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Konsewicz K, Laczkó G, Pápai I, Zhivonitko VV. Activation of H 2 using ansa-aminoboranes: solvent effects, dynamics, and spin hyperpolarization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3197-3207. [PMID: 38193236 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Spin hyperpolarization generated upon activation of parahydrogen, the spin-0 isomer of H2, by ansa-aminoboranes (AABs) constitutes a rare but interesting example of applied metal-free catalysis in parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP). AAB molecular moieties made of light elements would be useful in important areas of NMR, such as chemosensing and the production of hyperpolarized substances, or generally in NMR sensitivity enhancement. At the same time, little is known about the detailed mechanistic aspects of underlying chemical processes. Herein, we present a joint experimental-computational study of the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of H2 activation by AABs, for the first time providing molecular-level details and results of PHIP experiments with AABs in various solvents. Specifically, a large number of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are measured experimentally for H2 activation by 2-aminophenylboranes of variable steric bulkiness of the boryl site. A clear correlation between the experimental and DFT-predicted thermochemical parameters is observed. PHIP effects in toluene, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile are characterized and rationalized based on the use of the kinetic and nuclear spin relaxation parameters. Altogether, the obtained results provide valuable information for the further rational design of efficient AAB catalysts for metal-free PHIP based on frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Konsewicz
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.
| | - Gergely Laczkó
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu, 90014, Finland.
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2
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Zander E, Bresien J, Zhivonitko VV, Fessler J, Villinger A, Michalik D, Schulz A. Rational Design of Persistent Phosphorus-Centered Singlet Tetraradicals and Their Use in Small-Molecule Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37315222 PMCID: PMC10368346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biradicals are important intermediates in the process of bond formation and breaking. While main-group-element-centered biradicals have been thoroughly studied, much less is known about tetraradicals, as their very low stability has hampered their isolation and use in small-molecule activation. Herein, we describe the search for persistent phosphorus-centered tetraradicals. Starting from an s-hydrindacenyl skeleton, we investigated the introduction of four phosphorus-based radical sites linked by an N-R unit and bridged by a benzene moiety. By varying the size of the substituent R, we finally succeeded in isolating a persistent P-centered singlet tetraradical, 2,6-diaza-1,3,5,7-tetraphospha-s-hydrindacene-1,3,5,7-tetrayl (1), in good yields. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that tetraradical 1 can be utilized for the activation of small molecules such as molecular hydrogen or alkynes. In addition to the synthesis of P-centered tetraradicals, the comparison with other known tetraradicals as well as biradicals is described on the basis of quantum mechanical calculations with respect to its multireference character, coupling of radical electrons, and aromaticity. The strong coupling of radical electrons enables selective discrimination between the first and the second activations of small molecules, which is shown by the example of H2 addition. The mechanism of hydrogen addition is investigated with parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization NMR studies and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Zander
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Fessler
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Michalik
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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3
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Sorochkina K, Chernichenko K, Zhivonitko VV, Nieger M, Repo T. Water Reduction and Dihydrogen Addition in Aqueous Conditions With ansa-Phosphinoborane. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201927. [PMID: 35861909 PMCID: PMC9804508 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ortho-phenylene-bridged phosphinoborane (2,6-Cl2 Ph)2 B-C6 H4 -PCy2 1 was synthesized in three steps from commercially available starting materials. 1 reacts with H2 or H2 O under mild conditions to form corresponding zwitterionic phosphonium borates 1-H2 or 1-H2 O. NMR studies revealed both reactions to be remarkably reversible. Thus, when exposed to H2 , 1-H2 O partially converts to 1-H2 even in the presence of multiple equivalents of water in the solution. The addition of parahydrogen to 1 leads to nuclear spin hyperpolarization both in dry and hydrous solvents, confirming the dissociation of 1-H2 O to free 1. These observations were supported by computational studies indicating that the formation of 1-H2 and 1-H2 O from 1 are thermodynamically favored. Unexpectedly, 1-H2 O can release molecular hydrogen to form phosphine oxide 1-O. Kinetic, mechanistic, and computational (DFT) studies were used to elucidate the unique "umpolung" water reduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sorochkina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 100014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Konstantin Chernichenko
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 100014HelsinkiFinland,Chemical Process Research and Development Janssen PharmaceuticaTurnhoutseweg 302340BeerseBelgium
| | | | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 100014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 100014HelsinkiFinland
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4
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Ullah MS, Mankinen O, Zhivonitko VV, Telkki VV. Ultrafast transverse relaxation exchange NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22109-22114. [PMID: 36074123 PMCID: PMC9491048 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02944h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular exchange between different physical or chemical environments occurs due to either diffusion or chemical transformation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides a means of understanding the molecular exchange in a noninvasive way and without tracers. Here, we introduce a novel two dimensional, single-scan ultrafast Laplace NMR (UF LNMR) method to monitor molecular exchange using transverse relaxation as a contrast. The UF T2–T2 relaxation exchange spectroscopy (REXSY) method shortens the experiment time by one to two orders of magnitude compared to its conventional counterpart. Contrary to the conventional EXSY, the exchanging sites are distinguished based on T2 relaxation times instead of chemical shifts, making the method especially useful for systems including physical exchange of molecules. Therefore, the UF REXSY method offers an efficient means for quantification of exchange processes in various fields such as cellular metabolism and ion transport in electrolytes. As a proof of principle, we studied a halogen-free orthoborate based ionic liquid system and followed molecular exchange between molecular aggregates and free molecules. The results are in good agreement with the conventional exchange studies. Due to the single-scan nature, the method potentially significantly facilitates the use of modern hyperpolarization techniques to boost the sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. An ultrafast two-dimensional NMR method allows quantification of molecular exchange rates efficiently based on T2 relaxation contrast.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sharif Ullah
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Otto Mankinen
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Ville-Veikko Telkki
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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5
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Kharbanda Y, Urbańczyk M, Zhivonitko VV, Mailhiot S, Kettunen MI, Telkki VV. Sensitive, Efficient and Portable Analysis of Molecular Exchange Processes by Hyperpolarized Ultrafast NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203957. [PMID: 35499690 PMCID: PMC9400989 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular exchange processes are ubiquitous in nature. Here, we introduce a method to analyze exchange processes by using low-cost, portable, single-sided NMR instruments. The inherent magnetic field inhomogeneity of the single-sided instruments is exploited to achieve diffusion contrast of exchange sites and spatial encoding of 2D data. This so-called ultrafast diffusion exchange spectroscopy method shortens the experiment time by two to four orders of magnitude. Furthermore, because full 2D data are measured in a single scan (in a fraction of a second), the sensitivity of the experiment can be improved by several orders of magnitude using so-called nuclear spin hyperpolarization methods (in this case, dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization). As the first demonstration of the feasibility of the method in various applications, we show that the method enables quantification of intra- and extracellular exchange of water in a yeast cell suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Urbańczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Sarah Mailhiot
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90540, Finland
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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6
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Kharbanda Y, Urbańczyk M, Zhivonitko VV, Mailhiot S, Kettunen MI, Telkki V. Sensitive, Efficient and Portable Analysis of Molecular Exchange Processes by Hyperpolarized Ultrafast NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Urbańczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | | | | | - Mikko I. Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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7
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Tickner BJ, Zhivonitko VV. Advancing homogeneous catalysis for parahydrogen-derived hyperpolarisation and its NMR applications. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4670-4696. [PMID: 35655870 PMCID: PMC9067625 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parahydrogen-induced polarisation (PHIP) is a nuclear spin hyperpolarisation technique employed to enhance NMR signals for a wide range of molecules. This is achieved by exploiting the chemical reactions of parahydrogen (para-H2), the spin-0 isomer of H2. These reactions break the molecular symmetry of para-H2 in a way that can produce dramatically enhanced NMR signals for reaction products, and are usually catalysed by a transition metal complex. In this review, we discuss recent advances in novel homogeneous catalysts that can produce hyperpolarised products upon reaction with para-H2. We also discuss hyperpolarisation attained in reversible reactions (termed signal amplification by reversible exchange, SABRE) and focus on catalyst developments in recent years that have allowed hyperpolarisation of a wider range of target molecules. In particular, recent examples of novel ruthenium catalysts for trans and geminal hydrogenation, metal-free catalysts, iridium sulfoxide-containing SABRE systems, and cobalt complexes for PHIP and SABRE are reviewed. Advances in this catalysis have expanded the types of molecules amenable to hyperpolarisation using PHIP and SABRE, and their applications in NMR reaction monitoring, mechanistic elucidation, biomedical imaging, and many other areas, are increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Tickner
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000 Oulu 90014 Finland
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000 Oulu 90014 Finland
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8
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Zhivonitko VV, Vajglová Z, Mäki-Arvela P, Kumar N, Peurla M, Telkki VV, Murzin DY. Diffusion measurements of hydrocarbons in H-MCM-41 extrudates with pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8269-8278. [PMID: 35319048 PMCID: PMC8985658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous materials are promising catalysts for production of biofuels. Herein, H-MCM-41 catalysts with different concentrations of the silica Bindzil binder (10–50 wt%) were prepared and characterized using pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR in the powder form and as extrudates. Effective diffusion coefficients (De) are measured in all cases. Diffusivities of n-hexadecane were found smaller for extrudates as compared to the powder catalysts. The estimates of diffusive tortuosity were also determined. PFG NMR data showed one major component that reveals diffusion in interconnected meso- and micropores and one other minor component (1–2%) that may correspond to more isolated pores or may represent complex effects of restricted diffusion. Therefore, several approaches including initial slope analysis of spin-echo attenuation curves, two-component fitting and Laplace inversion were used to discuss different aspects of diffusional transport in the studied H-MCM-41 materials. Correlations between De and the amount of Bindzil, the specific surface area, the micropore volume, the particle size, the total acid sites and the Lewis acid sites are discussed. Diffusivities of n-hexadecane were measured using pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR for extrudates and powder catalysts comprising H-MCM-41′ and silica Bindzil binder.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuzana Vajglová
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Henriksgatan 2, Turku/Åbo, 20500, Finland.
| | - Päivi Mäki-Arvela
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Henriksgatan 2, Turku/Åbo, 20500, Finland.
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Henriksgatan 2, Turku/Åbo, 20500, Finland.
| | - Markus Peurla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | | | - Dmitry Yu Murzin
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Henriksgatan 2, Turku/Åbo, 20500, Finland.
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9
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Jayapaul J, Komulainen S, Zhivonitko VV, Mareš J, Giri C, Rissanen K, Lantto P, Telkki VV, Schröder L. Hyper-CEST NMR of metal organic polyhedral cages reveals hidden diastereomers with diverse guest exchange kinetics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1708. [PMID: 35361759 PMCID: PMC8971460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Guest capture and release are important properties of self-assembling nanostructures. Over time, a significant fraction of guests might engage in short-lived states with different symmetry and stereoselectivity and transit frequently between multiple environments, thereby escaping common spectroscopy techniques. Here, we investigate the cavity of an iron-based metal organic polyhedron (Fe-MOP) using spin-hyperpolarized 129Xe Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (hyper-CEST) NMR. We report strong signals unknown from previous studies that persist under different perturbations. On-the-fly delivery of hyperpolarized gas yields CEST signatures that reflect different Xe exchange kinetics from multiple environments. Dilute pools with ~ 104-fold lower spin numbers than reported for directly detected hyperpolarized nuclei are readily detected due to efficient guest turnover. The system is further probed by instantaneous and medium timescale perturbations. Computational modeling indicates that these signals originate likely from Xe bound to three Fe-MOP diastereomers (T, C3, S4). The symmetry thus induces steric effects with aperture size changes that tunes selective spin manipulation as it is employed in CEST MRI agents and, potentially, impacts other processes occurring on the millisecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabadurai Jayapaul
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jiří Mareš
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chandan Giri
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Perttu Lantto
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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Tickner BJ, Komulainen S, Palosaari S, Heikkinen J, Lehenkari P, Zhivonitko VV, Telkki VV. Hyperpolarised NMR to aid molecular profiling of electronic cigarette aerosols. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1479-1485. [PMID: 35425197 PMCID: PMC8979170 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) hyperpolarisation is used to enhance the NMR signals of nicotine and acrolein in methanol-d4 solutions of electronic cigarette aerosols. Consequently, detection of 74 μM nicotine is possible in just a single scan 1H NMR spectrum. The first example of an aldehyde hyperpolarised using SABRE is demonstrated and we work towards novel real-world applications of SABRE-hyperpolarised NMR for chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Tickner
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu 90014 Finland
| | - Sanna Komulainen
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu 90014 Finland
| | - Sanna Palosaari
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu 90014 Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital 90014 Finland
| | - Janne Heikkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu 90014 Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu 90014 Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital 90014 Finland
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Oulu University Hospital 90220 Finland
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11
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Zakharov DO, Chernichenko K, Sorochkina K, Repo T, Zhivonitko VV. Parahydrogen-induced polarization study of imine hydrogenations mediated by a metal-free catalyst. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13606-13611. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parahydrogen-induced polarization is a nuclear spin hyperpolarization technique that can provide strongly enhanced NMR signals of catalytic hydrogenation reaction products and intermediates. Among other matters, this can be employed to...
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12
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Zakharov DO, Chernichenko K, Sorochkina K, Yang S, Telkki VV, Repo T, Zhivonitko VV. Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization in Hydrogenation Reactions Mediated by a Metal-Free Catalyst. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103501. [PMID: 34928532 PMCID: PMC9303582 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report nuclear spin hyperpolarization of various alkenes achieved in alkyne hydrogenations with parahydrogen over a metal‐free hydroborane catalyst (HCAT). Being an intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair aminoborane, HCAT utilizes a non‐pairwise mechanism of H2 transfer to alkynes that normally prevents parahydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) from being observed. Nevertheless, the specific spin dynamics in catalytic intermediates leads to the hyperpolarization of predominantly one hydrogen in alkene. PHIP enabled the detection of important HCAT‐alkyne‐H2 intermediates through substantial 1H, 11B and 15N signal enhancement and allowed advanced characterization of the catalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Sorochkina
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Department of Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Shengjun Yang
- University of Oulu: Oulun Yliopisto, NMR Research Unit, FINLAND
| | | | - Timo Repo
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Department of Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- University of Oulu: Oulun Yliopisto, NMR Research Unit, Pentti Kaiteral Katu 1, 90570, Oulu, FINLAND
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13
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Tickner BJ, Zhivonitko VV, Telkki VV. Ultrafast Laplace NMR to study metal-ligand interactions in reversible polarisation transfer from parahydrogen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16542-16550. [PMID: 34338685 PMCID: PMC8359933 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Laplace Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can determine relaxation parameters and diffusion constants, giving valuable information about molecular structure and dynamics. Information about relaxation times (T1 and T2) and the self-diffusion coefficient (D) can be extracted from exponentially decaying NMR signals by performing a Laplace transform, which is a different approach to traditional NMR involving Fourier transform of a free induction decay. Ultrafast Laplace NMR uses spatial encoding to collect the entire data set in just a single scan which provides orders of magnitude time savings. In this work we use ultrafast Laplace NMR D-T2 correlation sequences to measure key relaxation (T2) and diffusion (D) parameters of methanolic solutions containing pyridine. For the first time we combine this technique with the hyperpolarisation technique Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE), which employs an iridium catalyst to reversibly transfer polarisation from parahydrogen, to boost the 1H NMR signals of pyridine by up to 300-fold. We demonstrate use of ultrafast Laplace NMR to monitor changes in pyridine T2 and D associated with ligation to the iridium SABRE catalyst and kinetic isotope exchange reactions. The combined 1440-fold reduction in experiment time and 300-fold 1H NMR signal enhancement allow the determination of pyridine D coefficients and T2 values at 25 mM concentrations in just 3 seconds using SABRE hyperpolarised ultrafast Laplace NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben. J. Tickner
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu90014Finland
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14
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Zhivonitko VV, Beer H, Zakharov DO, Bresien J, Schulz A. Hyperpolarization Effects in Parahydrogen Activation with Pnictogen Biradicaloids: Metal-free PHIP and SABRE. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:813-817. [PMID: 33725397 PMCID: PMC8251785 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Biradicaloids attract attention as a novel class of reagents that can activate small molecules such as H2, ethylene and CO2. Herein, we study activation of parahydrogen (nuclear spin‐0 isomer of H2) by a number of 4‐ and 5‐membered pnictogen biradicaloids based on hetero‐cyclobutanediyl [X(μ‐NTer)2Z] and hetero‐cyclopentanediyl [X(μ‐NTer)2ZC(NDmp)] moieties (X,Z=P,As; Ter=2,6‐Mes2−C6H3, Dmp=2,6‐Me2−C6H3). The concerted mechanism of this reaction allowed observing strong nuclear spin hyperpolarization effects in 1H and 31P NMR experiments. Signal enhancements from two to four orders of magnitude were detected at 9.4 T depending on the structure. It is demonstrated that 4‐membered biradicaloids activate H2 reversibly, leading to SABRE (signal amplification by reversible exchange) hyperpolarization of biradicaloids themselves and their H2 adducts. In contrast, the 5‐membered counterparts demonstrate rather irreversible parahydrogen activation resulting in hyperpolarized H2 adducts only. Kinetic measurements provided parameters to support experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Beer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Danila O Zakharov
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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15
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Ullah MS, Zhivonitko VV, Samoylenko A, Zhyvolozhnyi A, Viitala S, Kankaanpää S, Komulainen S, Schröder L, Vainio SJ, Telkki VV. Identification of extracellular nanoparticle subsets by nuclear magnetic resonance. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8311-8319. [PMID: 34221312 PMCID: PMC8221169 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of secreted lipid envelope-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) of 50-150 nm diameter that can transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells. In the current purification protocols of exosomes, many smaller and larger nanoparticles such as lipoproteins, exomers and microvesicles are typically co-isolated as well. Particle size distribution is one important characteristics of EV samples, as it reflects the cellular origin of EVs and the purity of the isolation. However, most of the physicochemical analytical methods today cannot illustrate the smallest exosomes and other small particles like the exomers. Here, we demonstrate that diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method enables the determination of a very broad distribution of extracellular nanoparticles, ranging from 1 to 500 nm. The range covers sizes of all particles included in EV samples after isolation. The method is non-invasive, as it does not require any labelling or other chemical modification. We investigated EVs secreted from milk as well as embryonic kidney and renal carcinoma cells. Western blot analysis and immuno-electron microscopy confirmed expression of exosomal markers such as ALIX, TSG101, CD81, CD9, and CD63 in the EV samples. In addition to the larger particles observed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) in the range of 70-500 nm, the DOSY distributions include a significant number of smaller particles in the range of 10-70 nm, which are visible also in transmission electron microscopy images but invisible in NTA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hyperpolarized chemical exchange saturation transfer (Hyper-CEST) with 129Xe NMR indicates also the existence of smaller and larger nanoparticles in the EV samples, providing also additional support for DOSY results. The method implies also that the Xe exchange is significantly faster in the EV pool than in the lipoprotein/exomer pool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anatoliy Samoylenko
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Infotech Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Kvantum Institute, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Oulu Finland
| | - Artem Zhyvolozhnyi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Infotech Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Kvantum Institute, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Oulu Finland
| | - Sirja Viitala
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Jokioinen Finland
| | - Santeri Kankaanpää
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Jokioinen Finland
| | | | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Berlin Germany
- Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Infotech Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Kvantum Institute, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Oulu Finland
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16
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Holtkamp P, Schwabedissen J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Koptyug IV, Zhivonitko VV, Mitzel NW. A Zwitterionic Phosphonium Stannate(II) via Hydrogen Splitting by a Sn/P Frustrated Lewis-Pair and Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2020; 26:17381-17385. [PMID: 33016507 PMCID: PMC7839681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 (1) was investigated with respect to the activation of elemental hydrogen. The reaction of 1 at elevated hydrogen pressure afforded the intramolecular phosphonium stannate(II) (F5C2)2SnCH2PH(tBu)2 (3). It was characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. NMR experiments with the two isotopologues H2 and D2 showed it to be formed via an H2 adduct (F5C2)3HSnCH2PH(tBu)2 (2) and the subsequent formal reductive elimination of pentafluoroethane; this is supported by DFT calculations. Parahydrogen‐induced polarization experiments revealed the formation of a second product of the reaction of 1 with H2, [HP(tBu)2Me][Sn(C2F5)3] (4), in 1H NMR spectra, whereas 2 was not detected due to its transient nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya St. 3A, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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17
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Zhivonitko VV, Ullah MS, Telkki VV. Nonlinear sampling in ultrafast Laplace NMR. J Magn Reson 2019; 307:106571. [PMID: 31445478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast Laplace NMR (UF-LNMR) reduces the experiment time of multidimensional relaxation and diffusion measurements to a fraction. Here, we demonstrate a method for nonlinear (in this case logarithmic) sampling of the indirect dimension in UF-LNMR measurements. The method is based on the use of frequency-swept pulses with the frequency nonlinearly increasing with time. This leads to an optimized detection of exponential experimental data and significantly improved resolution of LNMR parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sharif Ullah
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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18
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Abstract
Metal-free H2 activations are unusual but interesting for catalytic transformations, particularly in parahydrogen-based nuclear spin hyperpolarization techniques. We demonstrate that metal-free singlet phosphorus biradicaloid, [P(μ-NTer)]2, provides pronounced 1H and 31P hyperpolarization while activating the parahydrogen molecules. A brief analysis of the resulting NMR signals and the important kinetic parameters are presented.
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19
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Štěpánek P, Sanchez-Perez C, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Kantola AM. High-throughput continuous-flow system for SABRE hyperpolarization. J Magn Reson 2019; 300:8-17. [PMID: 30684826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is a versatile method for hyperpolarizing small organic molecules that helps to overcome the inherent low signal-to-noise ratio of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. It offers orders of magnitude enhanced signal strength, but the obtained nuclear polarization usually rapidly relaxes, requiring a quick transport of the sample to the spectrometer. Here we report a new design of a polarizing system, which can be used to prepare a continuous flow of SABRE-hyperpolarized sample with a considerable throughput of several millilitres per second and a rapid delivery into an NMR instrument. The polarizer performance under different conditions such as flow rate of the hydrogen or liquid sample is tested by measuring a series of NMR spectra and magnetic resonance images (MRI) of hyperpolarized pyridine in methanol. Results show a capability to continuously produce sample with dramatically enhanced signal over two orders of magnitude. The constant supply of hyperpolarized sample can be exploited, e.g., in experiments requiring multiple repetitions, such as 2D- and 3D-NMR or MRI measurements, and also naturally allows measurements of flow maps, including systems with high flow rates, for which the level of achievable thermal polarization might not be usable any more. In addition, the experiments can be viably carried out in a non-deuterated solvent, due to the effective suppression of the thermal polarization by the fast sample flow. The presented system opens the possibilities for SABRE experiments requiring a long-term, stable and high level of nuclear polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Štěpánek
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Clara Sanchez-Perez
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Ville-Veikko Telkki
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Anu M Kantola
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland.
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20
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Zhivonitko VV, Skovpin IV, Szeto KC, Taoufik M, Koptyug IV. Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization Study of the Silica-Supported Vanadium Oxo Organometallic Catalyst. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2018; 122:4891-4900. [PMID: 30258526 PMCID: PMC6150668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parahydrogen can be used in catalytic hydrogenations to achieve substantial enhancement of NMR signals of the reaction products and in some cases of the reaction reagents as well. The corresponding nuclear spin hyperpolarization technique, known as parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP), has been applied to boost the sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging by several orders of magnitude. The catalyst properties are of paramount importance for PHIP because the addition of parahydrogen to a substrate must be pairwise. This requirement significantly narrows down the range of the applicable catalysts. Herein, we study an efficient silica-supported vanadium oxo organometallic complex (VCAT) in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions in terms of efficient PHIP production. This is the first example of group 5 catalyst used to produce PHIP. Hydrogenations of propene and propyne with parahydrogen over VCAT demonstrated production of hyperpolarized propane and propene, respectively. The achieved NMR signal enhancements were 200-300-fold in the case of propane and 1300-fold in the case of propene. Propane dehydrogenation in the presence of parahydrogen produced no hyperpolarized propane, but instead the hyperpolarized side-product 1-butene was detected. Test experiments of other group 5 (Ta) and group 4 (Zr) catalysts showed a much lower efficiency in PHIP as compared to that of VCAT. The results prove the general conclusion that vanadium-based catalysts and other group 4 and group 5 catalysts can be used to produce PHIP. The hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes, however, are accompanied by side reactions leading, for example, to C4, C2, and C1 side products. Some of the side products like 1-butene and 2-butene were shown to appear hyperpolarized, demonstrating that the reaction mechanism includes pairwise parahydrogen addition in these cases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- NMR
Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International
Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Skovpin
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International
Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kai C. Szeto
- Laboratoire
de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés, UMR
5265 CNRS/ESCPE-Lyon/UCBL, ESCPE Lyon, F-308-43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Mostafa Taoufik
- Laboratoire
de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés, UMR
5265 CNRS/ESCPE-Lyon/UCBL, ESCPE Lyon, F-308-43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International
Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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21
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Sorochkina K, Zhivonitko VV, Chernichenko K, Telkki VV, Repo T, Koptyug IV. Spontaneous 15N Nuclear Spin Hyperpolarization in Metal-Free Activation of Parahydrogen by Molecular Tweezers. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:903-907. [PMID: 29401399 PMCID: PMC5862329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to activate H2 is of significant interest for metal-free catalysis. The activation of H2 is also the key element of parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP), one of the nuclear spin hyperpolarization techniques. It is demonstrated that o-phenylene-based ansa-aminoboranes (AABs) can produce 1H nuclear spin hyperpolarization through a reversible interaction with parahydrogen at ambient temperatures. Heteronuclei are useful in NMR and MRI as well because they have a broad chemical shift range and long relaxation times and may act as background-free labels. We report spontaneous formation of 15N hyperpolarization of the N-H site for a family of AABs. The process is efficient at the high magnetic field of an NMR magnet (7 T), and it provides up to 350-fold 15N signal enhancements. Different hyperpolarization effects are observed with various AAB structures and in a broad temperature range. Spontaneous hyperpolarization, albeit an order of magnitude weaker than that for 15N, was also observed for 11B nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sorochkina
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- NMR
Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International
Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin Chernichenko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Timo Repo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International
Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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22
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Rontu V, Selent A, Zhivonitko VV, Scotti G, Koptyug IV, Telkki VV, Franssila S. Efficient Catalytic Microreactors with Atomic-Layer-Deposited Platinum Nanoparticles on Oxide Support. Chemistry 2017; 23:16835-16842. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Rontu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16200 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Anne Selent
- NMR Research Unit; University of Oulu; P.O.Box 3000 90014 University of Oulu Finland
| | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- NMR Research Unit; University of Oulu; P.O.Box 3000 90014 University of Oulu Finland
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging; International Tomography Center SB RAS; 3A Institutskaya St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Gianmario Scotti
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16200 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging; International Tomography Center SB RAS; 3A Institutskaya St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Ville-Veikko Telkki
- NMR Research Unit; University of Oulu; P.O.Box 3000 90014 University of Oulu Finland
| | - Sami Franssila
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University; P.O. Box 16200 00076 Aalto Finland
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23
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Komulainen S, Roukala J, Zhivonitko VV, Javed MA, Chen L, Holden D, Hasell T, Cooper A, Lantto P, Telkki VV. Inside information on xenon adsorption in porous organic cages by NMR. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5721-5727. [PMID: 28989612 PMCID: PMC5621166 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid porous molecular crystal formed from an organic cage, CC3, has unprecedented performance for the separation of rare gases. Here, xenon was used as an internal reporter providing extraordinarily versatile information about the gas adsorption phenomena in the cage and window cavities of the material. 129Xe NMR measurements combined with state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations allowed the determination of the occupancies of the cavities, binding constants, thermodynamic parameters as well as the exchange rates of Xe between the cavities. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiments revealed a minor window cavity site with a significantly lower exchange rate than other sites. Diffusion measurements showed significantly reduced mobility of xenon with loading. 129Xe spectra also revealed that the cage cavity sites are preferred at lower loading levels, due to more favourable binding, whereas window sites come to dominate closer to saturation because of their greater prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Komulainen
- NMR Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O.Box 3000 , 90014 Oulu , Finland .
| | - Juho Roukala
- NMR Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O.Box 3000 , 90014 Oulu , Finland .
| | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging , International Tomography Center SB RAS , Department of Natural Sciences , Novosibirsk State University , Instututskaya St. 3A, Pirogova St. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Materials Discovery , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , UK
| | - Daniel Holden
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Materials Discovery , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Materials Discovery , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , UK
| | - Andrew Cooper
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Materials Discovery , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , UK
| | - Perttu Lantto
- NMR Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O.Box 3000 , 90014 Oulu , Finland .
| | - Ville-Veikko Telkki
- NMR Research Unit , University of Oulu , P.O.Box 3000 , 90014 Oulu , Finland .
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24
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Burueva D, Romanov AS, Salnikov OG, Zhivonitko VV, Chen YW, Barskiy DA, Chekmenev EY, Hwang DW, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV. Extending the Lifetime of Hyperpolarized Propane Gas through Reversible Dissolution. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2017; 121:4481-4487. [PMID: 28286597 PMCID: PMC5338591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) propane produced by the parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) technique has been recently introduced as a promising contrast agent for functional lung magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. However, its short lifetime due to a spin-lattice relaxation time T1 of less than 1 s in the gas phase is a significant translational challenge for its potential biomedical applications. The previously demonstrated approach for extending the lifetime of the HP propane state through long-lived spin states allows the HP propane lifetime to be increased by a factor of ∼3. Here, we demonstrate that a remarkable increase in the propane hyperpolarization decay time at high magnetic field (7.1 T) can be achieved by its dissolution in deuterated organic solvents (acetone-d6 or methanol-d4). The approximate values of the HP decay time for propane dissolved in acetone-d6 are 35.1 and 28.6 s for the CH2 group and the CH3 group, respectively (similar values were obtained for propane dissolved in methanol-d4), which are ∼50 times larger than the gaseous propane T1 value. Furthermore, we show that it is possible to retrieve HP propane from solution to the gas phase with the preservation of hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudari
B. Burueva
- International
Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk
State University, 2 Pirogova
Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Romanov
- International
Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk
State University, 2 Pirogova
Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International
Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk
State University, 2 Pirogova
Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- International
Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk
State University, 2 Pirogova
Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National
Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Danila A. Barskiy
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute
of Imaging Science (VUIIS), 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical
Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), 1301 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute
of Imaging Science (VUIIS), 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical
Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), 1301 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Russian
Academy of Sciences, 14 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dennis W. Hwang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National
Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International
Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk
State University, 2 Pirogova
Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- E-mail:
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International
Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk
State University, 2 Pirogova
Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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25
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. Frontispiece: NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201780461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila A. Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | | | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Southern Illinois University; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center; Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | | | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Matthew S. Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Michael J. Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
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26
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017; 23:725-751. [PMID: 27711999 PMCID: PMC5462469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Boyd M Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. Cover Picture: NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases (Chem. Eur. J. 4/2017). Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila A. Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | | | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Southern Illinois University; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center; Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | | | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Matthew S. Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Michael J. Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
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28
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila A. Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | | | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Southern Illinois University; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center; Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - George J. Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | | | - Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Matthew S. Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Michael J. Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC); Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37232 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
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29
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Kovtunov KV, Salnikov OG, Zhivonitko VV, Skovpin IV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Koptyug IV. Catalysis and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Signal Enhancement with Parahydrogen. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Zhivonitko VV, Sorochkina K, Chernichenko K, Kótai B, Földes T, Pápai I, Telkki VV, Repo T, Koptyug I. Nuclear spin hyperpolarization with ansa-aminoboranes: a metal-free perspective for parahydrogen-induced polarization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27784-27795. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of new ansa-aminoboranes was analyzed experimentally and theoretically for metal-free production of parahydrogen-induced polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging
- International Tomography Center SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences
| | | | | | - Bianka Kótai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-1117 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Tamás Földes
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-1117 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-1117 Budapest
- Hungary
| | | | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Igor Koptyug
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging
- International Tomography Center SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences
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31
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Zhivonitko VV, Skovpin IV, Koptyug IV. Strong 31P nuclear spin hyperpolarization produced via reversible chemical interaction with parahydrogen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2506-9. [PMID: 25358646 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08115c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substantial (31)P NMR signal enhancement of more than two orders of magnitude at 7 T for free and bound PPh3 species was observed under reversible interaction of (PPh3)3Ir(H2)Cl with parahydrogen. The large improvement in sensitivity made single-shot (31)P NMR imaging of a model object possible. The observed effects are temperature and magnetic field dependent as shown experimentally and theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Instututskaya St. 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Ananikov VP, Khemchyan LL, Ivanova YV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Sorokin AM, Prosvirin IP, Vatsadze SZ, Medved'ko AV, Nuriev VN, Dilman AD, Levin VV, Koptyug IV, Kovtunov KV, Zhivonitko VV, Likholobov VA, Romanenko AV, Simonov PA, Nenajdenko VG, Shmatova OI, Muzalevskiy VM, Nechaev MS, Asachenko AF, Morozov OS, Dzhevakov PB, Osipov SN, Vorobyeva DV, Topchiy MA, Zotova MA, Ponomarenko SA, Borshchev OV, Luponosov YN, Rempel AA, Valeeva AA, Stakheev AY, Turova OV, Mashkovsky IS, Sysolyatin SV, Malykhin VV, Bukhtiyarova GA, Terent'ev AO, Krylov IB. Development of new methods in modern selective organic synthesis: preparation of functionalized molecules with atomic precision. Russ Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v83n10abeh004471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Selent A, Scotti G, Leppäniemi J, Franssila S, Koptyug IV. Lab-on-a-Chip Reactor Imaging with Unprecedented Chemical Resolution by Hadamard-Encoded Remote Detection NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Selent A, Scotti G, Leppäniemi J, Franssila S, Koptyug IV. Lab-on-a-Chip Reactor Imaging with Unprecedented Chemical Resolution by Hadamard-Encoded Remote Detection NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11289-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Ananikov VP, Khemchyan LL, Ivanova YV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Sorokin AM, Prosvirin IP, Vatsadze SZ, Medved'ko AV, Nuriev VN, Dilman AD, Levin VV, Koptyug IV, Kovtunov KV, Zhivonitko VV, Likholobov VA, Romanenko AV, Simonov PA, Nenajdenko VG, Shmatova OI, Muzalevskiy VM, Nechaev MS, Asachenko AF, Morozov OS, Dzhevakov PB, Osipov SN, Vorobyeva DV, Topchiy MA, Zotova MA, Ponomarenko SA, Borshchev OV, Luponosov YN, Rempel AA, Valeeva AA, Stakheev AY, Turova OV, Mashkovsky IS, Sysolyatin SV, Malykhin VV, Bukhtiyarova GA, Terent'ev AO, Krylov IB. Development of new methods in modern selective organic synthesis: preparation of functionalized molecules with atomic precision. Russian Chemical Reviews 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n10abeh004471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zhivonitko VV, Telkki VV, Chernichenko K, Repo T, Leskelä M, Sumerin V, Koptyug IV. Tweezers for Parahydrogen: A Metal-Free Probe of Nonequilibrium Nuclear Spin States of H2 Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:598-601. [DOI: 10.1021/ja410396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Instututskaya St. 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
St. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ville-Veikko Telkki
- Department
of Physics, NMR Research Group, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Konstantin Chernichenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Leskelä
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Victor Sumerin
- Borealis Polymers Oy, P.O. Box 330, 06101 Porvoo, Finland
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Instututskaya St. 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
St. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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37
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Zhivonitko VV, Kovtunov KV, Chapovsky PL, Koptyug IV. Nuclear Spin Isomers of Ethylene: Enrichment by Chemical Synthesis and Application for NMR Signal Enhancement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhivonitko VV, Kovtunov KV, Chapovsky PL, Koptyug IV. Nuclear Spin Isomers of Ethylene: Enrichment by Chemical Synthesis and Application for NMR Signal Enhancement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13251-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
A theoretical model of the nuclear spin isomer conversion in C2H4 induced by the intramolecular spin-spin interaction between hydrogen nuclei has been developed. In the ground electronic state, C2H4 has four nuclear spin isomers in contrast to two isomers in the molecules studied so far in this field of research. At the gas pressure of 1 Torr, the rate of conversion between isomers with the nuclear spin symmetries B1u and B2u was found to be 5.2 × 10(-4) s(-1), which coincides within experimental uncertainties with the rate recently measured by Sun et al. (Science 2005, 310, 1938). It was determined that at low gas pressures the conversion is induced mainly by the mixing of only one pair of rotational states. The calculated pressure dependence of the conversion rate predicts that conversion slows down with increasing pressure at pressures higher than 300 Torr.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Chapovsky
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry , SB RAS, 1 Acad. Koptyug Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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40
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Zhivonitko VV, Telkki VV, Leppäniemi J, Scotti G, Franssila S, Koptyug IV. Remote detection NMR imaging of gas phase hydrogenation in microfluidic chips. Lab Chip 2013; 13:1554-1561. [PMID: 23435499 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous hydrogenation reaction of propene into propane in microreactors is studied by remote detection (RD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The reactors consist of 36 parallel microchannels (50 × 50 μm(2) cross sections) coated with a platinum catalyst. We show that RD NMR is capable of monitoring reactions with sub-millimeter spatial resolution over a field-of-view of 30 × 8 mm(2) with a steady-state time-of-flight time resolution in the tens of milliseconds range. The method enables the visualization of active zones in the reactors, and time-of-flight is used to image the flow velocity variations inside the reactor. The overall reaction yields determined by NMR varied from 10% to 50%, depending on the flow rate, temperature and length of the reaction channels. The reaction yield was highest for the channels with the lowest flow velocity. Propane T1 relaxation time in the channels, estimated by means of RD NMR images, was 270 ± 18 ms. No parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) was observed in experiments carried out using parahydrogen-enriched H2, indicating fast spreading of the hydrogen atoms on the sputtered Pt surface. In spite of the low concentration of gases, RD NMR made imaging of gas phase hydrogenation of propene in microreactors feasible, and it is a highly versatile method for characterizing on-chip chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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41
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Zhivonitko VV, Telkki VV, Koptyug IV. Characterization of Microfluidic Gas Reactors Using Remote-Detection MRI and Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Zhivonitko VV, Telkki VV, Koptyug IV. Characterization of Microfluidic Gas Reactors Using Remote-Detection MRI and Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8054-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kovtunov KV, Zhivonitko VV, Skovpin IV, Barskiy DA, Koptyug IV. Parahydrogen-induced polarization in heterogeneous catalytic processes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 338:123-80. [PMID: 23097028 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parahydrogen-induced polarization of nuclear spins provides enhancements of NMR signals for various nuclei of up to four to five orders of magnitude in magnetic fields of modern NMR spectrometers and even higher enhancements in low and ultra-low magnetic fields. It is based on the use of parahydrogen in catalytic hydrogenation reactions which, upon pairwise addition of the two H atoms of parahydrogen, can strongly enhance the NMR signals of reaction intermediates and products in solution. A recent advance in this field is the demonstration that PHIP can be observed not only in homogeneous hydrogenations but also in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. The use of heterogeneous catalysts for generating PHIP provides a number of significant advantages over the homogeneous processes, including the possibility to produce hyperpolarized gases, better control over the hydrogenation process, and the ease of separation of hyperpolarized fluids from the catalyst. The latter advantage is of paramount importance in light of the recent tendency toward utilization of hyperpolarized substances in in vivo spectroscopic and imaging applications of NMR. In addition, PHIP demonstrates the potential to become a useful tool for studying mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic processes and for in situ studies of operating catalytic reactors. Here, the known examples of PHIP observations in heterogeneous reactions over immobilized transition metal complexes, supported metals, and some other types of heterogeneous catalysts are discussed and the applications of the technique for hypersensitive NMR imaging studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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Kovtunov KV, Beck IE, Zhivonitko VV, Barskiy DA, Bukhtiyarov VI, Koptyug IV. Heterogeneous addition of H2 to double and triple bonds over supported Pd catalysts: a parahydrogen-induced polarization technique study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11008-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40690j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV. Analysis of remote detection travel time curves measured from microfluidic channels. J Magn Reson 2011; 210:238-245. [PMID: 21459639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Remote detection technique can increase sensitivity of an NMR experiment by several orders of magnitude in microfluidic applications. Travel time experiment is a basic remote detection NMR experiment, which reveals the travel time distribution of the molecules flowing from the encoding coil region to the detector. In this article, we focus on analyzing how flow type (Poiseuille or plug flow), diffusion, dispersion and geometry of the flow channels are manifested in the travel time curves measured from microfluidic channels. We demonstrate that remote detection travel time experiment could be used even as an alternative NMR method for measuring self-diffusion coefficient of a fluid without magnetic field gradients. In addition, we introduce a modified travel time pulse sequence, which removes the signal of unencoded fluid spins as well as the background signal arising from the material inside or close to the detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville-Veikko Telkki
- NMR Research Group, Department of Physics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Finland.
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Makarov AY, Zhivonitko VV, Makarov AG, Zikirin SB, Bagryanskaya IY, Bagryansky VA, Gatilov YV, Irtegova IG, Shakirov MM, Zibarev AV. Interaction of 1,3,2,4-benzodithiadiazines and their 1-Se congeners with Ph3P and some properties of the iminophosphorane products. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:3017-27. [PMID: 21384905 DOI: 10.1021/ic102565x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between Ph(3)P and 1,3,2,4-benzodithiadiazine (1); its 6,7-difluoro (2), 5,6,8-trifluoro (3) and 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro (4) derivatives; and 5,6,8-trifluoro-3,1,2,4-benzothiaselenadiazine (5) proceeded via a 1:1 condensation to give Ph(3)P═N-R iminophosphoranes (1a-5a, R = corresponding 1,2,3-benzodichalcogenazol-2-yls), which are inaccessible by general approaches based on the Staudinger and Kirsanov reactions. In contrast, neither Ph(3)As nor Ph(3)Sb reacted with 1 and 4. Molecular structures of 1a-5a and 5 were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystals formed by chiral molecules of 2a-5a were racemic, whereas the crystal of 1a was formed by a single enantiomer. In all of the Ph(3)P═N-R derivatives, one of the Ph rings is oriented face-to-face to the hetero ring, R. Upon heating to ∼120 °C in squalane (1a, 3a, 4a) or dissolving in chloroform at ambient temperatures (1a, 2a, 4a), the Ph(3)P═N-R derivatives generated the 1,2,3-benzodithiazolyls (1b-4b, respectively) whose identity was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). 2,1,3-Benzothiaselenazolyls 5b and 6b were detected by EPR as the main paramagnetic products of solution thermolysis of 5 and its 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro congener (6), respectively. Passing a chloroform solution of 4a through silica column unexpectedly gave 5-6-6-6 tetracyclic (9) and 6-10-6 tricyclic (10) sulfur-nitrogen compounds, which were characterized by XRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu Makarov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Ahola S, Kovtunov KV, Jokisaari J, Koptyug IV. Microfluidic Gas-Flow Imaging Utilizing Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization and Remote-Detection NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Ahola S, Kovtunov KV, Jokisaari J, Koptyug IV. Microfluidic Gas-Flow Imaging Utilizing Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization and Remote-Detection NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8363-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Koptyug IV, Zhivonitko VV, Kovtunov KV. New Perspectives for Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization in Liquid Phase Heterogeneous Hydrogenation: An Aqueous Phase and ALTADENA Study. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3086-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kovtunov KV, Zhivonitko VV, Kiwi-Minsker L, Koptyug IV. Parahydrogen-induced polarization in alkyne hydrogenation catalyzed by Pd nanoparticles embedded in a supported ionic liquid phase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5764-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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