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Kim D, Yun HS, Das B, Rhie J, Vasa P, Kim YI, Choa SH, Park N, Lee D, Bahk YM, Kim DS. Topology-Changing Broadband Metamaterials Enabled by Closable Nanotrenches. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4202-4208. [PMID: 33710897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the most straightforward methods to actively control optical functionalities of metamaterials is to apply mechanical strain deforming the geometries. These deformations, however, leave symmetries and topologies largely intact, limiting the multifunctional horizon. Here, we present topology manipulation of metamaterials fabricated on flexible substrates by mechanically closing/opening embedded nanotrenches of various geometries. When an inner bending is applied on the substrate, the nanotrench closes and the accompanying topological change results in abrupt switching of metamaterial functionalities such as resonance, chirality, and polarization selectivity. Closable nanotrenches can be embedded in metamaterials of broadband spectrum, ranging from visible to microwave. The 99.9% extinction performance is robust, enduring more than a thousand bending cycles. Our work provides a wafer-scale platform for active quantum plasmonics and photonic application of subnanometer phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Kim
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seok Yun
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bamadev Das
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeah Rhie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Parinda Vasa
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Graduate School of NID Fusion Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Choa
- Graduate School of NID Fusion Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukhyung Lee
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Bahk
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Dasgupta A, Buret M, Cazier N, Mennemanteuil MM, Chacon R, Hammani K, Weeber JC, Arocas J, Markey L, des Francs GC, Uskov A, Smetanin I, Bouhelier A. Electromigrated electrical optical antennas for transducing electrons and photons at the nanoscale. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1964-1976. [PMID: 30116688 PMCID: PMC6071726 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Electrically controlled optical metal antennas are an emerging class of nanodevices enabling a bilateral transduction between electrons and photons. At the heart of the device is a tunnel junction that may either emit light upon injection of electrons or generate an electrical current when excited by a light wave. The current study explores a technological route for producing these functional units based upon the electromigration of metal constrictions. Results: We combine multiple nanofabrication steps to realize in-plane tunneling junctions made of two gold electrodes, separated by a sub-nanometer gap acting as the feedgap of an optical antenna. We electrically characterize the transport properties of the junctions in the light of the Fowler-Nordheim representation and the Simmons model for electron tunneling. We demonstrate light emission from the feedgap upon electron injection and show examples of how this nanoscale light source can be coupled to waveguiding structures. Conclusion: Electromigrated in-plane tunneling optical antennas feature interesting properties with their unique functionality enabling interfacing electrons and photons at the atomic scale and with the same device. This technology may open new routes for device-to-device communication and for interconnecting an electronic control layer to a photonic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Dasgupta
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Mickaël Buret
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Cazier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Reinaldo Chacon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Kamal Hammani
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Weeber
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Juan Arocas
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Markey
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Colas des Francs
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Alexander Uskov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky pr. 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101 Sankt-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Smetanin
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky pr. 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandre Bouhelier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
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3
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Möller TB, Ganser A, Kratt M, Dickreuter S, Waitz R, Scheer E, Boneberg J, Leiderer P. Fast quantitative optical detection of heat dissipation by surface plasmon polaritons. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11894-11900. [PMID: 29897094 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat management at the nanoscale is an issue of increasing importance. In optoelectronic devices the transport and decay of plasmons contribute to the dissipation of heat. By comparison of experimental data and simulations we demonstrate that it is possible to gain quantitative information about excitation, propagation and decay of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a thin gold stripe supported by a silicon membrane. The temperature-dependent optical transmissivity of the membrane is used to determine the temperature distribution around the metal stripe with high spatial and temporal resolution. This method is complementary to techniques where the propagation of SPPs is monitored optically, and provides additional information which is not readily accessible by other means. In particular, we demonstrate that the thermal conductivity of the membrane can also be derived from our analysis. The results presented here show the high potential of this tool for heat management studies in nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Möller
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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4
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Evans CI, Zolotavin P, Alabastri A, Yang J, Nordlander P, Natelson D. Quantifying Remote Heating from Propagating Surface Plasmon Polaritons. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5646-5652. [PMID: 28796525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a method to electrically detect heating from excitation of propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPP). The coupling between SPP and a continuous wave laser beam is realized through lithographically defined gratings in the electrodes of thin film gold "bow tie" nanodevices. The propagating SPPs allow remote coupling of optical energy into a nanowire constriction. Heating of the constriction is detectable through changes in the device conductance and contains contributions from both thermal diffusion of heat generated at the grating and heat generated locally at the constriction by plasmon dissipation. We quantify these contributions through computational modeling and demonstrate that the propagation of SPPs provides the dominant contribution. Coupling optical energy into the constriction via propagating SPPs in this geometry produces an inferred temperature rise of the constriction a factor of 60 smaller than would take place if optical energy were introduced via directly illuminating the constriction. The grating approach provides a path for remote excitation of nanoconstrictions using SPPs for measurements that usually require direct laser illumination, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte I Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pavlo Zolotavin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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5
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Peters PJ, Xu F, Kaasbjerg K, Rastelli G, Belzig W, Berndt R. Quantum Coherent Multielectron Processes in an Atomic Scale Contact. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:066803. [PMID: 28949609 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.066803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The light emission from a scanning tunneling microscope operated on a Ag(111) surface at 6 K is analyzed from low conductances to values approaching the conductance quantum. Optical spectra recorded at sample voltages V reveal emission with photon energies hν>2eV. A model of electrons interacting coherently via a localized plasmon-polariton mode reproduces the experimental data, in particular, the kinks in the spectra at eV and 2eV as well as the scaling of the intensity at low and intermediate conductances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter-Jan Peters
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fei Xu
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kristen Kaasbjerg
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Wolfgang Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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6
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Kuperman M, Peskin U. Field-induced inversion of resonant tunneling currents through single molecule junctions and the directional photo-electric effect. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4973891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Kuperman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Uri Peskin
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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7
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Fung ED, Adak O, Lovat G, Scarabelli D, Venkataraman L. Too Hot for Photon-Assisted Transport: Hot-Electrons Dominate Conductance Enhancement in Illuminated Single-Molecule Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1255-1261. [PMID: 28112947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate light-induced conductance enhancement in single-molecule junctions via photon-assisted transport and hot-electron transport. Using 4,4'-bipyridine bound to Au electrodes as a prototypical single-molecule junction, we report a 20-40% enhancement in conductance under illumination with 980 nm wavelength radiation. We probe the effects of subtle changes in the transmission function on light-enhanced current and show that discrete variations in the binding geometry result in a 10% change in enhancement. Importantly, we prove theoretically that the steady-state behavior of photon-assisted transport and hot-electron transport is identical but that hot-electron transport is the dominant mechanism for optically induced conductance enhancement in single-molecule junctions when the wavelength used is absorbed by the electrodes and the hot-electron relaxation time is long. We confirm this experimentally by performing polarization-dependent conductance measurements of illuminated 4,4'-bipyridine junctions. Finally, we perform lock-in type measurements of optical current and conclude that currents due to laser-induced thermal expansion mask optical currents. This work provides a robust experimental framework for studying mechanisms of light-enhanced transport in single-molecule junctions and offers tools for tuning the performance of organic optoelectronic devices by analyzing detailed transport properties of the molecules involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Dean Fung
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Olgun Adak
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Giacomo Lovat
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Diego Scarabelli
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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8
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Ofarim A, Kopp B, Möller T, Martin L, Boneberg J, Leiderer P, Scheer E. Thermo-voltage measurements of atomic contacts at low temperature. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:767-75. [PMID: 27335765 PMCID: PMC4902067 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel method to determine the thermopower of atomic-sized gold contacts at low temperature. For these measurements a mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) system is used and a laser source generates a temperature difference of a few kelvins across the junction to create a thermo-voltage. Since the temperature difference enters directly into the Seebeck coefficient S = -ΔV/ΔT, the determination of the temperature plays an important role. We present a method for the determination of the temperature difference using a combination of a finite element simulation, which reveals the temperature distribution of the sample, and the measurement of the resistance change due to laser heating of sensor leads on both sides next to the junction. Our results for the measured thermopower are in agreement with recent reports in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Ofarim
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bastian Kopp
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - León Martin
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Boneberg
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Paul Leiderer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elke Scheer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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9
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Yoshida K, Shibata K, Hirakawa K. Terahertz Field Enhancement and Photon-Assisted Tunneling in Single-Molecule Transistors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:138302. [PMID: 26451585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.138302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the electron transport in single-C_{60}-molecule transistors under the illumination of intense monochromatic terahertz (THz) radiation. By employing an antenna structure with a sub-nm-wide gap, we concentrate THz radiation beyond the diffraction limit and focus it onto a single molecule. Photon-assisted tunneling (PAT) in the single molecule transistors is observed in both the weak-coupling and Kondo regimes. The THz power dependence of the PAT conductance indicates that when the incident THz intensity is a few tens of mW, the THz field induced at the molecule exceeds 100 kV/cm, which is enhanced by a factor of ~10^{5} from the field in the free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yoshida
- Center for Photonics Electronics Convergence, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kenji Shibata
- Center for Photonics Electronics Convergence, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hirakawa
- Center for Photonics Electronics Convergence, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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10
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Gao S. Nonlinear response of metal nanoparticles: Double plasmon excitation and electron transfer. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:234701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4922490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwu Gao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Zhongguancun Software Park II, 100094, Beijing, China
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11
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Li G, Fainberg BD, Seideman T. Optically induced transport through semiconductor-based molecular electronics. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:154111. [PMID: 25903870 DOI: 10.1063/1.4917029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A tight binding model is used to investigate photoinduced tunneling current through a molecular bridge coupled to two semiconductor electrodes. A quantum master equation is developed within a non-Markovian theory based on second-order perturbation theory with respect to the molecule-semiconductor electrode coupling. The spectral functions are generated using a one dimensional alternating bond model, and the coupling between the molecule and the electrodes is expressed through a corresponding correlation function. Since the molecular bridge orbitals are inside the bandgap between the conduction and valence bands, charge carrier tunneling is inhibited in the dark. Subject to the dipole interaction with the laser field, virtual molecular states are generated via the absorption and emission of photons, and new tunneling channels open. Interesting phenomena arising from memory are noted. Such a phenomenon could serve as a switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Boris D Fainberg
- Faculty of Science, Holon Institute of Technology, 58102 Holon, Israel
| | - Tamar Seideman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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12
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Liao J, Blok S, van der Molen SJ, Diefenbach S, Holleitner AW, Schönenberger C, Vladyka A, Calame M. Ordered nanoparticle arrays interconnected by molecular linkers: electronic and optoelectronic properties. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:999-1014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of metal nanoparticles in an organic matrix have attracted a lot of interest due to their diverse electronic and optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Sander Blok
- Leiden Institute of Physics
- Universiteit Leiden
- 2333 CA Leiden
- Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Diefenbach
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department
- Technische Universtität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)
| | - Alexander W. Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department
- Technische Universtität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)
| | | | - Anton Vladyka
- Department of Physics
- Universität Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Michel Calame
- Department of Physics
- Universität Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute
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13
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Beyond Molecular Conduction: Optical and Thermal Effects in Molecular Junctions. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118959602.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Bâldea I. Electrochemical setup – a unique chance to simultaneously control orbital energies and vibrational properties of single-molecule junctions with unprecedented efficiency. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:25942-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04316b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Benner D, Boneberg J, Nürnberger P, Waitz R, Leiderer P, Scheer E. Lateral and temporal dependence of the transport through an atomic gold contact under light irradiation: signature of propagating surface plasmon polaritons. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5218-5223. [PMID: 25089588 DOI: 10.1021/nl502165y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metallic point contacts (MPCs) with dimensions comparable to the Fermi wavelength of conduction electrons act as electronic waveguides and might operate as plasmon transmitters. Here we present a correlated study of optical and conductance response of MPCs under irradiation with laser light. For elucidating the role of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), we integrate line gratings into the leads that increase the SPP excitation efficiency. By analyzing spatial, polarization, and time dependence, we identify two SPP contributions that we attribute to transmitted and decaying SPPs, respectively. The results demonstrate the role of SPPs for optically controlling the transport in metallic nanostructures and are important for designing opto-nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benner
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz , Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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16
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Stolz A, Berthelot J, Mennemanteuil MM, Colas des Francs G, Markey L, Meunier V, Bouhelier A. Nonlinear photon-assisted tunneling transport in optical gap antennas. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2330-2338. [PMID: 24697629 DOI: 10.1021/nl404707t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce strongly coupled optical gap antennas to interface optical radiation with current-carrying electrons at the nanoscale. The transducer relies on the nonlinear optical and electrical properties of an optical gap antenna operating in the tunneling regime. We discuss the underlying physical mechanisms controlling the conversion involving d-band electrons and demonstrate that a simple two-wire optical antenna can provide advanced optoelectronic functionalities beyond tailoring the electromagnetic response of a single emitter. Interfacing an electronic command layer with a nanoscale optical device may thus be facilitated by the optical rectennas discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Stolz
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne CNRS-UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne , 21078 Dijon, France
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17
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Kern J, Grossmann S, Tarakina NV, Häckel T, Emmerling M, Kamp M, Huang JS, Biagioni P, Prangsma JC, Hecht B. Atomic-scale confinement of resonant optical fields. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5504-9. [PMID: 22984927 DOI: 10.1021/nl302315g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of matter, there is no fundamental limit preventing confinement of visible light even down to atomic scales. Achieving such confinement and the corresponding resonant intensity enhancement inevitably requires simultaneous control over atomic-scale details of material structures and over the optical modes that such structures support. By means of self-assembly we have obtained side-by-side aligned gold nanorod dimers with robust atomically defined gaps reaching below 0.5 nm. The existence of atomically confined light fields in these gaps is demonstrated by observing extreme Coulomb splitting of corresponding symmetric and antisymmetric dimer eigenmodes of more than 800 meV in white-light scattering experiments. Our results open new perspectives for atomically resolved spectroscopic imaging, deeply nonlinear optics, ultrasensing, cavity optomechanics, as well as for the realization of novel quantum-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kern
- Nano-Optics & Biophotonics Group, Experimentelle Physik 5, Physikalisches Institut, Röntgen Research Center for Complex Materials (RCCM), Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Zelinskyy Y, May V. Photoinduced switching of the current through a single molecule: effects of surface plasmon excitations of the leads. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:446-452. [PMID: 22149944 DOI: 10.1021/nl203805y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced switch of the current through a single molecule is studied theoretically by including plasmon excitations of the leads. A molecule weakly linked to two spherical nanoelectrodes is considered resulting in sequential charge transmission scheme. Taking the molecular charging energy (relative to the equilibrium lead chemical potential) to be comparable to the molecular excitation energy, an efficient current switch in a low voltage range becomes possible. A remarkable enhancement of the current is achieved due to simultaneous plasmon excitations in the electrodes. The behavior is explained by an increased molecular absorbance due to oscillator strength transfer from the electrode plasmon excitations and by a net excitation energy motion from the electrodes to the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Zelinskyy
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Galperin M, Nitzan A. Molecular optoelectronics: the interaction of molecular conduction junctions with light. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9421-38. [PMID: 22648067 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40636e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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20
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Kopp B, Yi Z, Benner D, Xie FQ, Obermair C, Schimmel T, Boneberg J, Leiderer P, Scheer E. Revealing thermal effects in the electronic transport through irradiated atomic metal point contacts. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:703-11. [PMID: 23213634 PMCID: PMC3512120 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the electronic transport through nanoscopic metallic contacts under the influence of external light fields. Various processes can be of relevance here, whose underlying mechanisms can be studied by comparing different kinds of atomic contacts. For this purpose two kinds of contacts, which were established by electrochemical deposition, forming a gate-controlled quantum switch (GCQS), have been studied. We demonstrate that in these kinds of contacts thermal effects resulting from local heating due to the incident light, namely thermovoltage and the temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity and the electrochemical (Helmholtz) double layer are the most prominent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Kopp
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zhiwei Yi
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Benner
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Fang-Qing Xie
- Institute of Applied Physics and DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus South, Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Obermair
- Institute of Applied Physics and DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus South, Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics and DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus South, Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, 76027 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Boneberg
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Paul Leiderer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elke Scheer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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21
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Mangold MA, Calame M, Mayor M, Holleitner AW. Resonant photoconductance of molecular junctions formed in gold nanoparticle arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12185-91. [PMID: 21721512 DOI: 10.1021/ja204240v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the photoconductance properties of oligo(phenylene vinylene) (OPV) molecules in metal-molecule-metal junctions. The molecules are electrically contacted in a two-dimensional array of gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles in such an array are separated by only few nanometers. This allows to bridge the distance between the nanoparticles with molecules considered as molecular wires such as OPV. We report on the photoconductance of electrically contacted OPV upon resonant optical excitation of the molecules. This resonant photoconductance is sublinear in laser intensity, which suggests that trap state dynamics of the optically excited charge carriers dominate the optoelectronic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A Mangold
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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22
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Song P, Nordlander P, Gao S. Quantum mechanical study of the coupling of plasmon excitations to atomic-scale electron transport. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:074701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3554420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Wang L, May V. Laser pulse induced transient currents through a single molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8755-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Ward DR, Hüser F, Pauly F, Cuevas JC, Natelson D. Optical rectification and field enhancement in a plasmonic nanogap. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 5:732-736. [PMID: 20852641 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanostructures act as powerful optical antennas because collective modes of the electron fluid in the metal are excited when light strikes the surface of the nanostructure. These excitations, known as plasmons, can have evanescent electromagnetic fields that are orders of magnitude larger than the incident electromagnetic field. The largest field enhancements often occur in nanogaps between plasmonically active nanostructures, but it is extremely challenging to measure the fields in such gaps directly. These enhanced fields have applications in surface-enhanced spectroscopies, nonlinear optics and nanophotonics. Here we show that nonlinear tunnelling conduction between gold electrodes separated by a subnanometre gap leads to optical rectification, producing a d.c. photocurrent when the gap is illuminated. Comparing this photocurrent with low-frequency conduction measurements, we determine the optical frequency voltage across the tunnelling region of the nanogap, and also the enhancement of the electric field in the tunnelling region, as a function of gap size. The measured field enhancements exceed 1,000, consistent with estimates from surface-enhanced Raman measurements. Our results highlight the need for more realistic theoretical approaches that are able to model the electromagnetic response of metal nanostructures on scales ranging from the free-space wavelength, λ, down to ∼λ/1,000, and for experiments with new materials, different wavelengths and different incident polarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ward
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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25
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Ittah N, Noy G, Yutsis I, Selzer Y. Measurement of electronic transport through 1G0 gold contacts under laser irradiation. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:1615-20. [PMID: 19317478 DOI: 10.1021/nl803888q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal quantum point contacts (MQPCs) with dimensions comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of conducting electrons reveal ballistic transport of electrons and quantized conductance in units of G(0) = 2e(2)/h. We measure the transport properties of 1G(0) Au contacts under laser irradiation. The observed enhancement of conductance appears to be wavelength-dependent, while thermal effects on conductance are determined to be negligible. For wavelengths that are not absorbed by Au, the results are consistent with a photoassisted transport mechanism in which conductance depends both on the electronic structure of the leads and on the interaction of the transporting electrons with oscillating electric fields originating from excitation of local plasmons. For wavelengths absorbed by Au, photoinduced mechanism is suggested to be the dominant transport mechanism. The results demonstrate optical control of ballistic transport in MQPCs and are also important for future interpretation of light effects on the conductance of single-molecule junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ittah
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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26
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Schull G, Néel N, Johansson P, Berndt R. Electron-plasmon and electron-electron interactions at a single atom contact. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:057401. [PMID: 19257550 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.057401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from tunneling to contact is investigated by detecting light emitted from Au(111) in a scanning tunneling microscope. Optical spectra reflect single and multielectron processes and their distinct evolutions as a single-atom contact is formed. The experimental data are analyzed in terms of plasmon excitation and hot-hole processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schull
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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27
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Galperin M, Ratner MA, Nitzan A. Raman scattering from nonequilibrium molecular conduction junctions. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:758-762. [PMID: 19159246 DOI: 10.1021/nl803313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Raman scattering is a potentially important probe of structure, dynamics, and thermal properties of single-molecule conduction junctions. We combine a nonequilibrium Green's function description of the junction with a generalized scattering theory of the Raman process, which provides the first theoretical description of Raman scattering from such systems. The voltage dependence of the Raman flux shows a characteristic behavior at the conductance threshold resulting from (a) partial populations in the ground and excited molecular levels that give rise to two scattering pathways as well as interference between them and (b) junction heating that affects the Raman intensities. Comparing "effective temperatures" obtained from Raman scattering and heat balance serves to establish the integrity of this concept for nonequilibrium junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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28
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Waitz R, Schecker O, Scheer E. Nanofabricated adjustable multicontact devices on membranes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:093901. [PMID: 19044423 DOI: 10.1063/1.2972148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Adjustable atomic size contacts realized by break junctions have become a standard tool during the last decade. Although nanofabricated break junctions may in principle be incorporated onto complex electronic circuits, a fundamental drawback of the standard break junction technique is its limitation to a single adjustable junction per device. We have fabricated single break junctions as well as devices containing two break junctions on a silicon membrane. The junctions are adjusted by positioning a fine tip via piezocontrol on the rear side of the membrane. We describe the fabrication process of the membranes and the devices and present results obtained on circuits made of gold and platinum. We show that the junctions can be addressed independently by a suitable choice of the tip position. Single-atom contacts, vacuum tunneling contacts as well as larger contacts can be stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimar Waitz
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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29
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May V, Kühn O. Photoinduced removal of the franck-condon blockade in single-electron inelastic charge transmission. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:1095-1099. [PMID: 18318503 DOI: 10.1021/nl073150h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new mechanism of charge transmission through a metal-molecule-metal junction is suggested that is based on optical driving of electronic transitions in the neutral and singly charged molecular state. The effects of strong electron vibrational coupling, intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution, and molecular de-excitation caused by electron-hole pair formation in the leads are taken into account. It is shown that current suppression due to the Franck-Condon blockade can be overcome by opening new transmission channels via photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkhard May
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-UniVersität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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