1
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Kłos J, Tiesinga E, Kotochigova S. Quantum scattering of icosahedron fullerene C 60 with noble-gas atoms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9267. [PMID: 38649408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There exist multiple ways to cool neutral molecules. A front runner is the technique of buffer gas cooling, where momentum-changing collisions with abundant cold noble-gas atoms cool the molecules. This approach can, in principle, produce the most diverse samples of cold molecules. We present quantum mechanical and semiclassical calculations of the elastic scattering differential cross sections and rate coefficients of the C60 fullerene with He and Ar noble-gas atoms in order to quantify the effectiveness of buffer gas cooling for this molecule. We also develop new three-dimensional potential energy surfaces for this purpose using dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) with counterpoise correction. The icosahedral anisotropy of the molecular system is reproduced by expanding the potential in terms of symmetry-allowed spherical harmonics. Long-range dispersion coefficients have been computed from frequency dependent polarizabilities of C60 and the noble-gas atoms. We find that the potential of the fullerene with He is about five times shallower than that with Ar. Anisotropic corrections are very weak for both systems and omitted in the quantum scattering calculations giving us a nearly quantitative estimate of elastic scattering observables. Finally, we have computed differential cross sections at the collision energies used in experiments by Han et al. (Chem Phys Lett 235:211, 1995), corrected for the sensitivity of their apparatus, and we find satisfactory agreement for C60 scattering with Ar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kłos
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Eite Tiesinga
- Joint Quantum Institute, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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2
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Enomoto K, Tojo T, Kobayashi K, Kuma S, Hiramoto A, Miyamoto Y, Baba M. Newly observed low-lying Ω = 1 state of PbO. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:134306. [PMID: 38568945 DOI: 10.1063/5.0196184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
High-resolution spectroscopy of lead monoxide was performed in a range of 22 400-25 300 cm-1. A new Ω = 1 state located between the a1 and A0+ states was observed, and it is labeled c1. Spectroscopic constants, including the hyperfine interaction coefficient, were determined for the a1 and c1 states. The vibrational levels of these two electronic states are located closely to each other, and the interaction between them causes gradual exchange of electronic state properties in our observation wave number range. Our observation poses a question for the band assignment for the b0- state, which has some resemblance with this c1 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunari Enomoto
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Taichi Tojo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kaori Kobayashi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuma
- Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ayami Hiramoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaaki Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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3
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Wright SC, Doppelbauer M, Hofsäss S, Christian Schewe H, Sartakov B, Meijer G, Truppe S. Cryogenic buffer gas beams of AlF, CaF, MgF, YbF, Al, Ca, Yb and NO – a comparison. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2146541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidney C. Wright
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Absolute frequency metrology of buffer-gas-cooled molecular spectra at 1 kHz accuracy level. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7016. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBy reducing both the internal and translational temperature of any species down to a few kelvins, the buffer-gas-cooling (BGC) technique has the potential to dramatically improve the quality of ro-vibrational molecular spectra, thus offering unique opportunities for transition frequency measurements with unprecedented accuracy. However, the difficulty in integrating metrological-grade spectroscopic tools into bulky cryogenic equipment has hitherto prevented from approaching the kHz level even in the best cases. Here, we overcome this drawback by an original opto-mechanical scheme which, effectively coupling a Lamb-dip saturated-absorption cavity ring-down spectrometer to a BGC source, allows us to determine the absolute frequency of the acetylene (ν1 + ν3) R(1)e transition at 6561.0941 cm−1 with a fractional uncertainty as low as 6 × 10−12. By improving the previous record with buffer-gas-cooled molecules by one order of magnitude, our approach paves the way for a number of ultra-precise low-temperature spectroscopic studies, aimed at both fundamental Physics tests and optimized laser cooling strategies.
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5
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Koller M, Jung F, Phrompao J, Zeppenfeld M, Rabey IM, Rempe G. Electric-Field-Controlled Cold Dipolar Collisions between Trapped CH_{3}F Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:203401. [PMID: 35657871 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reaching high densities is a key step toward cold-collision experiments with polyatomic molecules. We use a cryofuge to load up to 2×10^{7} CH_{3}F molecules into a boxlike electric trap, achieving densities up to 10^{7}/cm^{3} at temperatures around 350 mK where the elastic dipolar cross section exceeds 7×10^{-12} cm^{2}. We measure inelastic rate constants below 4×10^{-8} cm^{3}/s and control these by tuning a homogeneous electric field that covers a large fraction of the trap volume. Comparison to ab initio calculations gives excellent agreement with dipolar relaxation. Our techniques and findings are generic and immediately relevant for other cold-molecule collision experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Jung
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Phrompao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Zeppenfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - I M Rabey
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Santamaria L, Di Sarno V, Aiello R, De Rosa M, Ricciardi I, De Natale P, Maddaloni P. Infrared Comb Spectroscopy of Buffer-Gas-Cooled Molecules: Toward Absolute Frequency Metrology of Cold Acetylene. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E250. [PMID: 33383699 PMCID: PMC7795711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the recent developments in precision ro-vibrational spectroscopy of buffer-gas-cooled neutral molecules, obtained using infrared frequency combs either as direct probe sources or as ultra-accurate optical rulers. In particular, we show how coherent broadband spectroscopy of complex molecules especially benefits from drastic simplification of the spectra brought about by cooling of internal temperatures. Moreover, cooling the translational motion allows longer light-molecule interaction times and hence reduced transit-time broadening effects, crucial for high-precision spectroscopy on simple molecules. In this respect, we report on the progress of absolute frequency metrology experiments with buffer-gas-cooled molecules, focusing on the advanced technologies that led to record measurements with acetylene. Finally, we briefly discuss the prospects for further improving the ultimate accuracy of the spectroscopic frequency measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santamaria
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Contrada Terlecchia, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Valentina Di Sarno
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Aiello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maurizio De Rosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Iolanda Ricciardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maddaloni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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7
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Jansen P, Merkt F. Manipulating beams of paramagnetic atoms and molecules using inhomogeneous magnetic fields. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 120-121:118-148. [PMID: 33198967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We review methods to manipulate the motion of pulsed supersonic atomic and molecular beams using time-independent and -dependent inhomogeneous magnetic fields. In addition, we discuss current and possible future applications and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jansen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Frédéric Merkt
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Doppelbauer M, Walter N, Hofsäss S, Marx S, Schewe HC, Kray S, Pérez-Ríos J, Sartakov BG, Truppe S, Meijer G. Characterisation of the b3Σ+, v = 0 state and its interaction with the A1Π state in aluminium monofluoride. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1810351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Doppelbauer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - N. Walter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Hofsäss
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Marx
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - H. C. Schewe
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Kray
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Pérez-Ríos
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - B. G. Sartakov
- General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. Truppe
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Mengesha ET, Le AT, Steimle TC, Cheng L, Zhang C, Augenbraun BL, Lasner Z, Doyle J. Branching Ratios, Radiative Lifetimes, and Transition Dipole Moments for YbOH. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3135-3148. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ephriem Tadesse Mengesha
- School of Molecular Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Chemistry The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
- Physics Department Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Anh T. Le
- School of Molecular Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Chemistry The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
- Physics Department Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Timothy C. Steimle
- School of Molecular Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Chemistry The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
- Physics Department Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- School of Molecular Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Chemistry The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
- Physics Department Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- School of Molecular Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Chemistry The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
- Physics Department Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Augenbraun
- School of Molecular Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Chemistry The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
- Physics Department Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zack Lasner
- School of Molecular Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Chemistry The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
- Physics Department Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John Doyle
- School of Molecular Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Chemistry The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
- Physics Department Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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10
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Barker DS, Norrgard EB, Klimov NN, Fedchak JA, Scherschligt J, Eckel S. Single-beam Zeeman slower and magneto-optical trap using a nanofabricated grating. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 2019; 11:77. [PMID: 33299903 DOI: 10.1038/s42005-019-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact (0.25 L) system for laser cooling and trapping atoms from a heated dispenser source. Our system uses a nanofabricated diffraction grating to generate a magnetooptical trap (MOT) using a single input laser beam. An aperture in the grating allows atoms from the dispenser to be loaded from behind the chip, increasing the interaction distance of atoms with the cooling light. To take full advantage of this increased distance, we extend the magnetic field gradient of the MOT to create a Zeeman slower. The MOT traps approximately 106 7Li atoms emitted from an effusive source with loading rates greater than 106 s-1. Our design is portable to a variety of atomic and molecular species and could be a principal component of miniaturized cold-atom-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Barker
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - E B Norrgard
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - N N Klimov
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - J A Fedchak
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - J Scherschligt
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - S Eckel
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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11
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Huang J, Liu S, Zhang DH, Krems RV. Time-Dependent Wave Packet Dynamics Calculations of Cross Sections for Ultracold Scattering of Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:143401. [PMID: 29694154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.143401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because the de Broglie wavelength of ultracold molecules is very large, the cross sections for collisions of molecules at ultracold temperatures are always computed by the time-independent quantum scattering approach. Here, we report the first accurate time-dependent wave packet dynamics calculation for reactive scattering of ultracold molecules. Wave packet dynamics calculations can be applied to molecular systems with more dimensions and provide real-time information on the process of bond rearrangement and/or energy exchange in molecular collisions. Our work thus makes possible the extension of rigorous quantum calculations of ultracold reaction properties to polyatomic molecules and adds a new powerful tool for the study of ultracold chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Roman V Krems
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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12
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Grimes DD, Barnum TJ, Zhou Y, Colombo AP, Field RW. Coherent laser-millimeter-wave interactions en route to coherent population transfer. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:144201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4997624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David D. Grimes
- Department of Chemistry, Massaschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Timothy J. Barnum
- Department of Chemistry, Massaschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Anthony P. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, Massaschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert W. Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massaschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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13
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Straatsma CJE, Fabrikant MI, Douberly GE, Lewandowski HJ. Production of carbon clusters C3 to C12 with a cryogenic buffer-gas beam source. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:124201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4995237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. E. Straatsma
- JILA and Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - M. I. Fabrikant
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - G. E. Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
| | - H. J. Lewandowski
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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14
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Gambetta A, Vicentini E, Wang Y, Coluccelli N, Fasci E, Gianfrani L, Castrillo A, Di Sarno V, Santamaria L, Maddaloni P, De Natale P, Laporta P, Galzerano G. Absolute frequency measurements of CHF 3 Doppler-free ro-vibrational transitions at 8.6 μm. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1911-1914. [PMID: 28504757 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on absolute measurements of saturated-absorption line-center frequencies of room-temperature trifluoromethane using a quantum cascade laser at 8.6 μm and the frequency modulation spectroscopy method. Absolute calibration of the laser frequency is obtained by direct comparison with a mid-infrared optical frequency comb synthesizer referenced to a radio-frequency Rb standard. Several sub-Doppler transitions falling in the υ5 vibrational band are investigated at around 1158.9 cm-1 with a fractional frequency precision of 8.6·10-12 at 1-s integration time, limited by the Rb-clock stability. The demonstrated frequency uncertainty of 6.6·10-11 is mainly limited by the reproducibility of the frequency measurements.
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15
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Balakrishnan N. Perspective: Ultracold molecules and the dawn of cold controlled chemistry. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:150901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
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16
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Wu X, Gantner T, Zeppenfeld M, Chervenkov S, Rempe G. Thermometry of Guided Molecular Beams from a Cryogenic Buffer‐Gas Cell. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3631-3640. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas Gantner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Martin Zeppenfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Sotir Chervenkov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Gerhard Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
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17
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Fitch NJ, Tarbutt MR. Principles and Design of a Zeeman-Sisyphus Decelerator for Molecular Beams. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3609-3623. [PMID: 27629547 PMCID: PMC5132136 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We explore a technique for decelerating molecules using a static magnetic field and optical pumping. Molecules travel through a spatially varying magnetic field and are repeatedly pumped into a weak‐field seeking state as they move towards each strong field region, and into a strong‐field seeking state as they move towards weak field. The method is time‐independent and so is suitable for decelerating both pulsed and continuous molecular beams. By using guiding magnets at each weak field region, the beam can be simultaneously guided and decelerated. By tapering the magnetic field strength in the strong field regions, and exploiting the Doppler shift, the velocity distribution can be compressed during deceleration. We develop the principles of this deceleration technique, provide a realistic design, use numerical simulations to evaluate its performance for a beam of CaF, and compare this performance to other deceleration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Fitch
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M R Tarbutt
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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18
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Deller A, Alonso AM, Cooper BS, Hogan SD, Cassidy DB. Electrostatically Guided Rydberg Positronium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:073202. [PMID: 27563960 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.073202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report experiments in which positronium (Ps) atoms were guided using inhomogeneous electric fields. Ps atoms in Rydberg-Stark states with principal quantum number n=10 and electric dipole moments up to 610 D were prepared via two-color two-photon optical excitation in the presence of a 670 V cm^{-1} electric field. The Ps atoms were created at the entrance of a 0.4 m long electrostatic quadrupole guide, and were detected at the end of the guide via annihilation gamma radiation. When the lasers were tuned to excite low-field-seeking Stark states, a fivefold increase in the number of atoms reaching the end of the guide was observed, whereas no signal was detected when high-field-seeking states were produced. The data are consistent with the calculated geometrical guide acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A M Alonso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - B S Cooper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S D Hogan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D B Cassidy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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19
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Santamaria L, Sarno VD, Natale PD, Rosa MD, Inguscio M, Mosca S, Ricciardi I, Calonico D, Levi F, Maddaloni P. Comb-assisted cavity ring-down spectroscopy of a buffer-gas-cooled molecular beam. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16715-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy of a partially hydrodynamic molecular beam emerging from a buffer-gas-cooling source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO
- 50125 Firenze
- Italy
- INFN
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
| | | | | | - Simona Mosca
- CNR-INO
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
- 80078 Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | | | - Davide Calonico
- INRIM
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica
- 10135 Torino
- Italy
| | - Filippo Levi
- INRIM
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica
- 10135 Torino
- Italy
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20
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Direct detection of Rydberg–Rydberg millimeter-wave transitions in a buffer gas cooled molecular beam. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Lam J, Rennick CJ, Softley TP. A chopper system for shortening the duration of pulsed supersonic beams seeded with NO or Br2 down to 13 μs. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:053108. [PMID: 26026515 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A chopper wheel construct is used to shorten the duration of a molecular beam to 13 μs. Molecular beams seeded with NO or with Br2 and an initial pulse width of ≥200 μs were passed through a spinning chopper wheel, which was driven by a brushless DC in vacuo motor at a range of speeds, from 3000 rpm to 80,000 rpm. The resulting duration of the molecular-beam pulses measured at the laser detection volume ranged from 80 μs to 13 μs and was the same for both NO and Br2. The duration is consistent with a simple analytical model, and the minimum pulse width measured is limited by the spreading of the beam between the chopper and the detection point as a consequence of the longitudinal velocity distribution of the beam. The setup adopted here effectively eliminates buildup of background gas without the use of a differential pumping stage, and a clean narrow pulse is obtained with low rotational temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Rennick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P Softley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
The field of cold molecules has become an important source of new insight in fundamental chemistry and molecular physics. High-resolution spectroscopy benefits from translationally and internally cold molecules by increased interaction times and reduced spectral congestion. Completely new effects in scattering dynamics become accessible with cold and controlled molecules. Many of these experiments use molecular beams as a starting point for the generation of molecular samples. This review gives an overview of methods to produce beams of cold molecules, starting from supersonic expansions or effusive sources, and provides examples of applications in spectroscopy and molecular dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jankunas
- Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Osterwalder
- Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Sezer U, Schmid P, Felix L, Mayor M, Arndt M. Stability of high-mass molecular libraries: the role of the oligoporphyrin core. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:235-239. [PMID: 25601698 PMCID: PMC4322477 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular beam techniques are a key to many experiments in physical chemistry and quantum optics. In particular, advanced matter-wave experiments with high-mass molecules profit from the availability of slow, neutral and mass-selected molecular beams that are sufficiently stable to remain intact during laser heating and photoionization mass spectrometry. We present experiments on the photostability with molecular libraries of tailored oligoporphyrins with masses up to 25,000 Da. We compare two fluoroalkylsulfanyl-functionalized libraries based on two different molecular cores that offer the same number of anchor points for functionalization but differ in their geometry and electronic properties. A pentaporphyrin core stabilizes a library of chemically well-defined molecules with more than 1600 atoms. They can be neutrally desorbed with velocities as low as 20 m/s and efficiently analyzed in photoionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uĝur Sezer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ and QuNaBioSBoltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schmid
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ and QuNaBioSBoltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Felix
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johannsring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johannsring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of NanotechnologyP.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe
| | - Markus Arndt
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ and QuNaBioSBoltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Deng LZ, Yin JP. Improved production of Br atoms near zero speed by photodissociating laser aligned Br 2 molecules. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:164314. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4898794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Z. Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - J. P. Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
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25
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Li Z, Krems RV, Heller EJ. Collision dynamics of polyatomic molecules containing carbon rings at low temperatures. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:104317. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4894793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Li
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Roman V. Krems
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Eric J. Heller
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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26
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de Matos JB, Destro MG, da Silveira CAB, Rodrigues NAS. Neutral atomic jet generation by laser ablation of copper targets. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:083505. [PMID: 25173267 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed the obtainment of a neutral atomic jet departing from a plume generated by laser ablation of copper targets. A pair of electrodes together with a transducer pressure sensor was used to study the ablated plume charge composition and also to measure the ion extraction from the plasma plume. The neutral beam was produced with this setup and the relative abundance of neutrals in the plasma was measured, it decreases from 30% to 8% when the laser fluence is varied from 20 J/cm(2) to 32 J/cm(2). The necessary voltage to completely remove the ions from the plume varied from 10 V to 230 V in the same fluence range. TOF analysis resulted in center of mass velocities between 3.4 and 4.6 km/s, longitudinal temperature in the range from 1 × 10(4) K to 2.4 × 10(4) K and a Mach number of M = 2.36, calculated using purely hydrodynamic expansion approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B de Matos
- Department of Physics, Technological Institute for Aeronautics - ITA/DCTA, São José dos Campos, P.O. Box 6050, 12.228-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M G Destro
- Photonics Division, Institute for Advanced Studies - IEAv/DCTA, São José dos Campos, P.O. Box 6044, 12.231-970 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A B da Silveira
- Photonics Division, Institute for Advanced Studies - IEAv/DCTA, São José dos Campos, P.O. Box 6044, 12.231-970 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - N A S Rodrigues
- Department of Physics, Technological Institute for Aeronautics - ITA/DCTA, São José dos Campos, P.O. Box 6050, 12.228-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Twyman KS, Bell MT, Heazlewood BR, Softley TP. Production of cold beams of ND3 with variable rotational state distributions by electrostatic extraction of He and Ne buffer-gas-cooled beams. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:024308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4885855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Twyman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin T. Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Brianna R. Heazlewood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P. Softley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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28
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Chervenkov S, Wu X, Bayerl J, Rohlfes A, Gantner T, Zeppenfeld M, Rempe G. Continuous centrifuge decelerator for polar molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:013001. [PMID: 24483892 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Producing large samples of slow molecules from thermal-velocity ensembles is a formidable challenge. Here we employ a centrifugal force to produce a continuous molecular beam with a high flux at near-zero velocities. We demonstrate deceleration of three electrically guided molecular species, CH3F, CF3H, and CF3CCH, with input velocities of up to 200 m s(-1) to obtain beams with velocities below 15 m s(-1) and intensities of several 10(9) mm(-2) s(-1). The centrifuge decelerator is easy to operate and can, in principle, slow down any guidable particle. It has the potential to become a standard technique for continuous deceleration of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chervenkov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - X Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Bayerl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Rohlfes
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Gantner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Zeppenfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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29
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Baron J, Campbell WC, DeMille D, Doyle JM, Gabrielse G, Gurevich YV, Hess PW, Hutzler NR, Kirilov E, Kozyryev I, O'Leary BR, Panda CD, Parsons MF, Petrik ES, Spaun B, Vutha AC, West AD. Order of Magnitude Smaller Limit on the Electric Dipole Moment of the Electron. Science 2013; 343:269-72. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1248213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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30
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Campbell WC, Chan C, DeMille D, Doyle JM, Gabrielse G, Gurevich YV, Hess PW, Hutzler NR, Kirilov E, O'Leary B, Petrik ES, Spaun B, Vutha AC. Advanced cold molecule electron EDM. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135702004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Juffmann T, Ulbricht H, Arndt M. Experimental methods of molecular matter-wave optics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:086402. [PMID: 23907707 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/8/086402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the state of the art in preparing, manipulating and detecting coherent molecular matter. We focus on experimental methods for handling the quantum motion of compound systems from diatomic molecules to clusters or biomolecules.Molecular quantum optics offers many challenges and innovative prospects: already the combination of two atoms into one molecule takes several well-established methods from atomic physics, such as for instance laser cooling, to their limits. The enormous internal complexity that arises when hundreds or thousands of atoms are bound in a single organic molecule, cluster or nanocrystal provides a richness that can only be tackled by combining methods from atomic physics, chemistry, cluster physics, nanotechnology and the life sciences.We review various molecular beam sources and their suitability for matter-wave experiments. We discuss numerous molecular detection schemes and give an overview over diffraction and interference experiments that have already been performed with molecules or clusters.Applications of de Broglie studies with composite systems range from fundamental tests of physics up to quantum-enhanced metrology in physical chemistry, biophysics and the surface sciences.Nanoparticle quantum optics is a growing field, which will intrigue researchers still for many years to come. This review can, therefore, only be a snapshot of a very dynamical process.
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32
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DeMille D, Barry JF, Edwards ER, Norrgard EB, Steinecker MH. On the transverse confinement of radiatively slowed molecular beams. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.793833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. DeMille
- a Physics Department , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - J. F. Barry
- a Physics Department , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - E. R. Edwards
- a Physics Department , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - E. B. Norrgard
- a Physics Department , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
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33
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Colombo AP, Zhou Y, Prozument K, Coy SL, Field RW. Chirped-pulse millimeter-wave spectroscopy: spectrum, dynamics, and manipulation of Rydberg-Rydberg transitions. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:014301. [PMID: 23298035 DOI: 10.1063/1.4772762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We apply the chirped-pulse millimeter-wave (CPmmW) technique to transitions between Rydberg states in calcium atoms. The unique feature of Rydberg-Rydberg transitions is that they have enormous electric dipole transition moments (~5 kiloDebye at n* ~ 40, where n* is the effective principal quantum number), so they interact strongly with the mm-wave radiation. After polarization by a mm-wave pulse in the 70-84 GHz frequency region, the excited transitions re-radiate free induction decay (FID) at their resonant frequencies, and the FID is heterodyne-detected by the CPmmW spectrometer. Data collection and averaging are performed in the time domain. The spectral resolution is ~100 kHz. Because of the large transition dipole moments, the available mm-wave power is sufficient to polarize the entire bandwidth of the spectrometer (12 GHz) in each pulse, and high-resolution survey spectra may be collected. Both absorptive and emissive transitions are observed, and they are distinguished by the phase of their FID relative to that of the excitation pulse. With the combination of the large transition dipole moments and direct monitoring of transitions, we observe dynamics, such as transient nutations from the interference of the excitation pulse with the polarization that it induces in the sample. Since the waveform produced by the mm-wave source may be precisely controlled, we can populate states with high angular momentum by a sequence of pulses while recording the results of these manipulations in the time domain. We also probe the superradiant decay of the Rydberg sample using photon echoes. The application of the CPmmW technique to transitions between Rydberg states of molecules is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Hummon MT, Yeo M, Stuhl BK, Collopy AL, Xia Y, Ye J. 2D Magneto-optical trapping of diatomic molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:143001. [PMID: 25166984 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate one- and two-dimensional transverse laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping of the polar molecule yttrium (II) oxide (YO). In a 1D magneto-optical trap (MOT), we characterize the magneto-optical trapping force and decrease the transverse temperature by an order of magnitude, from 25 to 2 mK, limited by interaction time. In a 2D MOT, we enhance the intensity of the YO beam and reduce the transverse temperature in both transverse directions. The approach demonstrated here can be applied to many molecular species and can also be extended to 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Hummon
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Mark Yeo
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Benjamin K Stuhl
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Alejandra L Collopy
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Yong Xia
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
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35
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Bulleid NE, Skoff SM, Hendricks RJ, Sauer BE, Hinds EA, Tarbutt MR. Characterization of a cryogenic beam source for atoms and molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:12299-307. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51553b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Sheffield L, Hickey MS, Krasovitskiy V, Rathnayaka KDD, Lyuksyutov IF, Herschbach DR. Pulsed rotating supersonic source for merged molecular beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:064102. [PMID: 22755644 DOI: 10.1063/1.4727883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a pulsed rotating supersonic beam source, evolved from an ancestral device [M. Gupta and D. Herschbach, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 1626 (2001)]. The beam emerges from a nozzle near the tip of a hollow rotor which can be spun at high-speed to shift the molecular velocity distribution downward or upward over a wide range. Here we consider mostly the slowing mode. Introducing a pulsed gas inlet system, cryocooling, and a shutter gate eliminated the main handicap of the original device in which continuous gas flow imposed high background pressure. The new version provides intense pulses, of duration 0.1-0.6 ms (depending on rotor speed) and containing ∼10(12) molecules at lab speeds as low as 35 m/s and ∼10(15) molecules at 400 m∕s. Beams of any molecule available as a gas can be slowed (or speeded); e.g., we have produced slow and fast beams of rare gases, O(2), Cl(2), NO(2), NH(3), and SF(6). For collision experiments, the ability to scan the beam speed by merely adjusting the rotor is especially advantageous when using two merged beams. By closely matching the beam speeds, very low relative collision energies can be attained without making either beam very slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sheffield
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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37
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Hutzler NR, Lu HI, Doyle JM. The Buffer Gas Beam: An Intense, Cold, and Slow Source for Atoms and Molecules. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4803-27. [PMID: 22571401 DOI: 10.1021/cr200362u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Hutzler
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138, United States
| | - Hsin-I Lu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138, United States
| | - John M. Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138, United States
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38
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39
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Englert BGU, Mielenz M, Sommer C, Bayerl J, Motsch M, Pinkse PWH, Rempe G, Zeppenfeld M. Storage and adiabatic cooling of polar molecules in a microstructured trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:263003. [PMID: 22243155 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.263003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a versatile electric trap for the exploration of a wide range of quantum phenomena in the interaction between polar molecules. The trap combines tunable fields, homogeneous over most of the trap volume, with steep gradient fields at the trap boundary. An initial sample of up to 10(8), CH(3)F molecules is trapped for as long as 60 s, with a 1/e storage time of 12 s. Adiabatic cooling down to 120 mK is achieved by slowly expanding the trap volume. The trap combines all ingredients for opto-electrical cooling, which, together with the extraordinarily long storage times, brings field-controlled quantum-mechanical collision and reaction experiments within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G U Englert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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40
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de Nijs AJ, Bethlem HL. On deflection fields, weak-focusing and strong-focusing storage rings for polar molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19052-8. [PMID: 21979152 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21477b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze electric deflection fields for polar molecules in terms of a multipole expansion and derive a simple but rather insightful expression for the force on the molecules. Ideally, a deflection field exerts a strong, constant force in one direction, while the force in the other directions is zero. We show how, by a proper choice of the expansion coefficients, this ideal can be best approximated. We present a design for a practical electrode geometry based on this analysis. By bending such a deflection field into a circle, a simple storage ring can be created; the direct analog of a weak-focusing cyclotron for charged particles. We show that for realistic parameters a weak-focusing ring is only stable for molecules with a very low velocity. A strong-focusing (alternating-gradient) storage ring can be created by arranging many straight deflection fields in a circle and by alternating the sign of the hexapole term between adjacent deflection fields. The acceptance of this ring is numerically calculated for realistic parameters. Such a storage ring might prove useful in experiments looking for an EDM of elementary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J de Nijs
- Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tscherbul TV, Sayfutyarova ER, Buchachenko AA, Dalgarno A. He–ThO(1Σ+) interactions at low temperatures: Elastic and inelastic collisions, transport properties, and complex formation in cold4He gas. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:144301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3575399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hutzler NR, Parsons MF, Gurevich YV, Hess PW, Petrik E, Spaun B, Vutha AC, DeMille D, Gabrielse G, Doyle JM. A cryogenic beam of refractory, chemically reactive molecules with expansion cooling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18976-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wall TE, Kanem JF, Dyne JM, Hudson JJ, Sauer BE, Hinds EA, Tarbutt MR. Stark deceleration of CaF molecules in strong- and weak-field seeking states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18991-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu HI, Rasmussen J, Wright MJ, Patterson D, Doyle JM. A cold and slow molecular beam. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18986-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21206k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Barry JF, Shuman ES, DeMille D. A bright, slow cryogenic molecular beam source for free radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18936-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Szewc C, Collier JD, Ulbricht H. Note: A helical velocity selector for continuous molecular beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:106107. [PMID: 21034135 DOI: 10.1063/1.3499254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on a modern realization of the classic helical velocity selector for gas phase particle beams. The device operates stably under high vacuum conditions at rotational frequencies limited only by commercial dc motor capabilities. Tuning the rotational frequency allows selective scanning over a broad velocity band. The width of the selected velocity distributions at full-width-half-maximum is as narrow as a few percent of the selected mean velocity and independent of the rotational speed of the selector. The selector generates low vibrational noise amplitudes comparable to mechanically damped state-of-the-art turbo-molecular pumps and is therefore compatible with vibration sensitive experiments like molecule interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Szewc
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Liu Y, Yun M, Xia Y, Deng L, Yin J. Experimental generation of a cw cold CH3CN molecular beam by a low-pass energy filtering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:745-52. [DOI: 10.1039/b913929j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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49
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Shuman ES, Barry JF, Glenn DR, DeMille D. Radiative force from optical cycling on a diatomic molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:223001. [PMID: 20366090 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a scheme for optical cycling in the polar, diatomic molecule strontium monofluoride (SrF) using the X2Sigma+ --> A2Pi(1/2) electronic transition. SrF's highly diagonal Franck-Condon factors suppress vibrational branching. We eliminate rotational branching by employing a quasicycling N = 1 --> N' = 0 type transition in conjunction with magnetic field remixing of dark Zeeman sublevels. We observe cycling fluorescence and deflection through radiative force of an SrF molecular beam using this scheme. With straightforward improvements our scheme promises to allow more than 10(5) photon scatters, possibly enabling the direct laser cooling of SrF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shuman
- Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Tu MF, Ho JJ, Hsieh CC, Chen YC. Intense SrF radical beam for molecular cooling experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:113111. [PMID: 19947721 DOI: 10.1063/1.3262631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a continuous SrF radical beam for the loading of helium buffer gas cooling. The SrF molecules are efficiently generated by high-temperature chemical reaction of the solid precursor SrF(2) with boron in a graphite oven. The beam properties are characterized with laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopic method. We obtain a molecular flux of up to 2.1x10(15) sr(-1) s(-1) at the detection region for all rotational states. The dependence of the flux on oven temperature suggests that even higher flux is possible if a higher temperature in the oven is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Tu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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