH, Smith RF, Prisbrey ST, Hicks DG, Braun DG, Biener J, Hamza AV, Rudd RE, Collins GW. Diamond at 800 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:075503. [PMID: 19257686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.075503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new compression technique, which enables the study of solids into the TPa regime, is described and used to ramp (or quasi-isentropically) compress diamond to a peak pressure of 1400 GPa. Diamond stress versus density data are reported to 800 GPa and suggest that the diamond phase is stable and has significant material strength up to at least this stress level. Data presented here are the highest ramp compression pressures by more than a factor of 5 and the highest-pressure solid equation-of-state data ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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28
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Kuo YK, Sivakumar KM, Tasi JI, Lue CS, Huang JW, Wang SY, Varshney D, Kaurav N, Singh RK. The effect of Al/Si ratio on the transport properties of the layered intermetallic compound CaAl(2)Si(2). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2007; 19:176206. [PMID: 21690952 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/17/176206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient as well as thermal conductivity measurements on the stoichiometric CaAl(2)Si(2) and non-stoichiometric CaAl(1.75)Si(2.25), CaAl(1.9)Si(2.1), CaAl(2.1)Si(1.9), and CaAl(2.25)Si(1.75) compounds in the temperature range 10-300 K. It has been found that the magnitude of electrical resistivity decreases for the non-stoichiometric samples, attributed to the shift of Fermi energy from the dip of the density of states as a consequence of the changed Si/Al content. In addition, a systematic change in the magnitude of Seebeck coefficient as a function of Al/Si concentration has been observed. The results have been associated with the effect of hole/electron doping on the Fermi level density of states. A detailed analysis of the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient suggests the presence of two types of charge carrier and the temperature dependent changes in their mobility. From the thermal conductivity results, we correlated the extent of disorder and Al/Si ratio with various thermal scattering mechanisms in the investigated temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kuo
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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29
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Chang CW, Fennimore AM, Afanasiev A, Okawa D, Ikuno T, Garcia H, Li D, Majumdar A, Zettl A. Isotope effect on the thermal conductivity of boron nitride nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:085901. [PMID: 17026316 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.085901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity kappa(T) of individual multiwall boron nitride nanotubes using a microfabricated test fixture that allows direct transmission electron microscopy characterization of the tube being measured. kappa(T) is exceptionally sensitive to isotopic substitution, with a 50% enhancement in kappa(T) resulting for boron nitride nanotubes with 99.5% 11B. For isotopically pure boron nitride nanotubes, kappa rivals that of carbon nanotubes of similar diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Chang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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30
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Baranowski B. ''The Identity of 14N and 13C Contamination Dependence on the Heat Conductivity of Diamond Monocrystals''. Z PHYS CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2000.214.7.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Virtually all recent reviews of the market potential for chemical vapour deposited (CVD) diamond have featured the thermal management of electronic semiconductor devices as an imminent application for this new material. There is an existing market for natural diamond substrates (‘heat sinks’) in sub-millimetre sizes, and their thermal performance has been extensively studied, CVD diamond heat sinks in millimetre and larger sizes are already in use, but there are constraints to their applicability arising from thermal and mechanical factors. Their advantages and limitations are discussed. The first ‘optical’ applications of CVD diamond films were as X-ray transmissive components (lithography masks and windows for soft X-ray detectors), but with improvements in the technology of CVD diamond growth a larger market for wide-band infrared transmissive windows is now developing. This results from the availability of large area (greater than 1000 mm
2
) CVD diamond plates of adequate thickness and with transparency achieved through control of diamond grain size and orientation.
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Abstract
The thermal conductivity of chemical vapour deposition diamond films is controlled by the microstructure, impurity content and carbon double bonds in the films. In high conductivity films, dislocation scattering is dominant at low temperatures, while phonon-phonon scattering limits the conductivity at room temperature. In lower quality films, hydrogen and metal impurities as well as carbon double bonds constrain the conductivity up to room temperature. Significant anisotropies and gradients in the thermal conductivity exist in some films because of their micro structure.
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