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Ploenes L, Straňák P, Gao H, Küpper J, Willitsch S. A novel crossed-molecular-beam experiment for investigating reactions of state- and conformationally selected strong-field-seeking molecules. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1965234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ploenes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P. Straňák
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H. Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Willitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Urbańczyk T, Koperski J. Ro-vibrational cooling of diatomic molecules Cd2 and Yb2: rotational energy structure included. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1694712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Urbańczyk
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physcics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Koperski
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physcics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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3
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Xu S, Xia M, Yin Y, Gu R, Xia Y, Yin J. Determination of the normal A 2Π state in MgF with application to direct laser cooling of molecules. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:084302. [PMID: 30823751 DOI: 10.1063/1.5083898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report high resolution electronic spectroscopy of cold magnesium monofluoride (MgF) molecules in the gas phase, which are created by a combination of laser ablation, chemical reaction, and 6 K helium buffer-gas cooling. Thanks to the sufficient population in the low-lying rotational states, the P, Q, and R branches in the electronic transition of the X2Σ+ to A2Π state are able to be measured unambiguously by in-cell absorption spectra. For the first time, we show that the A2Π state of MgF is actually a normal state, not an inverted one. The laser cooling relevant transitions X2Σ+v=0,1,N=1→A2Π1/2(v=0,J'=1/2) are also identified, along with the hyperfine structure of the X2Σ+(v = 0, N = 1) state. This study provides an important step for ongoing laser cooling experiments of MgF molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Meng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yanning Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ruoxi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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4
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Kapranov SV, Kouzaev GA. Nonlinear dynamics of dipoles in microwave electric field of a nanocoaxial tubular reactor. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1524526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Kapranov
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU, Gløshaugen, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guennadi A. Kouzaev
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU, Gløshaugen, Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Yuan X, Yin S, Shen Y, Liu Y, Lian Y, Xu HF, Yan B. Laser cooling of thallium chloride: A theoretical investigation. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:094306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5044387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yuan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuang Yin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yi Lian
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hai-Feng Xu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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6
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Graneek JB, Pérez C, Schnell M. Structural determination and population transfer of 4-nitroanisole by broadband microwave spectroscopy and tailored microwave pulses. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:154306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4991902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jack B. Graneek
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristóbal Pérez
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str.1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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7
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Chen K, Huang YX, Yang XH. Laser-Assisted Stark Deceleration of Polar Molecules HC2n+1N (n=2, 3, 4) in High-Field-Seeking State. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/30/cjcp1704079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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8
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Mathavan SC, Zapara A, Esajas Q, Hoekstra S. Deceleration of a Supersonic Beam of SrF Molecules to 120 m s
−1. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3709-3713. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth C. Mathavan
- Van Swinderen Institute University of Groningen Zernikelaan 25 9747 AA Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Artem Zapara
- Van Swinderen Institute University of Groningen Zernikelaan 25 9747 AA Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Esajas
- Van Swinderen Institute University of Groningen Zernikelaan 25 9747 AA Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Steven Hoekstra
- Van Swinderen Institute University of Groningen Zernikelaan 25 9747 AA Groningen The Netherlands
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9
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Graneek JB, Merz S, Patterson D, Betz T, Schnell M. Simulating Spatial Microwave Manipulation of Polyatomic Asymmetric‐Top Molecules Using a Multi‐Level Approach. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3624-3630. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack B. Graneek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Simon Merz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - David Patterson
- Harvard University Department of Physics 17 Oxford St Cambridge MA USA
| | - Thomas Betz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
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10
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Wang Q, Hou S, Xu L, Yin J. Slowing and cooling of heavy or light (even with a tiny electric dipole moment) polar molecules using a novel, versatile electrostatic Stark decelerator. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5432-43. [PMID: 26823151 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To meet some demands for realizing precise measurements of an electric dipole moment of electron (eEDM) and examining cold collisions or cold chemical physics, we have proposed a novel, versatile electrostatic Stark decelerator with an array of true 3D electric potential wells, which are created by a series of horizontally-oriented, U-shaped electrodes with time-sequence controlling high voltages (± HV) and two guiding electrodes with a constant voltage. We have calculated the 2D electric field distribution, the Stark shifts of the four lowest rotational sub-levels of PbF molecules in the X1(2)Π1/2(v = 0) electronic and vibrational ground states as well as the population in the different rotational levels. We have discussed the 2D longitudinal and transverse phase-space acceptances of PbF molecules in our decelerator. Subsequently, we have simulated the dynamic processes of the decelerated PbF molecules using the 3D Monte-Carlo method, and have found that a supersonic PbF beam with a velocity of 300 m s(-1) can be efficiently slowed to about 5 m s(-1), which will greatly enhance the sensitivities to research a parity violation and measure an eEDM. In addition, we have investigated the dependences of the longitudinal velocity spread, longitudinal temperature and bunching efficiency on both the number of guiding stages and high voltages, and found that after bunching, a cold packet of PbF molecules in the J = 7/2, MΩ = -7/4 state with a longitudinal velocity spread of 0.69 m s(-1) (corresponding to a longitudinal temperature of 2.35 mK) will be produced by our high-efficient decelerator, which will generate a high energy-resolution molecular beam for studying cold collision physics. Finally, our novel decelerator can also be used to efficiently slow NO molecules with a tiny electric dipole moment (EDM) of 0.16 D from 315 m s(-1) to 28 m s(-1). It is clear that our proposed new decelerator has a good slowing performance and experimental feasibility as well as wide applications in the field of precise measurements and cold molecule physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
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11
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Chang YP, Horke DA, Trippel S, Küpper J. Spatially-controlled complex molecules and their applications. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2015.1077838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Chang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Trippel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Abstract
The field of cold molecules has become an important source of new insight in fundamental chemistry and molecular physics. High-resolution spectroscopy benefits from translationally and internally cold molecules by increased interaction times and reduced spectral congestion. Completely new effects in scattering dynamics become accessible with cold and controlled molecules. Many of these experiments use molecular beams as a starting point for the generation of molecular samples. This review gives an overview of methods to produce beams of cold molecules, starting from supersonic expansions or effusive sources, and provides examples of applications in spectroscopy and molecular dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jankunas
- Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Osterwalder
- Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lemeshko
- a ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA
| | - Roman V. Krems
- c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA
- d Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , BC V6T 1Z1, Vancouver , Canada
| | - John M. Doyle
- b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
| | - Sabre Kais
- e Departments of Chemistry and Physics , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , 47907 , USA
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14
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Juffmann T, Ulbricht H, Arndt M. Experimental methods of molecular matter-wave optics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:086402. [PMID: 23907707 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/8/086402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the state of the art in preparing, manipulating and detecting coherent molecular matter. We focus on experimental methods for handling the quantum motion of compound systems from diatomic molecules to clusters or biomolecules.Molecular quantum optics offers many challenges and innovative prospects: already the combination of two atoms into one molecule takes several well-established methods from atomic physics, such as for instance laser cooling, to their limits. The enormous internal complexity that arises when hundreds or thousands of atoms are bound in a single organic molecule, cluster or nanocrystal provides a richness that can only be tackled by combining methods from atomic physics, chemistry, cluster physics, nanotechnology and the life sciences.We review various molecular beam sources and their suitability for matter-wave experiments. We discuss numerous molecular detection schemes and give an overview over diffraction and interference experiments that have already been performed with molecules or clusters.Applications of de Broglie studies with composite systems range from fundamental tests of physics up to quantum-enhanced metrology in physical chemistry, biophysics and the surface sciences.Nanoparticle quantum optics is a growing field, which will intrigue researchers still for many years to come. This review can, therefore, only be a snapshot of a very dynamical process.
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15
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Spieler S, Zhong W, Djuricanin P, Nourbakhsh O, Gerhardt I, Enomoto K, Stienkemeier F, Momose T. Microwave lens effect for the J = 0 rotational state of CH3CN. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.798044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Spieler
- a Physikalisches Institut , Universität Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Wei Zhong
- b Department of Physics and Astronomy , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Pavle Djuricanin
- c Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Omid Nourbakhsh
- b Department of Physics and Astronomy , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- c Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Katsunari Enomoto
- c Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | | | - Takamasa Momose
- a Physikalisches Institut , Universität Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
- c Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
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16
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Bose S, Home D. Duality in entanglement enabling a test of quantum indistinguishability unaffected by interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:140404. [PMID: 25166965 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.140404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We point out an earlier unnoticed implication of quantum indistinguishability, namely, a property which we call "dualism" that characterizes the entanglement of two identical particles (say, two ions of the same species)--a feature which is absent in the entanglement of two nonidentical particles (say, two ions of different species). A crucial application of this property is that it can be used to test quantum indistinguishability without bringing the relevant particles together, thereby avoiding the effects of mutual interaction. This is in contrast to the existing tests of quantum indistinguishability. Such a scheme, being independent of the nature and strength of mutual interactions of the identical particles involved, has potential applications, including the probing of the transition from quantum indistinguishability to classical distinguishability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D Home
- CAPSS, Physics Department, Bose Institute, Salt Lake, Sector V, Kolkata 700097, India
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van de Meerakker SYT, Bethlem HL, Vanhaecke N, Meijer G. Manipulation and Control of Molecular Beams. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4828-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrick L. Bethlem
- Institute for Lasers, Life and
Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam,
De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Vanhaecke
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Bâtiment 505, Université Paris-Sud,
91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin,
Germany
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Ji X, Zhou Q, Gu Z, Yin J. Decelerating a pulsed subsonic molecular beam by a quasi-cw traveling optical lattice. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:7792-7806. [PMID: 22453457 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.007792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose a promising scheme to realize the deceleration of a pulsed subsonic molecular beam by using a multistage optical Stark decelerator (i.e., a 1D quasi-cw traveling optical lattice), which is composed of two nearly counter-propagating, time-varying, red-detuned light fields with an intensity of ~10⁷Wcm⁻² and a fixed frequency difference between them. We also study the influence of the velocity reduced amount of the traveling lattice, the lattice power, the synchronous phase angle, the deceleration-stage number and the temporal profile of laser pulses on the molecular slowing results by using 3D Monte-Carlo method. Our study shows that the proposed decelerator cannot only be used to slow a pulsed subsonic beam from 240m/s to standstill, but also to obtain a cold molecular packet with a temperature of a few µK, and the corresponding fraction of cold molecules is 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁷, which strongly depends on the synchronous phase angle. And we also find that a pair of appropriate rising and falling times of laser pulses will lead to a better slowing effect than that produced by the top-hat temporal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precise Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Barry JF, Shuman ES, Norrgard EB, DeMille D. Laser radiation pressure slowing of a molecular beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:103002. [PMID: 22463406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate deceleration of a beam of neutral strontium monofluoride molecules using radiative forces. Under certain conditions, the deceleration results in a substantial flux of detected molecules with velocities ≲50 m/s. Simulations and other data indicate that the detection of molecules below this velocity is greatly diminished by transverse divergence from the beam. The observed slowing, from ∼140 m/s, corresponds to scattering ≳10(4) photons. We also observe longitudinal velocity compression under different conditions. Combined with molecular laser cooling techniques, this lays the groundwork to create slow and cold molecular beams suitable for trap loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Barry
- Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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20
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de Nijs AJ, Bethlem HL. On deflection fields, weak-focusing and strong-focusing storage rings for polar molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19052-8. [PMID: 21979152 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21477b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze electric deflection fields for polar molecules in terms of a multipole expansion and derive a simple but rather insightful expression for the force on the molecules. Ideally, a deflection field exerts a strong, constant force in one direction, while the force in the other directions is zero. We show how, by a proper choice of the expansion coefficients, this ideal can be best approximated. We present a design for a practical electrode geometry based on this analysis. By bending such a deflection field into a circle, a simple storage ring can be created; the direct analog of a weak-focusing cyclotron for charged particles. We show that for realistic parameters a weak-focusing ring is only stable for molecules with a very low velocity. A strong-focusing (alternating-gradient) storage ring can be created by arranging many straight deflection fields in a circle and by alternating the sign of the hexapole term between adjacent deflection fields. The acceptance of this ring is numerically calculated for realistic parameters. Such a storage ring might prove useful in experiments looking for an EDM of elementary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J de Nijs
- Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Wang F, Steimle TC. Communication: Electric dipole moment and hyperfine interaction of tungsten monocarbide, WC. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:201106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3595469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Timothy C. Steimle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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Wall TE, Kanem JF, Dyne JM, Hudson JJ, Sauer BE, Hinds EA, Tarbutt MR. Stark deceleration of CaF molecules in strong- and weak-field seeking states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18991-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Barry JF, Shuman ES, DeMille D. A bright, slow cryogenic molecular beam source for free radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18936-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Hogan SD, Motsch M, Merkt F. Deceleration of supersonic beams using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18705-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Filsinger F, Meijer G, Stapelfeldt H, Chapman HN, Küpper J. State- and conformer-selected beams of aligned and oriented molecules for ultrafast diffraction studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 13:2076-87. [PMID: 21165481 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of the motion of neutral molecules with electric or magnetic fields has seen tremendous progress over the last decade. Recently, these techniques have been extended to the manipulation of large and complex molecules. In this article we introduce experimental approaches to the manipulation of large molecules, i.e., the deflection, focusing and deceleration using electric fields. We detail how these methods can be exploited to spatially separate quantum states and how to select individual conformers of complex molecules. We briefly describe mixed-field orientation experiments made possible by the quantum-state selection. Moreover, we provide an outlook on ultrafast diffraction experiments using these highly controlled samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Filsinger
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Liu NN, Loesch H. Kinematic Slowing and Electrostatic Guiding of KBr Molecules Formed by the Reactive Collision Process: K + HBr → KBr + H. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:3247-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909420n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Liu
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Loesch
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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27
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Liu Y, Yun M, Xia Y, Deng L, Yin J. Experimental generation of a cw cold CH3CN molecular beam by a low-pass energy filtering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:745-52. [DOI: 10.1039/b913929j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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28
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Hogan SD, Seiler C, Merkt F. Rydberg-state-enabled deceleration and trapping of cold molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:123001. [PMID: 19792428 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen molecules in selected core-nonpenetrating Rydberg-Stark states have been decelerated from a mean initial velocity of 500 m/s to zero velocity in the laboratory frame and loaded into a three-dimensional electrostatic trap. Trapping times, measured by pulsed electric field ionization of the trapped molecules, are found to be limited by collisional processes. As Rydberg states can be deexcited to the absolute ground state, the method can be applied to generate cold samples of a wide range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Hogan
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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29
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Schnell M, Meijer G. Cold Molecules: Preparation, Applications, and Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6010-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Schnell M, Meijer G. Kalte Moleküle: Herstellung, Anwendungen und Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Yin Y, Zhou Q, Deng L, Xia Y, Yin J. Multistage optical Stark decelerator for a pulsed supersonic beam with a quasi-cw optical lattice. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:10706-10717. [PMID: 19550467 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.010706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new scheme to realize a multistage optical Stark deceleration for a supersonic molecular beam using a time-varying red-detuned quasi-cw optical lattice with a length of up to 10 mm. We analyze the motion of the slowed molecules inside the optical decelerator, and study the dependences of the velocity of the slowed molecular packet on the synchronous phase angle and the number of the deceleration stages (i.e., the number of the optical-lattice cells) by using Monte-Carlo method. Our study shows that the proposed optical Stark decelerator cannot only efficiently slow a pulsed supersonic beam from 230 m/s to zero (standstill), but also obtain an ultracold molecular packet with a temperature of sub-mK due to bunching effect in the multistage optical Stark decelerator, which can be trapped in the optical lattice by rapidly turning off the modulation signal of the lattice. Also, we compare the decelerated results of our multistage optical Stark decelerator with a single-stage optical one, and find that our scheme cannot only obtain a colder molecular packet under the same molecular-beam parameters and deceleration conditions, but also be directly used to trap the slowed cold molecules after the deceleration, while don't need to use another molecular trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
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32
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33
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Tarbutt MR, Hudson JJ, Sauer BE, Hinds EA. Prospects for measuring the electric dipole moment of the electron using electrically trapped polar molecules. Faraday Discuss 2009; 142:37-56; discussion 93-111. [DOI: 10.1039/b820625b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Küpper J, Filsinger F, Meijer G. Manipulating the motion of large neutral molecules. Faraday Discuss 2009; 142:155-73; discussion 221-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b820045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Sommer C, van Buuren LD, Motsch M, Pohle S, Bayerl J, Pinkse PWH, Rempe G. Continuous guided beams of slow and internally cold polar molecules. Faraday Discuss 2009; 142:203-20; discussion 221-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b819726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Zhao Y, Lu W, Barker PF, Dong G. Self-organisation and cooling of a large ensemble of particles in optical cavities. Faraday Discuss 2009; 142:311-8; discussion 319-34. [DOI: 10.1039/b818653g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Hogan SD, Wiederkehr AW, Schmutz H, Merkt F. Magnetic trapping of hydrogen after multistage Zeeman deceleration. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:143001. [PMID: 18851525 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental realization of magnetic trapping of a sample of cold radicals following multistage Zeeman deceleration of a pulsed supersonic beam. H atoms seeded in a supersonic expansion of Kr have been decelerated from an initial velocity of 520 m/s to 100 m/s in a 12-stage Zeeman decelerator and loaded into a magnetic quadrupole trap by rapidly switching the fields of the trap solenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Hogan
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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38
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Gorshkov AV, Rabl P, Pupillo G, Micheli A, Zoller P, Lukin MD, Büchler HP. Suppression of inelastic collisions between polar molecules with a repulsive shield. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:073201. [PMID: 18764530 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.073201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We propose and analyze a technique that allows one to suppress inelastic collisions and simultaneously enhance elastic interactions between cold polar molecules. The main idea is to cancel the leading dipole-dipole interaction with a suitable combination of static electric and microwave fields in such a way that the remaining van der Waals-type potential forms a three-dimensional repulsive shield. We analyze the elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections relevant for evaporative cooling of polar molecules and discuss the prospect for the creation of stable crystalline structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gorshkov
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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39
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Filsinger F, Erlekam U, von Helden G, Küpper J, Meijer G. Selector for structural isomers of neutral molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:133003. [PMID: 18517944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.133003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have selected and spatially separated the two conformers of 3-aminophenol (C(6)H(7)NO) present in a molecular beam. Analogous to the separation of ions based on their mass-to-charge ratios in a quadrupole mass filter, the neutral conformers are separated based on their different mass-to-dipole-moment ratios in an ac electric quadrupole selector. For a given ac frequency, the individual conformers experience different focusing forces, resulting in different transmissions through the selector. These experiments demonstrate that conformer-selected samples of large molecules can be prepared, offering new possibilities for the study of gas-phase biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Filsinger
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Yun M, Liu Y, Deng LZ, Zhou Q, Yin JP. Generation of CW cold CH3CN molecular beam by a bent electostatic quadrupole guiding: Monte-Carlo study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11467-008-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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42
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Steimle TC, Ma T, Linton C. The hyperfine interaction in the AΠ1∕22 and XΣ+2 states of ytterbium monofluoride. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:234316. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2820788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Schnell M, Lützow P, Veldhoven JV, Bethlem HL, Küpper J, Friedrich B, Schleier-Smith M, Haak H, Meijer G. A Linear AC Trap for Polar Molecules in Their Ground State. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:7411-9. [PMID: 17566990 DOI: 10.1021/jp070902n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A linear AC trap for polar molecules in high-field seeking states has been devised and implemented, and its characteristics have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The trap is loaded with slow 15ND3 molecules in their ground state (para-ammonia) from a Stark decelerator. The trap's geometry offers optimal access as well as improved loading. We present measurements of the dependence of the trap's performance on the switching frequency, which exhibit a characteristic structure due to nonlinear resonance effects. The molecules are found to oscillate in the trap under the influence of the trapping forces, which were analyzed using 3D numerical simulations. On the basis of expansion measurements, molecules with a velocity and a position spread of 2.1 m/s and 0.4 mm, respectively, are still accepted by the trap. This corresponds to a temperature of 2.0 mK. From numerical simulations, we find the phase-space volume that can be confined by the trap (the acceptance) to be 50 mm3 (m/s)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schnell
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Tokunaga SK, Stack JO, Hudson JJ, Sauer BE, Hinds EA, Tarbutt MR. A supersonic beam of cold lithium hydride molecules. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:124314. [PMID: 17411130 DOI: 10.1063/1.2711434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a source of cold LiH molecules for Stark deceleration and trapping experiments. Lithium metal is ablated from a solid target into a supersonically expanding carrier gas. The translational, rotational, and vibrational temperatures are 0.9+/-0.1, 5.9+/-0.5, and 468+/-17 K, respectively. Although they have not reached thermal equilibrium with the carrier gas, we estimate that 90% of the LiH molecules are in the ground state, X (1)Sigma(+)(v=0,J=0). With a single 7 ns ablation pulse, the number of molecules in the ground state is 4.5+/-1.8 x 10(7) molecules/sr. A second, delayed, ablation pulse produces another LiH beam in a different part of the same gas pulse, thereby almost doubling the signal. A long pulse, lasting 150 micros, can make the beam up to 15 times more intense.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Tokunaga
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
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45
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Christen W, Rademann K, Even U. Efficient cooling in supersonic jet expansions of supercritical fluids: CO and CO2. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:174307. [PMID: 17100439 DOI: 10.1063/1.2364505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed, supersonic beams of pure carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at stagnation conditions above their critical point have been investigated by time-of-flight measurements as a function of pressure and temperature. Although both molecules form clusters readily in adiabatic expansions, surprisingly large speed ratios (above 100) indicative of very low translational temperatures (below 0.1 K) have been achieved. In particular, the supersonic expansion of CO(2) at stagnation temperatures slightly above the phase transition to the supercritical state results in unprecedented cold beams. This efficient cooling is attributed to the large values of the heat capacity ratio of supercritical fluids in close vicinity of their critical point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Christen
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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46
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Vliegen E, Merkt F. Normal-incidence electrostatic Rydberg atom mirror. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:033002. [PMID: 16907498 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.033002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A Rydberg atom mirror has been designed and its operational principle tested experimentally. A supersonic expansion containing H atoms moving with a velocity of 720 m/s initially propagates toward a quadrupolar electrostatic mirror. The H atoms are then photoexcited to n=27 Rydberg states with a positive Stark shift and move in a rapidly increasing electric field. The H atom beam is stopped in 4.8 micros, only 1.9 mm away from the photoexcitation spot, and is then reflected back. The reflection process is monitored by pulsed field ionization and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vliegen
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Abstract
▪ Abstract The motion of polar molecules can be controlled by time-varying inhomogeneous electric fields. In a Stark decelerator, this is exploited to accelerate, transport, or decelerate a fraction of a molecular beam. When combined with a trap, the decelerator provides a means to store the molecules for times up to seconds. Here, we review our efforts to produce cold molecules via this technique. In particular, we present a new generation Stark decelerator and electrostatic trap that selects a significant part of a molecular beam pulse that can be loaded into the trap. Deceleration and trapping experiments using a beam of OH radicals are discussed.
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48
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Abstract
The merging of molecular beam methods with those of accelerator physics has yielded new tools to manipulate the motion of molecules. Over the last few years, decelerators, lenses, bunchers, traps, and storage rings for neutral molecules have been demonstrated. Molecular beams with a tunable velocity and with a tunable width of the velocity distribution can now be produced, and are expected to become a valuable tool in a variety of physical chemistry and chemical physics experiments. Here we present a compact molecular beam machine, capable of producing 3D spatially focused packets of state-selected accelerated or decelerated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E Heiner
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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49
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Schwettmann A, Franklin J, Overstreet KR, Shaffer JP. Stark slowing asymmetric rotors: weak-field-seeking states and nonadiabatic transitions. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:194305. [PMID: 16321086 DOI: 10.1063/1.2112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stark deceleration is one of the few methods that can be used to slow polyatomic molecules. We present calculations of Stark shift energies, a quantitative analysis of nonadiabatic transition probabilities, and orientational distribution functions applicable to typical Stark slowing conditions for the two small asymmetric rotors nitromethane and acetaldehyde. We show that asymmetric polyatomic molecules are good candidates for Stark slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schwettmann
- The University of Oklahoma, Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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50
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Blythe P, Roth B, Fröhlich U, Wenz H, Schiller S. Production of ultracold trapped molecular hydrogen ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:183002. [PMID: 16383900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.183002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have cooled ensembles of the molecular hydrogen ions H2+, H3+, and all their deuterated variants to temperatures of a few mK in a radio frequency trap, by sympathetic cooling with laser-cooled beryllium ions. The molecular ions are embedded in the central regions of Coulomb crystals. Mass spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations were used to accurately characterize the properties of the ultracold multispecies crystals. We demonstrate species-selective purification of multispecies ensembles. These molecules are of fundamental importance as the simplest of all molecules, and have the potential to be used for precision tests of molecular structure theory, tests of Lorentz invariance, and measurements of electron to nuclear mass ratios and their time variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Blythe
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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