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Abstract
This article reviews the physics and technology of producing large quantities of highly spin-polarized 3He nuclei using spin-exchange (SEOP) and metastability-exchange (MEOP) optical pumping. Both technical developments and deeper understanding of the physical processes involved have led to substantial improvements in the capabilities of both methods. For SEOP, the use of spectrally narrowed lasers and K-Rb mixtures has substantially increased the achievable polarization and polarizing rate. For MEOP nearly lossless compression allows for rapid production of polarized 3He and operation in high magnetic fields has likewise significantly increased the pressure at which this method can be performed, and revealed new phenomena. Both methods have benefitted from development of storage methods that allow for spin-relaxation times of hundreds of hours, and specialized precision methods for polarimetry. SEOP and MEOP are now widely applied for spin-polarized targets, neutron spin filters, magnetic resonance imaging, and precision measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. R. Gentile
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - P. J. Nacher
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - B. Saam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - T. G. Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017; 23:725-751. [PMID: 27711999 PMCID: PMC5462469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Boyd M Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Schlimme BS, Achenbach P, Ayerbe Gayoso CA, Bernauer JC, Böhm R, Bosnar D, Challand T, Distler MO, Doria L, Fellenberger F, Fonvieille H, Gómez Rodríguez M, Grabmayr P, Hehl T, Heil W, Kiselev D, Krimmer J, Makek M, Merkel H, Middleton DG, Müller U, Nungesser L, Ott BA, Pochodzalla J, Potokar M, Sánchez Majos S, Sargsian MM, Sick I, Sirca S, Weinriefer M, Wendel M, Yoon CJ. Measurement of the neutron electric to magnetic form factor ratio at Q2=1.58 GeV2 using the reaction 3He[over →](e[over →],e'n)pp. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:132504. [PMID: 24116774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.132504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A measurement of beam helicity asymmetries in the reaction 3He[over →](e[over →],e'n)pp is performed at the Mainz Microtron in quasielastic kinematics to determine the electric to magnetic form factor ratio of the neutron GEn/GMn at a four-momentum transfer Q2=1.58 GeV2. Longitudinally polarized electrons are scattered on a highly polarized 3He gas target. The scattered electrons are detected with a high-resolution magnetic spectrometer, and the ejected neutrons are detected with a dedicated neutron detector composed of scintillator bars. To reduce systematic errors, data are taken for four different target polarization orientations allowing the determination of GEn/GMn from a double ratio. We find μnGEn/GMn=0.250±0.058(stat)±0.017(syst).
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Schlimme
- Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Grabmayr P, Buchmann AJ. Moments of the neutron charge form factor and the N --> Delta quadrupole transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:2237-2240. [PMID: 11289898 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2000] [Revised: 11/07/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent data allow a new parametrization of the neutron charge form factor GnE. A parameter-free quark-model relation between GnE and the N-->Delta quadrupole form factor G(N-->Delta)C2 is used to predict G(N-->Delta)C2 from GnE data. In particular, <r2n> is related to N-->Delta quadrupole moment Q(N-->Delta), while <r4n> connects to the N-->Delta quadrupole transition radius <r2(N-->Delta)>. From the latter we derive an experimental value for the charge radius of the light constituent quarks r(gamma(q)) = 0.8 fm. Finally, the C2/M1 ratio in pion electroproduction is predicted from the elastic neutron form factor data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grabmayr
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Shi Z, Ying CH, Vuskovic L. Azimuthal asymmetry in elastic electron scattering by polarized 3P sodium atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:480-489. [PMID: 9913501 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Kim HC, Blotz A, Polyakov MV, Goeke K. Electromagnetic form factors of the SU(3) octet baryons in the semibosonized SU(3) Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:4013-4029. [PMID: 10020392 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Shi Z, Ying CH, Vuskovic L. Orbital effect in elastic electron scattering by a polarized excited target. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:R16-R18. [PMID: 9912931 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.r16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Ito H. Strangeness form factors of the nucleon and the anomalous magnetic moments of constituent quarks. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 52:R1750-R1754. [PMID: 9970757 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.r1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Jones CE, Arrington J, Beise EJ, Bray B, Carr RW, Filippone BW, Gao H, Lung A, McKeown RD, Mueller B, Pitt ML, DeSchepper D, Dodson G, Dow K, Ent R, Farkhondeh M, Hansen J, Korsch W, Kramer LH, Lee K, Makins NC, Milner RG, Tieger DR, Welch TP, Candell E, Napolitano J, Tripp C, Wojtsekhowski BB, Lorenzon W. Measurement of the spin-dependent asymmetry in 3He. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 52:1520-1523. [PMID: 9970656 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Pace E, Salmè G. Investigation of the neutron form factors by inclusive quasielastic scattering of polarized electrons off polarized 3He: A theoretical overview. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 51:1108-1119. [PMID: 9970160 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.51.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Hansen J, Titko MA, DeSchepper D, Dodson G, Donnelly TW, Dow K, Ent R, Farkhondeh M, Korsch W, Kramer LH, Lee K, Makins NC, Milner RG, Tieger DR, Welch TP, Jones CE, Arrington J, Beise EJ, Bray B, Carr RW, Filippone BW, Gao H, Lung A, McKeown RD, Mueller B, Pitt ML, Schulze R, Sauer PU, Candell E, Napolitano J, Tripp C, Wojtsekhowski BB, Lorenzon W. Transverse-Longitudinal Asymmetry in the Quasielastic 3He-->(e. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:654-657. [PMID: 10058814 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Eden T, Madey R, Zhang W, Anderson BD, Arenhövel H, Baldwin AR, Barkhuff D, Beard KB, Bertozzi W, Cameron JM, Chang CC, Dodson GW, Dow K, Farkhondeh M, Finn JM, Flanders BS, Hyde-Wright C, Jiang W, Keane D, Kelly JJ, Korsch W, Kowalski S, Lourie R, Manley DM, Markowitz P, Mougey J, Ni B, Payerle T, Pella PJ, Reichelt T, Rutt PM, Spraker M, Tieger D, Turchinetz W, Ulmer PE, Watson JW, Weinstein LB, Whitney RR. Electric form factor of the neutron from the 2H(e. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1994; 50:R1749-R1753. [PMID: 9969909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.r1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gao H, Arrington J, Beise EJ, Bray B, Carr RW, Filippone BW, Lung A, McKeown RD, Mueller B, Pitt ML, Jones CE, DeSchepper D, Dodson G, Dow K, Ent R, Farkhondeh M, Hansen J, Korsch W, Kramer LH, Lee K, Makins N, Milner RG, Tieger DR, Welch TP, Candell E, Napolitano J, Wojtsekhowski BB, Tripp C, Lorenzon W. Measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor from inclusive quasielastic scattering of polarized electrons from polarized 3He. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1994; 50:R546-R549. [PMID: 9969782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.r546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Wagshul ME, Chupp TE. Laser optical pumping of high-density Rb in polarized 3He targets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:3854-3869. [PMID: 9910682 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Barton AS, Newbury NR, Cates GD, Driehuys B, Middleton H, Saam B. Self-calibrating measurement of polarization-dependent frequency shifts from Rb-3He collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:2766-2770. [PMID: 9910557 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Newbury NR, Barton AS, Cates GD, Happer W, Middleton H. Gaseous 3He-3He magnetic dipolar spin relaxation. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1993; 48:4411-4420. [PMID: 9910144 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Newbury NR, Barton AS, Bogorad P, Cates GD, Gatzke M, Mabuchi H, Saam B. Polarization-dependent frequency shifts from Rb-3He collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1993; 48:558-568. [PMID: 9909629 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Schulze R, Sauer PU. Inelastic electron scattering from the three-nucleon bound states with polarization. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 48:38-63. [PMID: 9968794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Markowitz P, Finn JM, Anderson BD, Arenhövel H, Baldwin AR, Barkhuff D, Beard KB, Bertozzi W, Cameron JM, Chang CC, Dodson GW, Dow K, Eden T, Farkhondeh M, Flanders B, Hyde-Wright C, Jiang W, Keane D, Kelly JJ, Korsch W, Kowalski S, Lourie R, Madey R, Manley DM, Mougey J, Ni B, Payerle T, Pella P, Reichelt T, Rutt PM, Spraker M, Tieger D, Turchinetz W, Ulmer PE, Watson JW, Weinstein LB, Whitney RR, Zhang WM. Measurement of the magnetic form factor of the neutron. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 48:R5-R9. [PMID: 9968855 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.r5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Jones CE, Beise EJ, Belz JE, Carr RW, Filippone BW, Lorenzon W, McKeown RD, Mueller BA, O'Neill TG, Dodson GW, Dow K, Farkhondeh M, Kowalski S, Lee K, Makins N, Milner R, Thompson A, Tieger D, Young A, Yu X, Zumbro JD. He-vector3(e-vectore') quasielastic asymmetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 47:110-130. [PMID: 9968416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.47.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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