1
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Wang R, Cao Q, Wang X, Tian X, Li F. Second-harmonic flat-top beam shaping via a three-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1097-1100. [PMID: 38359262 DOI: 10.1364/ol.516606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
We experimentally extend the nonlinear Gaussian to flat-top beam shaping from one to two dimensions through a three-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal. Employing a near-infrared femtosecond laser, we induce a modification inside lithium niobate to achieve a second-order nonlinear optical coefficient modulation in three dimensions. The flat-topped truncation of wavefront has been adjusted in a mutual perpendicular coordinate separately. Among the generated flat-topped beams, the optimal flatness is 97.1%, and the nonlinear conversion efficiency is 10-2 at the peak power of 37 kW with the interaction length of 630 µm. By adding an extra dimension, our work simultaneously enables full-wavefront flat-top distribution and nonlinear frequency conversion.
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2
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Wang B, Li Y, Shen X, Krolikowski W. Asymmetric wavefront shaping with nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:25143-25152. [PMID: 37475326 DOI: 10.1364/oe.490167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric control of light with nonlinear material is of great significance in the design of novel micro-photonic components, such as asymmetric imaging devices and nonreciprocal directional optical filters. However, the use of nonlinear photonic crystals for asymmetric optical transmission, to the best of our knowledge, is still an untouched area of research. Herein we propose the 3D nonlinear detour phase holography for realizing asymmetric SH wavefront shaping by taking advantage of the dependence of the SH phase on the propagation direction of the excitation beam. With the proposed method, the designed nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram yields SH phases with opposite signs for the forward and backward transmission situations. Moreover, the quasi-phase-matching scheme and orbital angular momentum conservation in the asymmetric SH wavefront shaping process are also discussed. This study conceptually extends the 2D nonlinear detour phase holography into 3D space to build the nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram for achieving SH twin-image elimination and asymmetric SH wavefront shaping, offering new possibilities for the design of nonreciprocal optical devices.
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3
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Yesharim O, Pearl S, Foley-Comer J, Juwiler I, Arie A. Direct generation of spatially entangled qudits using quantum nonlinear optical holography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7968. [PMID: 36827364 PMCID: PMC9956120 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear holography shapes the amplitude and phase of generated new harmonics using nonlinear processes. Classical nonlinear holography influenced many fields in optics, from information storage, demultiplexing of spatial information, and all-optical control of accelerating beams. Here, we extend the concept of nonlinear holography to the quantum regime. We directly shape the spatial quantum correlations of entangled photon pairs in two-dimensional patterned nonlinear photonic crystals using spontaneous parametric down conversion, without any pump shaping. The generated signal-idler pair obeys a parity conservation law that is governed by the nonlinear crystal. Furthermore, the quantum states exhibit quantum correlations and violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, thus enabling entanglement-based quantum key distribution. Our demonstration paves the way for controllable on-chip quantum optics schemes using the high-dimensional spatial degree of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Yesharim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shaul Pearl
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Applied Physics Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne, Israel
| | - Joshua Foley-Comer
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Juwiler
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Wang S, Liu S, Liu D, Wang N, Zhao R, Liu Y, Li Z, Mao G, Chen F, Sheng Y, Xu T, Krolikowski W. Ferroelectric domain engineering with femtosecond pulses of different wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:5843-5852. [PMID: 36823856 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct femtosecond laser writing of ferroelectric domain structures has been an indispensable technique for engineering the second-order optical nonlinearity of materials in three dimensions. It utilizes localized thermoelectric field motivated by nonlinear absorption at the position of laser focus to manipulate domains. However, the impact of laser wavelengths, which is pivotal in nonlinear absorption, on the inverted domains is still sketchy. Herein, the light-induced ferroelectric domain inversion is experimentally studied. It is shown that the domain inversions can be achieved over a broad spectral range, but the optical threshold for domain inversion varies dramatically with the laser wavelength, which can be explained by considering the physical mechanism of femtosecond laser poling and nonlinear absorption properties of the crystal. Meanwhile, the effects of other laser processing parameters are also experimentally investigated. Our findings are useful to guide the fabrication of high-performance optical and electronic devices based on ferroelectric domains.
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5
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Imbrock J, Szalek D, Laubrock S, Hanafi H, Denz C. Thermally assisted fabrication of nonlinear photonic structures in lithium niobate with femtosecond laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:39340-39352. [PMID: 36298888 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered domain structures play an essential role in nonlinear optics for quasi-phase-matched parametric processes. Pyroelectric field-assisted domain inversion with focused femtosecond laser pulses is a promising approach to create arbitrary two-dimensional nonlinear photonic structures in a large volume without externally applied electrical fields. We fabricate lattices of ferroelectric domains by patterning lithium niobate crystals with femtosecond laser pulses and then heating them to elevated temperatures. After cooling to room temperature, domains form below and above the laser-induced seeds. We investigate the effect of temperature and seed spacing on the number and size of inverted domains. In a temperature range of 220 °C-300 °C all domains are inverted in a two-dimensional lattice with periods of 15 µm × 6.3 µm. Smaller lattice periods result in a smaller fraction of inverted domains. Measurements with conducting, nonconducting, and short-circuited crystal surfaces reveal the influence of surface charges during the domain formation process. From the obtained domain widths and spacings, we calculate the effective nonlinear coefficient of quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in two-dimensional nonlinear photonic structures.
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6
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Wang N, Liu S, Zhao R, Xu T, Chen F, Arie A, Krolikowski W, Sheng Y. Effect of spatial variation of the duty cycle in transverse second-harmonic generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3656-3659. [PMID: 35913282 DOI: 10.1364/ol.459405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transverse second-harmonic generation, in which the emission angles of the second harmonic are determined by the spatial modulation of the quadratic nonlinearity, has important applications in nonlinear optical imaging, holography, and beam shaping. Here we study the role of the local duty cycle of the nonlinearity on the light intensity distribution in transverse second-harmonic generation, taking the generation of perfect vortices in periodically poled ferroelectric crystal as an example. We show, theoretically and experimentally, that spatial variations of the nonlinearity modulation must be accompanied by the corresponding changes of the width of inverted ferroelectric domains, to ensure uniformity of the light intensity distribution in the generated second harmonic. This work provides a fundamental way to achieve high-quality transverse second-harmonic generation and, hence, opens more possibilities in applications based on harmonic generation and its control.
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7
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Liu Q, Song Y, Wang F, Guo J, Wang F, Yang H, Zhang B, Wang D, Liu H, Sang Y. Ferroelectric Domain Reversal Dynamics in LiNbO 3 Optical Superlattice Investigated with a Real-Time Monitoring System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202761. [PMID: 35723179 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The optical superlattice structure derived from a periodic poling process endows ferroelectric crystals with tunable optical property regulation, which has become one of the most efficient strategies for fabricating high-efficiency optical devices. Achieving a precise superlattice structure has been the main barrier for preparation of specific optical applications due to the unclear dynamics of domain structure regulation. Herein, a real-time monitoring system for the in situ observation of periodic poling of lithium niobate is established to investigate ferroelectric domain reversal dynamics. The formation of reversed domain nuclei, growth, and expansion of the domain are monitored, which is highly related to domain growth dynamics. The nucleation and growth of domain are discussed combined with the monition of domain reversal and the variation of local electric field distribution along with finite element analysis. An electrode configuration with multiholes is proposed to use the local electric field more efficiently and controllably, which could achieve a higher domain nucleus density with high uniformity. Two-mm-thick periodically poled LiNbO3 crystals with high quality are achieved. A nonlinear light conversion from 1064.2 to 3402.4 nm is realized by the single-resonance optical parameter oscillator with a nonlinear optical efficiency up to 26.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Yukun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Fulei Wang
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Jiang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hongru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Baitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Dongzhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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8
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Ali RF, Gates BD. Lithium niobate particles with a tunable diameter and porosity for optical second harmonic generation. RSC Adv 2021; 12:822-833. [PMID: 35425117 PMCID: PMC8979055 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Uniform, porous particles of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) can be used as contrast agents in bioimaging, drug delivery carriers, nonlinear optical emitters, biosensors, photocatalysts and electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries. In this article, we introduce a hydrothermal method to prepare uniform, mesoporous LiNbO3 particles with a tunable diameter and porosity. These properties are each tuned by adjusting the reaction times of the hydrothermal process. This approach forms mesoporous LiNbO3 particles without the addition of organic additives (e.g., surfactants) or hard templates (e.g., silica). Formation of these LiNbO3 particles proceeds through an aqueous sol-gel reaction in which niobium hydroxide species are generated in situ and undergo a condensation reaction in the presence of lithium hydroxide to form a colloidal solution. A hydrothermal reaction using this solution resulted in the formation of uniform, solid, and semi-crystalline particles. A post-calcination step induces crystallinity in the product and transforms the particles into mesoporous materials composed of a rhombohedral LiNbO3 phase. An increase in reaction time results in an increase in the diameter of these particles from 580 to 1850 nm, but also decreases their porosity. These LiNbO3 particles were active towards second harmonic generation (SHG), and their SHG response resembled that of larger crystals of rhombohedral LiNbO3. This work also offers a viable strategy for manufacturing other materials (e.g., tantalates, titanates, niobates) with tunable dimensions and porosity that enable a broad range of applications in photonics, energy, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Faryad Ali
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Byron D Gates
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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9
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Tsvetkov D, Gao J, Frantz J, Litchinitser NM. Design approach for photonic quasicrystals to enable multiple nonlinear interactions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38280-38290. [PMID: 34808883 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quasicrystals are poised to transform the field of nonlinear light-matter interactions due to their ability to support an unlimited number of combinations of wavevectors in their reciprocal lattices. Such greatly enhanced flexibility enabled by k-space engineering makes photonic quasicrystals a promising platform for novel approaches to multi-wavelength conversion, supercontinuum generation, and development of classical and quantum optical sources. Here, we develop a new design method for nonlinear photonic quasicrystals, consisting of a combination of one nonlinear material and one linear material that can simultaneously fulfill phase-matching conditions for a desired number of nonlinear optical interactions as long as the frequencies of the interacting waves are outside of the bandgaps of the quasicrystal structure. Our approach provides enhanced design flexibility, enabling new pathways to designing compact, integrated nonlinear photonic devices and systems on a chip.
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10
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Yao Z, Chen X, Wehmeier L, Xu S, Shao Y, Zeng Z, Liu F, Mcleod AS, Gilbert Corder SN, Tsuneto M, Shi W, Wang Z, Zheng W, Bechtel HA, Carr GL, Martin MC, Zettl A, Basov DN, Chen X, Eng LM, Kehr SC, Liu M. Probing subwavelength in-plane anisotropy with antenna-assisted infrared nano-spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2649. [PMID: 33976184 PMCID: PMC8113487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared nano-spectroscopy based on scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is commonly employed to probe the vibrational fingerprints of materials at the nanometer length scale. However, due to the elongated and axisymmetric tip shank, s-SNOM is less sensitive to the in-plane sample anisotropy in general. In this article, we report an easy-to-implement method to probe the in-plane dielectric responses of materials with the assistance of a metallic disk micro-antenna. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we investigate here the in-plane phonon responses of two prototypical samples, i.e. in (100) sapphire and x-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3). In particular, the sapphire in-plane vibrations between 350 cm-1 to 800 cm-1 that correspond to LO phonon modes along the crystal b- and c-axis are determined with a spatial resolution of < λ/10, without needing any fitting parameters. In LiNbO3, we identify the in-plane orientation of its optical axis via the phonon modes, demonstrating that our method can be applied without prior knowledge of the crystal orientation. Our method can be elegantly adapted to retrieve the in-plane anisotropic response of a broad range of materials, i.e. subwavelength microcrystals, van-der-Waals materials, or topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Yao
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suheng Xu
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Yinming Shao
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Zimeng Zeng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanwei Liu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander S. Mcleod
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Stephanie N. Gilbert Corder
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Makoto Tsuneto
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Wu Shi
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihang Wang
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Hans A. Bechtel
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - G. L. Carr
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Michael C. Martin
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - D. N. Basov
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Xi Chen
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lukas M. Eng
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne C. Kehr
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mengkun Liu
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
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11
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Prasath RK, Ravi Rajan I, Madhupriya G, Ali Meerasha M, Boomadevi S, Pandiyan K. Measurement of the internal electric field in periodically poled congruent lithium niobate crystals by far-field diffraction. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3791-3796. [PMID: 33983313 DOI: 10.1364/ao.421735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple nondestructive diffraction method is introduced to estimate the internal electric field present in the congruent lithium niobate crystal. Due to the presence of an unrelaxed internal field, the as-poled sample acts as an index grating and diffracts the incident light beam. By analyzing the diffraction patterns, we calculated the refractive index difference ($\Delta n = 1.52 \times {{10}^{- 4}}$) between the poled and the unpoled domains, and the duty cycle error of 7.9%. Using the Pockels effect, the internal field ${E_i}$ present in the periodically poled lithium niobate crystal is estimated to be 2.56 kV/mm.
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12
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Hao Z, Jiang B, Hou Y, Li C, Yi R, Ji Y, Li J, Li A, Gan X, Zhao J. Continuous-wave pumped frequency upconversions in an InSe-integrated microfiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:733-736. [PMID: 33577501 DOI: 10.1364/ol.413451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the achievement of continuous-wave (CW)-pumped second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency generation (SFG) in a layered indium selenide (InSe)-integrated microfiber. As a result of the strong interaction between the InSe nanosheets and the evanescent field, the second-order nonlinear processes are greatly enhanced in the InSe-integrated microfiber pumped by a few milliwatt CW lasers. The experimental results reveal that the intensities of SHG and SFG are quadratic and linear dependencies with the incident pump power, respectively, which is consistent with theoretical predictions. Additionally, the SHG intensity is strongly polarization-dependent on the nonaxisymmetrical distribution of the InSe nanosheets around the microfiber, providing the possibility of the SHG-polarized manipulation. The proposed device has the potential to be integrable into all-fiber systems for nonlinear applications.
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13
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Wang B, Hong X, Wang K, Chen X, Liu S, Krolikowski W, Lu P, Sheng Y. Nonlinear detour phase holography. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2693-2702. [PMID: 33496709 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07069f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear photonic crystals are capable of highly efficient nonlinear wavefront manipulation, providing a promising platform for compact and large-scale integrated nonlinear devices. However, the current nonlinear encoding methods for nonlinear photonic crystals inherently require a number of disordered and complex microstructures, which are quite challenging in a real fabrication process. Herein we propose and experimentally demonstrate a nonlinear detour phase method for nonlinear wavefront manipulation in nonlinear photonic crystals. With the proposed method, the designed nonlinear detour phase hologram only requires a set of basic building blocks with simple shapes, which are easy to fabricate by using the femtosecond laser writing technique. The second-harmonic hologram is demonstrated by designing the nonlinear detour phase patterns, and the quasi-phase-matching scheme in the second-harmonic holographic imaging process is also discussed. This study conceptually extends the conventional detour phase method into the nonlinear regime, offering new possibilities for compact nonlinear micro-devices with multi-functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxia Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xuanmiao Hong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Laser Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Wieslaw Krolikowski
- Laser Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. and Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha 23874, Qatar
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China. and Guangdong Intelligent Robotics Institute, Dongguan 523808, China and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yan Sheng
- Laser Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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14
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Li C, Wang X, Wu Y, Liang F, Wang F, Zhao X, Yu H, Zhang H. Three-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal in naturally grown potassium-tantalate-niobate perovskite ferroelectrics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:193. [PMID: 33298831 PMCID: PMC7687908 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since quasi-phase-matching of nonlinear optics was proposed in 1962, nonlinear photonic crystals were rapidly developed by ferroelectric domain inversion induced by electric or light poling. The three-dimensional (3D) periodical rotation of ferroelectric domains may add feasible modulation to the nonlinear coefficients and break the rigid requirements for the incident light and polarization direction in traditional quasi-phase-matching media. However, 3D rotating ferroelectric domains are difficult to fabricate by the direct external poling technique. Here, we show a natural potassium-tantalate-niobate (KTN) perovskite nonlinear photonic crystal with spontaneous Rubik's cube-like domain structures near the Curie temperature of 40 °C. The KTN crystal contains 3D ferroelectric polarization distributions corresponding to the reconfigured second-order susceptibilities, which can provide rich reciprocal vectors to compensate for the phase mismatch along an arbitrary direction and polarization of incident light. Bragg diffraction and broadband second-harmonic generation are also presented. This natural nonlinear photonic crystal directly meets the 3D quasi-phase-matching condition without external poling and establishes a promising platform for all-optical nonlinear beam shaping and enables new optoelectronic applications for perovskite ferroelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xuping Wang
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiangyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Haohai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Huaijin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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15
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Hu X, Zhang Y, Zhu S. Nonlinear Beam Shaping in Domain Engineered Ferroelectric Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903775. [PMID: 31682041 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Domain engineered ferroelectric crystals are a type of microstructure functional material that is used widely in the area of nonlinear optics. Herein, research processes in the area of nonlinear beam shaping using domain engineered crystals in the past decade are reviewed. The newly developed design methods, such as the nonlinear Huygens-Fresnel principle, nonlinear volume holography, and caustic design, which have analogs in linear optics, are introduced. Using the proposed methods for nonlinear beam shaping, multiple function integration, generation of Airy beams, and arbitrary curved trajectories are realized. As an extra degree of freedom, orbital angular momentum of light beams is generated and manipulated through domain engineering. Discussions and future directions in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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16
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Li H, Ma B. Research development on fabrication and optical properties of nonlinear photonic crystals. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2020; 13:35-49. [PMID: 36641585 PMCID: PMC9743886 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-019-0946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the lasers at fixed wavelengths are unable to meet the requirements of the development of modern science and technology, nonlinear optics is significant for overcoming the obstacle. Investigation on frequency conversion in ferroelectric nonlinear photonic crystals with different superlattices has been being one of the popular research directions in this field. In this paper, some mature fabrication methods of nonlinear photonic crystals are concluded, for example, the electric poling method at room temperature and the femtosecond direct laser writing technique. Then the development of nonlinear photonic crystals with one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional superlattices which are used in quasi-phase matching and nonlinear diffraction harmonic generation is introduced. In the meantime, several creative applications of nonlinear photonic crystals are summarized, showing the great value of them in an extensive practical area, such as communication, detection, imaging, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangjia Li
- School of Data Science and Media Intelligence, Communication University of China, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Boqin Ma
- School of Data Science and Media Intelligence, Communication University of China, Beijing, 100024, China.
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17
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Kong Y, Bo F, Wang W, Zheng D, Liu H, Zhang G, Rupp R, Xu J. Recent Progress in Lithium Niobate: Optical Damage, Defect Simulation, and On-Chip Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1806452. [PMID: 31282003 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN) is one of the most important synthetic crystals. In the past two decades, many breakthroughs have been made in material technology, theoretical understanding, and application of LN crystals. Recent progress in optical damage, defect simulation, and on-chip devices of LN are explored. Optical damage is one of the main obstacles for the practical usage of LN crystals. Recent results reveal that doping with ZrO2 not only leads to better optical damage resistance in the visible but also improves resistance in the ultraviolet region. It is still awkward to extract defect characteristics and their relationship with the physical properties of LN crystals directly from experimental investigations. Recent simulations provide detailed descriptions of intrinsic defect models, the site occupation of dopants and the variation of energy levels due to extrinsic defects. LN is considered to be one of the most promising platforms for integrated photonics. Benefiting from advances in smart-cut, direct wafer bonding and layer transfer techniques, great progress has been made in the past decade for LNs on insulators. Recent progress on on-chip LN micro-photonic devices and nonlinear optical effects, in particular photorefractive effects, are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Kong
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Fang Bo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dahuai Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hongde Liu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guoquan Zhang
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Romano Rupp
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, A-1090, Wien, Austria
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jingjun Xu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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18
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Mohand Ousaid S, Chakaroun M, Chang KH, Billeton T, Peng LH, Boudrioua A. Multi-resonant optical parametric oscillator without mirrors based on 1D and 2D-PPLT nonlinear photonic crystal. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023811003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to obtain an optical parametric oscillator with a simultaneous amplification of multiple frequencies using only a nonlinear photonic crystal with highly polished end-faces, preventing the utilization of external cavity mirrors.
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19
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Löchner FJF, Mupparapu R, Steinert M, George A, Tang Z, Turchanin A, Pertsch T, Staude I, Setzpfandt F. Controlling second-harmonic diffraction by nano-patterning MoS 2 monolayers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35475-35484. [PMID: 31878718 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides have a strong second-order nonlinear response enabling second-harmonic generation. Here, we control the spatial radiation properties of the generated second harmonic by patterning MoS2 monolayers using focused ion beam milling. We observe diffraction of the second harmonic into the zero and first diffraction orders via an inscribed one-dimensional grating. Additionally, we included a fork-like singularity into the grating to create a vortex beam in the first diffraction order.
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20
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Brambilla E, Gatti A. Efficient parametric generation in a nonlinear photonic crystal pumped by a dual beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:30233-30248. [PMID: 31684273 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate parametric down-conversion in a hexagonally poled nonlinear photonic crystal, pumped by a dual pump with a transverse modulation that matches the periodicity of the χ (2) nonlinear grating. A peculiar feature of this resonant configuration is that the two pumps simultaneously generate photon pairs over an entire branch of modes, via quasi-phase matching with both fundamental vectors of the reciprocal lattice of the nonlinearity. The parametric gain of these modes depends thus coherently on the sum of the two pump amplitudes and can be controlled by varying their relative intensities and phases. We find that a significant enhancement of the source conversion efficiency, comparable to that of one-dimensionally poled crystals, can be achieved by a dual symmetric pump. We also show how the four-mode coupling arising among shared modes at resonance can be tailored by changing the dual pump parameters.
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21
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Efficient nonlinear beam shaping in three-dimensional lithium niobate nonlinear photonic crystals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4193. [PMID: 31519901 PMCID: PMC6744429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear beam shaping refers to spatial reconfiguration of a light beam at a new frequency, which can be achieved by using nonlinear photonic crystals (NPCs). Direct nonlinear beam shaping has been achieved to convert second-harmonic waves into focusing spots, vortex beams, and diffraction-free beams. However, previous nonlinear beam shaping configurations in one-dimensional and two-dimensional (2D) NPCs generally suffer from low efficiency because of unfulfilled phase-matching condition. Here, we present efficient generations of second-harmonic vortex and Hermite-Gaussian beams in the recently-developed three-dimensional (3D) lithium niobate NPCs fabricated by using a femtosecond-laser-engineering technique. Since 3D χ(2) modulations can be designed to simultaneously fulfill the requirements of nonlinear wave-front shaping and quasi-phase-matching, the conversion efficiency is enhanced up to two orders of magnitude in a tens-of-microns-long 3D NPC in comparison to the 2D case. Efficient nonlinear beam shaping paves a way for its applications in optical communication, super-resolution imaging, high-dimensional entangled source, etc. Generation of light with desirable amplitude and phase profiles with nonlinear wavefront shaping is of great interest for optical technologies. Here, the authors demonstrate efficient nonlinear beam shaping using three-dimensional lithium niobate photonic crystals fabricated using a femtosecond-laser-engineering technique.
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22
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O Ramírez M, Molina P, Gómez-Tornero A, Hernández-Pinilla D, Sánchez-García L, Carretero-Palacios S, Bausá LE. Hybrid Plasmonic-Ferroelectric Architectures for Lasing and SHG Processes at the Nanoscale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901428. [PMID: 31243833 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coherent light sources providing sub-wavelength confined modes are in ever more demand to face new challenges in a variety of disciplines. Scalability and cost-effective production of these systems are also highly desired. The use of ferroelectrics in functional optical platforms, on which plasmonic arrangements can be formed, is revealed as a simple and powerful method to develop coherent light sources with improved and novel functionalities at the nanoscale. Two types of sources with sub-diffraction spatial confinement and improved performances are presented: i) plasmon-assisted solid-state nanolasers based on the interaction between metallic nanostructures and optically active rare earth doped ferroelectric crystals and ii) nonlinear radiation sources based on quadratic frequency mixing processes that are enhanced by means of localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonances. The mechanisms responsible for the intensification of the radiation-matter interaction processes by LSP resonances are discussed in each case. The challenges, potential applications, and future perspectives of the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola O Ramírez
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Molina
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Tornero
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hernández-Pinilla
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sol Carretero-Palacios
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa E Bausá
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Liu S, Switkowski K, Xu C, Tian J, Wang B, Lu P, Krolikowski W, Sheng Y. Nonlinear wavefront shaping with optically induced three-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3208. [PMID: 31324760 PMCID: PMC6642115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of coherent light with desirable amplitude and phase profiles throughout the optical spectrum is a key issue in optical technologies. Nonlinear wavefront shaping offers an exceptional way to achieve this goal by converting an incident light beam into the beam (or beams) of different frequency with spatially modulated amplitude and phase. The realization of such frequency conversion and shaping processes critically depends on the matching of phase velocities of interacting waves, for which nonlinear photonic crystals (NPCs) with spatially modulated quadratic nonlinearity have shown great potential. Here, we present the first experimental demonstration of nonlinear wavefront shaping with three-dimensional (3D) NPCs formed by ultrafast-light-induced ferroelectric domain inversion approach. Compared with those previously used low-dimensional structures, 3D NPCs provide all spatial degrees of freedom for the compensation of phase mismatch in nonlinear interactions and thereby constitute an unprecedented system for the generation and control of coherent light at new frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Laser Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Krzysztof Switkowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 00-661, Poland
- Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chenglong Xu
- MicroNano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Jie Tian
- MicroNano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Bingxia Wang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Wieslaw Krolikowski
- Laser Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yan Sheng
- Laser Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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24
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Lin J, Yao N, Hao Z, Zhang J, Mao W, Wang M, Chu W, Wu R, Fang Z, Qiao L, Fang W, Bo F, Cheng Y. Broadband Quasi-Phase-Matched Harmonic Generation in an On-Chip Monocrystalline Lithium Niobate Microdisk Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:173903. [PMID: 31107098 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.173903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We reveal a unique broadband natural quasi-phase-matching (QPM) mechanism underlying an observation of highly efficient second- and third-order harmonic generation at multiple wavelengths in an x-cut lithium niobate (LN) microdisk resonator. For light waves in the transverse-electric mode propagating along the circumference of the microdisk, the effective nonlinear optical coefficients naturally oscillate periodically to change both the sign and magnitude, facilitating QPM without the necessity of domain engineering in the micrometer-scale LN disk. The second-harmonic and cascaded third-harmonic waves are simultaneously generated with normalized conversion efficiencies as high as 9.9%/mW and 1.05%/mW^{2}, respectively, thanks to the utilization of the highest nonlinear coefficient d_{33} of LN. The high efficiency achieved with the microdisk of a diameter of ∼30 μm is beneficial for realizing high-density integration of nonlinear photonic devices such as wavelength convertors and entangled photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ni Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhenzhong Hao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbo Mao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei Chu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Rongbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lingling Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fang Bo
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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25
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P-Type Lithium Niobate Thin Films Fabricated by Nitrogen-Doping. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12050819. [PMID: 30862014 PMCID: PMC6427647 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped lithium niobate (LiNbO₃:N) thin films were successfully fabricated on a Si-substrate using a nitrogen plasma beam supplied through a radio-frequency plasma apparatus as a dopant source via a pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The films were then characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) as polycrystalline with the predominant orientations of (012) and (104). The perfect surface appearance of the film was investigated by atomic force microscopy and Hall-effect measurements revealed a rare p-type conductivity in the LiNbO₃:N thin film. The hole concentration was 7.31 × 1015 cm-3 with a field-effect mobility of 266 cm²V-1s-1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the atom content of nitrogen was 0.87%; N atoms were probably substituted for O sites, which contributed to the p-type conductivity. The realization of p-type LiNbO₃:N thin films grown on the Si substrate lead to improvements in the manufacturing of novel optoelectronic devices.
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26
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Liu D, Wei D, Gu M, Zhang Y, Hu X, Xiao M, Han P. Evolution of the nonlinear Raman-Nath diffraction from near field to far field. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3168-3171. [PMID: 29957808 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we studied the near-field effect of the nonlinear Raman-Nath diffraction experimentally in a 1D periodically poled LiTaO3 crystal and established a theoretical relationship between the nonlinear effect in the near field and the corresponding effect in the far field. The interference of far-field spots in the near field constitutes the nonlinear Talbot self-imaging effect. Our results not only enhance our understanding of the nonlinear Talbot effect, but they also indicate potential applications of this effect in domain inspection and domain design.
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27
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Zhang J, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Li H, Chen X. Universal modeling of second-order nonlinear frequency conversion in three-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15675-15682. [PMID: 30114825 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The second-order nonlinear frequency conversion in three-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals is theoretically studied using coupled wave equations. A universal theoretical model is obtained, with a unified expression combining birefringence phase match, quasi-phase match, nonlinear Raman-Nath diffraction, nonlinear Čerenkov radiation and nonlinear Bragg diffraction. They are demonstrated in the numerical simulation. With the phase-matching conditions in lower dimensions extended to three dimensions, more various phenomena can be seen and corresponding mechanisms can be explained. This research enables the control of second-harmonic generation more efficiently and has potential applications in more complicated nonlinear photonic crystals.
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28
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Wang B, Switowski K, Cojocaru C, Roppo V, Sheng Y, Scalora M, Kisielewski J, Pawlak D, Vilaseca R, Akhouayri H, Krolikowski W, Trull J. Comparative analysis of ferroelectric domain statistics via nonlinear diffraction in random nonlinear materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:1083-1096. [PMID: 29401987 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present an indirect, non-destructive optical method for domain statistic characterization in disordered nonlinear crystals having homogeneous refractive index and spatially random distribution of ferroelectric domains. This method relies on the analysis of the wave-dependent spatial distribution of the second harmonic, in the plane perpendicular to the optical axis in combination with numerical simulations. We apply this technique to the characterization of two different media, Calcium Barium Niobate and Strontium Barium Niobate, with drastically different statistical distributions of ferroelectric domains.
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29
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Yellas Z, Lee MW, Kremer R, Chang KH, Beghoul MR, Peng LH, Boudrioua A. Multiwavelength generation from multi-nonlinear optical process in a 2D PPLT. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:30253-30258. [PMID: 29221056 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated multi-wavelength generation in a nonlinear photonic crystals of lithium tantalate. The optical parametric generation leads to second harmonic generation, sum-frequency generation and other frequency conversion in a cascade process. These conversions are assisted by all the optical nonlinear process involving χ(2) and achieved by satisfying the quasi-phase matching conditions.
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30
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Karam TE, Siraj N, Zhang Z, Ezzir AF, Warner IM, Haber LH. Ultrafast and nonlinear spectroscopy of brilliant green-based nanoGUMBOS with enhanced near-infrared emission. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:144701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4994712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tony E. Karam
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Noureen Siraj
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Abdulrahman F. Ezzir
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Louis H. Haber
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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31
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Park H, Camper A, Kafka K, Ma B, Lai YH, Blaga C, Agostini P, DiMauro LF, Chowdhury E. High-order harmonic generations in intense MIR fields by cascade three-wave mixing in a fractal-poled LiNbO 3 photonic crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4020-4023. [PMID: 28957187 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of harmonic-like photon upconversion in a LiNbO3-based nonlinear photonic crystal by mid-infrared (MIR) femtosecond laser pulses. We study below bandgap harmonics of various driver wavelengths, reaching up to the 11th order at 4 μm driver with 13% efficiency. We compare our results to numerical simulations based on two mechanisms: cascade three-wave mixing and non-perturbative harmonic generation, both of which include quasi-phase matching. The cascade model reproduces well the general features of the observed spectrum, including a plateau-like harmonic distribution and the observed efficiency. This has the potential for providing a source of tabletop few femtosecond ultraviolet pulses.
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32
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Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Bhalla N, Sathish S, Shen AQ. Novel refractive index biosensing of microcontact printed molecules on lithium niobate. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2016:2095-2098. [PMID: 28268744 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates, for the first time, the use of lithium niobate as a biosensor that detects local refractive index changes triggered by the presence of biomolecules on its surface. The sensitivity of the sensor was found to be 242±16 nm/RIU. As a case study, we immobilized proteins (IgG antibodies) using micro-contact printing to demonstrate sensing capabilities of the device. The validated proof of concept lays a foundation for developing lithium niobate based novel optical biosensors.
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From Ewald sphere to Ewald shell in nonlinear optics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29365. [PMID: 27386951 PMCID: PMC4937392 DOI: 10.1038/srep29365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewald sphere is a simple vector scheme to depict the X-ray Bragg diffraction in a crystal. A similar method, known as the nonlinear Ewald sphere, was employed to illustrate optical frequency conversion processes. We extend the nonlinear Ewald sphere to the Ewald shell construction. With the Ewald shell, a variety of quasi-phase-matching (QPM) effects, such as the collective envelope effect associated with multiple QPM resonances, the enhanced second- harmonic generation due to multiple reciprocal vectors etc., are suggested theoretically and verified experimentally. By rotating the nonlinear photonic crystal sample, the dynamic evolution of these QPM effects has also been observed, which agreed well with the Ewald shell model.
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Rigorous intensity and phase-shift manipulation in optical frequency conversion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27457. [PMID: 27272308 PMCID: PMC4895210 DOI: 10.1038/srep27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method is employed to investigate the nonlinear frequency conversion in optical superlattices (OSL) with pump depletion. Four rigorous phase-matching conditions for different purposes are obtained directly from the nonlinear coupled equations, and the resulting OSL domain structures are generally aperiodic rather than periodic. With this method, not only the intensity but also the phase-shift of the harmonic waves can be manipulated at will. The second-harmonic generation of Gaussian beam is further investigated. This work may provide a guidance for the practical applications of designing nonlinear optical devices with high conversion efficiency.
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Chen X, Karpinski P, Shvedov V, Boes A, Mitchell A, Krolikowski W, Sheng Y. Quasi-phase matching via femtosecond laser-induced domain inversion in lithium niobate waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2410-2413. [PMID: 27244376 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an all-optical fabrication method of quasi-phase matching structures in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) waveguides using a tightly focused femtosecond near-infrared laser beam (wavelength of 800 nm). In contrast to other all-optical schemes that utilize a periodic lowering of the nonlinear coefficient χ(2) by material modification, here the illumination of femtosecond pulses directly reverses the sign of χ(2) through the process of ferroelectric domain inversion. The resulting quasi-phase matching structures, therefore, lead to more efficient nonlinear interactions. As an experimental demonstration, we fabricate a structure with the period of 2.74 μm to frequency double 815 nm light. A maximum conversion efficiency of 17.45% is obtained for a 10 mm long waveguide.
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Fang X, Yang G, Wei D, Wei D, Ni R, Ji W, Zhang Y, Hu X, Hu W, Lu YQ, Zhu SN, Xiao M. Coupled orbital angular momentum conversions in a quasi-periodically poled LiTaO₃ crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1169-1172. [PMID: 26977661 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the orbital angular momentum (OAM) conversion by the coupled nonlinear optical processes in a quasi-periodically poled LiTaO3 crystal. In such a crystal, third-harmonic generation (THG) is realized by the coupled second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) processes, i.e., SHG is dependent on SFG and vice versa. The OAMs of the interacting waves are proved to be conserved in such coupled nonlinear optical processes. As we increase the input OAM in the experiment, the conversion efficiency decreases because of the reduced fundamental power density. Our results provide better understanding for the OAM conversions, which can be used to efficiently produce an optical OAM state at a short wavelength.
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Zheng D, Kong Y, Liu S, Chen M, Chen S, Zhang L, Rupp R, Xu J. The simultaneous enhancement of photorefraction and optical damage resistance in MgO and Bi2O3 co-doped LiNbO3 crystals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20308. [PMID: 26837261 PMCID: PMC4738261 DOI: 10.1038/srep20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time that optical damage was renamed as photorefraction, here we find that the optical damage resistance and photorefraction can be simultaneously enhanced in MgO and Bi2O3 co-doped LiNbO3 (LN:Bi,Mg). The photorefractive response time of LN:Bi,Mg was shortened to 170 ms while the photorefractive sensitivity reached up to 21 cm(2)/J. Meanwhile, LN:Bi,Mg crystals could withstand a light intensity higher than 10(6) W/cm(2) without apparent optical damage. Our experimental results indicate that photorefraction doesn't equal to optical damage. The underground mechanism was analyzed and attributed to that diffusion dominates the transport process of charge carriers, that is to say photorefraction causes only slight optical damage under diffusion mechanism, which is very important for the practical applications of photorefractive crystals, such as in holographic storage, integrated optics and 3D display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahuai Zheng
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongfa Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.,R&D Center, Taishan Sports Industry Group, Leling 253600, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Muling Chen
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Romano Rupp
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.,Vienna University, Faculty of Physics, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Jingjun Xu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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Vyunishev AM, Arkhipkin VG, Slabko VV, Baturin IS, Akhmatkhanov AR, Shur VY, Chirkin AS. Nonlinear Raman-Nath diffraction of femtosecond laser pulses in a 2D nonlinear photonic crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4002-4005. [PMID: 26368697 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study second-harmonic generation (SHG) of femtosecond laser pulses in a rectangular two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal (NLPC). Multiple SH beams were observed in the vicinity of the propagation direction of the fundamental beam. It has been verified that the angular positions of these beams obey the conditions of nonlinear Raman-Nath diffraction (NRND). The measured SH spectra of specific NRND orders consist of narrow peaks that experience a high-frequency spectral shift as the order grows. We derive an analytical expression for the process studied and find the theoretical results to be in good agreement with the experimental data. We estimate the enhancement factor of nonlinear Raman-Nath diffraction in 2D NLPC to be 70.
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40
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Chen BQ, Zhang C, Hu CY, Liu RJ, Li ZY. High-Efficiency Broadband High-Harmonic Generation from a Single Quasi-Phase-Matching Nonlinear Crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:083902. [PMID: 26340190 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.083902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear frequency conversion offers an effective way to expand the laser wavelength range based on birefringence phase matching (BPM) or quasi-phase-matching (QPM) techniques in nonlinear crystals. So far, efficient high-harmonic generation is enabled only via multiple cascaded crystals because of the extreme difficulty to simultaneously satisfy BPM or QPM for multiple nonlinear up-conversion processes within a single crystal. Here we report the design and fabrication of a chirped periodic poled lithium niobate (CPPLN) nonlinear crystal that offers controllable multiple QPM bands to support 2nd-8th harmonic generation (HG) simultaneously. Upon illumination of a mid-IR femtosecond pulse laser, we observe the generation of an ultrabroadband visible white light beam corresponding to 5th-8th HG with a record high conversion efficiency of 18%, which is high compared to conventional supercontinuum generation, especially in the HG parts. Our CPPLN scheme opens up a new avenue to explore and engineer novel nonlinear optical interactions in solid state materials for application in ultrafast lasers and broadband laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Qin Chen
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 603, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 603, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chen-Yang Hu
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 603, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rong-Juan Liu
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 603, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 603, Beijing 100190, China
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41
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Li G, Chen S, Pholchai N, Reineke B, Wong PWH, Pun EYB, Cheah KW, Zentgraf T, Zhang S. Continuous control of the nonlinearity phase for harmonic generations. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:607-12. [PMID: 25849530 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The capability of locally engineering the nonlinear optical properties of media is crucial in nonlinear optics. Although poling is the most widely employed technique for achieving locally controlled nonlinearity, it leads only to a binary nonlinear state, which is equivalent to a discrete phase change of π in the nonlinear polarizability. Here, inspired by the concept of spin-rotation coupling, we experimentally demonstrate nonlinear metasurfaces with homogeneous linear optical properties but spatially varying effective nonlinear polarizability with continuously controllable phase. The continuous phase control over the local nonlinearity is demonstrated for second and third harmonic generation by using nonlinear metasurfaces consisting of nanoantennas of C3 and C4 rotational symmetries, respectively. The continuous phase engineering of the effective nonlinear polarizability enables complete control over the propagation of harmonic generation signals. Therefore, this method seamlessly combines the generation and manipulation of harmonic waves, paving the way for highly compact nonlinear nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Li
- 1] School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK [2] Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Shumei Chen
- 1] School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK [2] Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Nitipat Pholchai
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100 D-33098 Paderborn, Germany [2] Department of Industrial Physics and Medical Instrumentation, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pibulsongkram Road, Bangkok 10800, Thailand [3] Lasers and Optics Research Group, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pibulsongkram Road Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Bernhard Reineke
- Department of Physics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100 D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Polis Wing Han Wong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Edwin Yue Bun Pun
- 1] Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong [2] State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Kok Wai Cheah
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Zentgraf
- Department of Physics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100 D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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42
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Lu LL, Xu P, Zhong ML, Bai YF, Zhu SN. Orbital angular momentum entanglement via fork-poling nonlinear photonic crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:1203-1212. [PMID: 25835879 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.001203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a compact scheme for the generation and manipulation of photon pairs entangled in the orbital angular momentum (OAM) from the fork-poling quadratic nonlinear crystal. The χ(2)-modulation in this crystal is designed for fulfilling a tilted quasi-phase-matching geometry to ensure the efficient generation of entangled photons as well as for transferring of topological charge of the crystal to the photon pairs. Numerical results show that the OAM of photon pair is anti-correlated and the degree of OAM entanglement can be enhanced by modulating the topological charge of crystal, which indicates a feasible extension to high-dimensional OAM entanglement. These studies suggest that the fork-poling nonlinear photonic crystal a unique platform for compact generation and manipulation of high-dimensional and high-order OAM entanglement, which may have potential applications in quantum communication, quantum cryptography and quantum remote sensing.
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43
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Hong XH, Yang B, Zhang C, Qin YQ, Zhu YY. Nonlinear volume holography for wave-front engineering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:163902. [PMID: 25361260 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.163902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concept of volume holography is applied to the design of an optical superlattice for the nonlinear harmonic generation. The generated harmonic wave can be considered as a holographic image caused by the incident fundamental wave. Compared with the conventional quasi-phase-matching method, this new method has significant advantages when applied to complicated nonlinear processes such as the nonlinear generation of special beams. As an example, we experimentally realized a second-harmonic Airy beam, and the results are found to agree well with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hao Hong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China and School of Modern Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China and School of Modern Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi-Qiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China and School of Modern Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Bhatt R, Bhaumik I, Ganesamoorthy S, Karnal A, Gupta P, Swami M, Patel H, Sinha A, Upadhyay A. Study of structural defects and crystalline perfection of near stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals grown from flux and prepared by VTE technique. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Hossain MN, Justice J, Lovera P, McCarthy B, O'Riordan A, Corbett B. High aspect ratio nano-fabrication of photonic crystal structures on glass wafers using chrome as hard mask. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:355301. [PMID: 25116111 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/35/355301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wafer-scale nano-fabrication of silicon nitride (Si x N y ) photonic crystal (PhC) structures on glass (quartz) substrates is demonstrated using a thin (30 nm) chromium (Cr) layer as the hard mask for transferring the electron beam lithography (EBL) defined resist patterns. The use of the thin Cr layer not only solves the charging effect during the EBL on the insulating substrate, but also facilitates high aspect ratio PhCs by acting as a hard mask while deep etching into the Si x N y . A very high aspect ratio of 10:1 on a 60 nm wide grating structure has been achieved while preserving the quality of the flat top of the narrow lines. The presented nano-fabrication method provides PhC structures necessary for a high quality optical response. Finally, we fabricated a refractive index based PhC sensor which shows a sensitivity of 185 nm per RIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Hossain
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland
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46
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Conforti M, Baronio F, Levenius M, Gallo K. Broadband parametric processes in χ(2) nonlinear photonic crystals. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3457-3460. [PMID: 24978510 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We develop a general model, based on a (2+1)D unidirectional pulse propagation equation, for describing broadband noncollinear parametric interactions in 2D quadratic lattices. We apply it to the analysis of twin-beam optical parametric generation in hexagonally poled LiTaO3, gaining further insights into experimental observations.
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Bhattacharjee R, Senthilnathan K, Sivabalan S, Ramesh Babu P. Designing photonic quasi-crystal fibers of various folds: onto optimization of efficiency and bandwidth of second harmonic generation. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:2899-2905. [PMID: 24921878 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We design photonic quasi-crystal fibers (PQFs) of six-, eight-, ten-, and twelve-folds for determining the optimized efficiency as well as the bandwidth of second harmonic generation (SHG). We report a maximum SHG relative efficiency of 941.36% W⁻¹ cm⁻² for a twelve-fold PQF of 2 μm pitch. The detailed numerical results reveal that, while the relative efficiency increases appreciably, the phase-matching bandwidth increases marginally, as and when the number of folds increases. As the primary interest of this work is to enhance the relative efficiency, we focus our analysis with a twelve-fold PQF for which the efficiency turns a maximum. In line with the practical feasibility of poling, we keep the pitch at 7 μm and report an optimized relative efficiency and phase-matching bandwidth as 95.28% W⁻¹ cm⁻² and 50.51 nm.cm, respectively.
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Lin JH, Tseng CY, Lee CT, Young JF, Kan HC, Hsu CC. Strong guided mode resonant local field enhanced visible harmonic generation in an azo-polymer resonant waveguide grating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:2790-2797. [PMID: 24663570 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.002790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Guided mode resonance (GMR) enhanced second- and third-harmonic generation (SHG and THG) is demonstrated in an azo-polymer resonant waveguide grating (RWG), comprised of a poled azo-polymer layer on top of a textured SU8 substrate with a thin intervening layer of TiO2. Strong SHG and THG outputs are observed by matching either in-coming fundamental- or out-going harmonic-wavelength to the GMR wavelengths of the azo-polymer RWG. Without the azo-polymer coating, pure TiO2 RWGs, do not generate any detectable SHG using a fundamental beam peak intensity of 2 MW/cm(2). Without the textured TiO2 layer, a planar poled azo-polymer layer results in 3650 times less SHG than the full nonlinear RWG structure under identical excitation conditions. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis calculations confirm that this enhancement of the nonlinear conversion is due to strong local electric fields that are generated at the interfaces of the TiO2 and azo-polymer layers when the RWG is excited at resonant wavelengths associated with both SHG and THG conversion processes.
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Sharabi S, Voloch-Bloch N, Juwiler I, Arie A. Dislocation parity effects in crystals with quadratic nonlinear response. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:053901. [PMID: 24580591 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.053901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of edge topological dislocations on the phase matching spectrum of quadratic nonlinear photonic crystals was studied theoretically and experimentally. We have found that the parity of the dislocation's topological charge governs the transfer of energy between an input wave and its second harmonic. A dislocation with an odd topological charge nulls the efficiency of the otherwise optimal phase matched wavelength, whereas high conversion is now achieved at new wavelengths that exhibited low efficiency without the dislocation. However, when the topological charge is an even number, the dislocation has a negligible effect on the efficiency curve. This effect is observed in periodically poled crystals having a single peak in the phase matching spectrum, as well as in phase-reversed and quasiperiodic nonlinear photonic crystals that are characterized by multiple efficiency peaks, where a dimple is imprinted on each spectral peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Sharabi
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Noa Voloch-Bloch
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Irit Juwiler
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Ashdod 77245, Israel
| | - Ady Arie
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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50
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Roppo V, Kalinowski K, Sheng Y, Krolikowski W, Cojocaru C, Trull J. Unified approach to Čerenkov second harmonic generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:25715-25726. [PMID: 24216797 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.025715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the effect of second harmonic generation via the Čerenkov-like process in nonlinear bulk media and waveguides. We show that in both schemes the Čerenkov harmonic emission represents in fact a nonlinear Bragg diffraction process. It is therefore possible, for the first time, to describe the bulk and waveguide Čerenkov emission uniformly by considering the spatial modulation of the second-order nonlinear polarization. This is also experimentally illustrated by studying the Čerenkov second harmonic generation at the boundary of a nonlinear quadratic medium via the total internal reflection inside the nonlinear crystal.
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