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Endophytic Diaporthe as Promising Leads for the Development of Biopesticides and Biofertilizers for a Sustainable Agriculture. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122453. [PMID: 36557707 PMCID: PMC9784053 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens are responsible for causing economic and production losses in several crops worldwide, thus reducing the quality and quantity of agricultural supplies. To reduce the usage of chemically synthesized pesticides, strategies and approaches using microorganisms are being used in plant disease management. Most of the studies concerning plant-growth promotion and biological agents to control plant diseases are mainly focused on bacteria. In addition, a great portion of registered and commercialized biopesticides are bacterial-based products. Despite fungal endophytes having been identified as promising candidates for their use in biological control, it is of the utmost importance to develop and improve the existing knowledge on this research field. The genus Diaporthe, encompasses plant pathogens, saprobes and endophytes that have been screened for secondary metabolite, mainly due to their production of polyketides and a variety of unique bioactive metabolites with agronomic importance. Some of these metabolites exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activity for controlling plant pathogens, and phytotoxic activity for the development of potential mycoherbicides. Moreover, species of Diaporthe are reported as promising agents in the development of biofertilizers. For this reason, in this review we summarize the potential of Diaporthe species to produce natural products with application in agriculture and describe the benefits of these fungi to promote their host plant's growth.
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2
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Metabolomics as an emerging tool to study plant–microbe interactions. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:175-183. [PMID: 35191478 PMCID: PMC9023012 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, interaction between plant roots and microorganisms are common. These interactions between microbial species and plants inhabited by them are being studied using various techniques. Metabolomics research based on mass spectrometric techniques is one of the crucial approaches that underpins system biology and relies on precision instrument analysis. In the last decade, this emerging field has received extensive attention. It provides a qualitative and quantitative approach for determining the mechanisms of symbiosis of bacteria and fungi with plants and also helps to elucidate the tolerance mechanisms of host plants against various abiotic stresses. However, this -omics application and its tools in plant–microbe interaction studies is still underutilized compared with genomic and transcriptomic methods. Therefore, it is crucial to bring this field forward to bear on the study of plant resistance and susceptibility. This review describes the current status of methods and progress in metabolomics applications for plant–microbe interaction studies discussing current challenges and future prospects.
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Liu R, Bao ZX, Zhao PJ, Li GH. Advances in the Study of Metabolomics and Metabolites in Some Species Interactions. Molecules 2021; 26:3311. [PMID: 34072976 PMCID: PMC8197931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the natural environment, interactions between species are a common natural phenomena. The mechanisms of interaction between different species are mainly studied using genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic techniques. Metabolomics is a crucial part of system biology and is based on precision instrument analysis. In the last decade, the emerging field of metabolomics has received extensive attention. Metabolomics not only provides a qualitative and quantitative method for studying the mechanisms of interactions between different species, but also helps clarify the mechanisms of defense between the host and pathogen, and to explore new metabolites with various biological activities. This review focuses on the methods and progress of interspecies metabolomics. Additionally, the prospects and challenges of interspecies metabolomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guo-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (R.L.); (Z.-X.B.); (P.-J.Z.)
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Patchett A, Newman JA. Comparison of Plant Metabolites in Root Exudates of Lolium perenne Infected with Different Strains of the Fungal Endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020148. [PMID: 33670493 PMCID: PMC7922862 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lolium perenne infected with the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii have specific, endophyte strain-dependent, chemical phenotypes in their above-ground tissues. Differences in these chemical phenotypes have been largely associated with classes of fungal-derived alkaloids which protect the plant against many insect pests. However, the use of new methodologies, such as various omic techniques, has demonstrated that many other chemical changes occur in both primary and secondary metabolites. Few studies have investigated changes in plant metabolites exiting the plant in the form of root exudates. As root exudates play an essential role in the acquisition of nutrients, microbial associations, and defense in the below-ground environment, it is of interest to understand how plant root exudate chemistry is influenced by the presence of strains of a fungal endophyte. In this study, we tested the influence of four strains of E. festucae var. lolii (E+ (also known as Lp19), AR1, AR37, NEA2), and uninfected controls (E-), on L. perenne growth and the composition of root exudate metabolites. Root exudates present in the hydroponic water were assessed by untargeted metabolomics using Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The NEA2 endophyte strain resulted in the greatest plant biomass and the lowest endophyte concentration. We found 84 metabolites that were differentially expressed in at least one of the endophyte treatments compared to E- plants. Two compounds were strongly associated with one endophyte treatment, one in AR37 (m/z 135.0546 RT 1.17), and one in E+ (m/z 517.1987 RT 9.26). These results provide evidence for important changes in L. perenne physiology in the presence of different fungal endophyte strains. Further research should aim to connect changes in root exudate chemical composition with soil ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Patchett
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Jonathan A. Newman
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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5
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Collett MG. Photosensitisation diseases of animals: Classification and a weight of evidence approach to primary causes. Toxicon X 2019; 3:100012. [PMID: 32550569 PMCID: PMC7285960 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clare's (1952) classification system for photosensitisation diseases (types I, II, III and Uncertain) has endured many years of use despite some confusion regarding his secondary, or type III, category, as well as the more recent discovery of two mechanisms (types I and II) of phototoxicity. Therefore, to reduce confusion in terminology, I propose that Clare's four groups be known as primary (or direct), secondary (indirect or hepatogenous), endogenous (aberrant porphyrin synthesis), and idiopathic. The use of the word type can then be reserved for the mechanisms of phototoxicity. Clare's (1952, 1955) papers listed three plants as primary photosensitisers and three as idiopathic. In the literature, several other plants have been associated with photosensitisation in farm animals. Most of these are likely to have a primary pathogenesis; however, the weight of evidence for all but a few is sparse. With respect to plants (and certain mycotoxins and insects) implicated in primary photosensitisation outbreaks, McKenzie's "toxicity confidence rankings" (Australia's Poisonous Plants, Fungi and Cyanobacteria, 2012) has been adapted to "phototoxic agent confidence rankings". Thus, plants, mycotoxins or insects can be categorised regarding phototoxicity, i.e. definite (A); some evidence (B); suspected (C); or phototoxin isolated but no field cases known (D), and weight of evidence, i.e. field cases (1); experimental feeding produces photosensitisation (2); phototoxin isolated (3); phototoxin produces photosensitisation experimentally (4); and/or correlation of the action spectrum/chromatogram in blood or skin with the absorption spectrum/chromatogram of the phototoxin (5). As a result, confidence rankings ranging from A5 to D1 can be allocated. From the available literature, at least seventeen plant species can be ranked as A5 (definite phototoxicity with a maximum weight of evidence). The relatively recent breakthrough regarding the discovery of phototoxic anthraquinones in Heterophyllaea spp. has led to the serendipitous association of the same and similar anthraquinones as the most likely phototoxins in alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides).
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Wesseling AM, Demetrowitsch TJ, Schwarz K, Ober D. Variability of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Occurrence in Species of the Grass Subfamily Pooideae (Poaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2046. [PMID: 29250094 PMCID: PMC5714882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a class of secondary metabolites found in various unrelated angiosperm lineages including cool-season grasses (Poaceae, subfamily Pooideae). Thesinine conjugates, saturated forms of PA that are regarded as non-toxic, have been described to occur in the two grass species Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea (Poaceae, subfamily Pooideae). In a wider screen, we tested various species of the Pooideae lineage, grown under controlled conditions, for their ability to produce thesinine conjugates or related structures. Using an LC-MS based targeted metabolomics approach we were able to show that PA biosynthesis in grasses is limited to a group of very closely related Pooideae species that produce a limited diversity of PA structures. High variability in PA levels was observed even between individuals of the same species. These individual accumulation patterns are discussed with respect to a possible function and evolution of this type of alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maria Wesseling
- Biochemical Ecology and Molecular Evolution, Botanical Institute and Botanic Gardens, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias J. Demetrowitsch
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dietrich Ober
- Biochemical Ecology and Molecular Evolution, Botanical Institute and Botanic Gardens, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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7
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Cao M, Fraser K, Jones C, Stewart A, Lyons T, Faville M, Barrett B. Untargeted Metabotyping Lolium perenne Reveals Population-Level Variation in Plant Flavonoids and Alkaloids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:133. [PMID: 28223996 PMCID: PMC5293862 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics provides a powerful platform to characterize plants at the biochemical level, allowing a search for underlying genes and associations with higher level complex traits such as yield and nutritional value. Efficient and reliable methods to characterize metabolic variation in economically important species are considered of high value to the evaluation and prioritization of germplasm and breeding lines. In this investigation, a large-scale metabolomic survey was performed on a collection of diverse perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants. A total of 2,708 data files, derived from liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LCMS), were selected to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of applying high throughput metabolomics to survey chemical diversity in plant populations. The data set was generated from 23 ryegrass populations, with 3-25 genotypes per population, and five clonal replicates per genotype. We demonstrate an integrated approach to rapidly mine and analyze metabolic variation from this large, multi-batch LCMS data set. After performing quality control, statistical data mining and peak annotation, a wide range of variation for flavonoid glycosides and plant alkaloids was discovered among the populations. Structural variation of flavonoids occurs both in aglycone structures and acetylated/malonylated/feruloylated sugar moieties. The discovery of comprehensive metabolic variation among the plant populations offers opportunities to probe into the genetic basis of the variation, and provides a valuable resource to gain insight into biochemical functions and to relate metabolic variation with higher level traits in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Cao
- AgResearch Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Mingshu Cao,
| | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chris Jones
- AgResearch Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Thomas Lyons
- AgResearch Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marty Faville
- AgResearch Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Brent Barrett
- AgResearch Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
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8
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A novel family of cyclic oligopeptides derived from ribosomal peptide synthesis of an in planta-induced gene, gigA, in Epichloë endophytes of grasses. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 85:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Faville MJ, Briggs L, Cao M, Koulman A, Jahufer MZZ, Koolaard J, Hume DE. A QTL analysis of host plant effects on fungal endophyte biomass and alkaloid expression in perennial ryegrass. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2015; 35:161. [PMID: 26203296 PMCID: PMC4506467 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The association between perennial ryegrass (Loliumperenne L.) and its Epichloë fungal endophyte symbiont, Epichloëfestucae var. lolii, supports the persistence of ryegrass-based pastures principally by producing bioactive alkaloid compounds that deter invertebrate herbivory. The host plant genotype affects endophyte trait expression, and elucidation of the underlying genetic mechanisms would enhance understanding of the symbiosis and support improvement of inplanta endophyte performance through plant breeding. Rapid metabolite profiling and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to quantify endophyte alkaloids and mycelial mass (MM) in leaves harvested, in consecutive autumns, from an F1 mapping population hosting standard toxic endophyte. Co-aligned quantitative trait loci (QTL) on linkage groups (LG)2, LG4 and LG7 for MM and concentrations of alkaloids peramine and ergovaline confirmed host plant effects on both MM and alkaloid level and inferred the effect on alkaloids was modulated through the quantity of endophyte present in the leaf tissue. For ergovaline, host regulation independent of endophyte concentration was also indicated, by the presence of MM-independent ergovaline QTL on LG4 and LG7. Partitioning of host genetic influence between MM-dependent and MM-independent mechanisms was also observed for the alkaloid N-formylloline (NFL), in a second mapping population harbouring a tall fescue-sourced endophyte. Single-marker analysis on repeated MM and NFL measures identified marker-trait associations at nine genome locations, four affecting both NFL and MM but five influencing NFL concentration alone. Co-occurrence of QTL on LG3, LG4 and LG7 in both mapping populations is evidence for host regulatory loci effective across genetic backgrounds and independent of endophyte variant. Variation at these loci may be exploited using marker-assisted breeding to improve endophyte trait expression in different host population × endophyte combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty J. Faville
- />Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., PB 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Briggs
- />Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., PB 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Mingshu Cao
- />Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., PB 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Albert Koulman
- />Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., PB 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- />Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, MRC Human Nutrition Research, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - M. Z. Zulfi Jahufer
- />Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., PB 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John Koolaard
- />Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., PB 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David E. Hume
- />Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., PB 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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10
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Phelps M, Hamilton J, Verbeck GF. Nanomanipulation-coupled nanospray mass spectrometry as an approach for single cell analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:124101. [PMID: 25554307 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray mass spectrometry is now a widely used technique for observing cell content of various biological tissues. However, electrospray techniques (liquid chromatography and direct infusion) often involve lysing a group of cells and extracting the biomolecules of interest, rather than a sensitive, individual cell method to observe local chemistry. Presented here is an approach of combining a nanomanipulator workstation with nanospray mass spectrometry, which allows for extraction of a single cell, followed by rapid mass analysis that can provide a detailed metabolic profile. Triacylglycerol content was profiled with this tool coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate heterogeneity between healthy and tumorous tissues as well as lipid droplet containing adipocytes in vitro as proof of concept. This selective approach provides cellular resolution and complements existing bioanalytical techniques with minimal invasion to samples. In addition, the coupling of nanomanipulation and mass spectrometry holds the potential to be used in a great number of applications for individual organelles, diseased tissues, and in vitro cell cultures for observing heterogeneity even amongst cells and organelles of the same tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Phelps
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Jason Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
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Tadych M, Bergen MS, White JF. Epichloë spp. associated with grasses: new insights on life cycles, dissemination and evolution. Mycologia 2014; 106:181-201. [PMID: 24877257 DOI: 10.3852/106.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë species with their asexual states are specialized fungi associated with cool-season grasses. they grow endophytically in tissues of aerial parts of host plants to form systemic and mostly asymptomatic associations. Their life cycles may involve vertical transmission through host seeds and/or horizontal transmission from one plant to other plants of the same species through fungal propagules. Vertical transmission has been well studied, but comparatively little research has been done on horizontal dissemination. The goal of this review is to provide new insights on modes of dissemination of systemic grass endophytes. The review addresses recent progress in research on (i) the process of growth of Epichloë endophytes in the host plant tissues, (ii) the types and development of reproductive structures of the endophyte, (iii) the role of the reproductive structures in endophyte dissemination and host plant infection processes and (iv) some ecological and evolutionary implications of their modes of dissemination. Research in the Epichloë grass endophytes has accelerated in the past 25 y and has demonstrated the enormous complexity in endophyte-grass symbioses. There still remain large gaps in our understanding of the role and functions of these fungi in agricultural systems and understanding the functions, ecology and evolution of these endophytes in natural grass populations.
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12
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Xu YJ, Wang C, Ho WE, Ong CN. Recent developments and applications of metabolomics in microbiological investigations. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Detection and quantification of three distinct Neotyphodium lolii endophytes in Lolium perenne by real time PCR of secondary metabolite genes. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:316-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Cao M, Fraser K, Rasmussen S. Computational analyses of spectral trees from electrospray multi-stage mass spectrometry to aid metabolite identification. Metabolites 2013; 3:1036-50. [PMID: 24958264 PMCID: PMC3937840 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3041036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography has become the major technical platform in metabolomics. Aided by peak detection algorithms, the detected signals are characterized by mass-over-charge ratio (m/z) and retention time. Chemical identities often remain elusive for the majority of the signals. Multi-stage mass spectrometry based on electrospray ionization (ESI) allows collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of selected precursor ions. These fragment ions can assist in structural inference for metabolites of low molecular weight. Computational investigations of fragmentation spectra have increasingly received attention in metabolomics and various public databases house such data. We have developed an R package “iontree” that can capture, store and analyze MS2 and MS3 mass spectral data from high throughput metabolomics experiments. The package includes functions for ion tree construction, an algorithm (distMS2) for MS2 spectral comparison, and tools for building platform-independent ion tree (MS2/MS3) libraries. We have demonstrated the utilization of the package for the systematic analysis and annotation of fragmentation spectra collected in various metabolomics platforms, including direct infusion mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography coupled with either low resolution or high resolution mass spectrometry. Assisted by the developed computational tools, we have demonstrated that spectral trees can provide informative evidence complementary to retention time and accurate mass to aid with annotating unknown peaks. These experimental spectral trees once subjected to a quality control process, can be used for querying public MS2 databases or de novo interpretation. The putatively annotated spectral trees can be readily incorporated into reference libraries for routine identification of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Cao
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Susanne Rasmussen
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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15
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16
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Meale S, Chaves A, Hannah M, Williams S, Hume D, Mace W, Moate P. Comparison of wild type, AR1 and AR37 endophyte infected perennial ryegrass on in vitro methanogenesis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Rasmussen S, Parsons AJ, Jones CS. Metabolomics of forage plants: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:1281-90. [PMID: 22351485 PMCID: PMC3478039 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forage plant breeding is under increasing pressure to deliver new cultivars with improved yield, quality and persistence to the pastoral industry. New innovations in DNA sequencing technologies mean that quantitative trait loci analysis and marker-assisted selection approaches are becoming faster and cheaper, and are increasingly used in the breeding process with the aim to speed it up and improve its precision. High-throughput phenotyping is currently a major bottle neck and emerging technologies such as metabolomics are being developed to bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype; metabolomics studies on forages are reviewed in this article. SCOPE Major challenges for pasture production arise from the reduced availability of resources, mainly water, nitrogen and phosphorus, and metabolomics studies on metabolic responses to these abiotic stresses in Lolium perenne and Lotus species will be discussed here. Many forage plants can be associated with symbiotic microorganisms such as legumes with nitrogen fixing rhizobia, grasses and legumes with phosphorus-solubilizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and cool temperate grasses with fungal anti-herbivorous alkaloid-producing Neotyphodium endophytes and metabolomics studies have shown that these associations can significantly affect the metabolic composition of forage plants. The combination of genetics and metabolomics, also known as genetical metabolomics can be a powerful tool to identify genetic regions related to specific metabolites or metabolic profiles, but this approach has not been widely adopted for forages yet, and we argue here that more studies are needed to improve our chances of success in forage breeding. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomics combined with other '-omics' technologies and genome sequencing can be invaluable tools for large-scale geno- and phenotyping of breeding populations, although the implementation of these approaches in forage breeding programmes still lags behind. The majority of studies using metabolomics approaches have been performed with model species or cereals and findings from these studies are not easily translated to forage species. To be most effective these approaches should be accompanied by whole-plant physiology and proof of concept (modelling) studies. Wider considerations of possible consequences of novel traits on the fitness of new cultivars and symbiotic associations need also to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rasmussen
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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18
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Kooke R, Keurentjes JJB. Multi-dimensional regulation of metabolic networks shaping plant development and performance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3353-65. [PMID: 22140247 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The metabolome is an integral part of a plant's life cycle and determines for a large part its external phenotype. It is the final, internal product of chemical interactions, obtained through developmental, genetic, and environmental inputs, and as such, it defines the state of a plant in terms of development and performance. Understanding its regulation will provide knowledge and new insights into the biochemical pathways and genetic interactions that shape the plant and its surroundings. In this review, we will focus on four dimensions that contribute to the huge diversity of metabolomes and we will illustrate how this diversity shapes the plant in terms of development and performance: (i) temporal regulation: the metabolome is extremely dynamic and temporal changes in the environment can have an immense impact on its composition; (ii) spatial regulation: metabolites can be very specific, in both quantitative and qualitative terms, to specialized organs, tissues, and cell types; (iii) environmental regulation: the metabolic profile of plants is highly dependent on environmental signals, such as light, temperature, and nutrients, and very susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses; and (iv) genetic regulation: the biosynthesis, structure, and accumulation of metabolites have a genetic origin, and there is quantitative and qualitative variation for metabolomes within a species. We will address the contribution of these dimensions to the wide diversity of metabolomes and highlight how the multi-dimensional regulation of metabolism defines the plant's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kooke
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Koulman A, Lee TV, Fraser K, Johnson L, Arcus V, Lott JS, Rasmussen S, Lane G. Identification of extracellular siderophores and a related peptide from the endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae in culture and endophyte-infected Lolium perenne. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 75:128-39. [PMID: 22196939 PMCID: PMC3311397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of genes encoding non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) have been identified in fungi of Epichloë/Neotyphodium species, endophytes of Pooid grasses, including sidN, putatively encoding a ferrichrome siderophore-synthesizing NRPS. Targeted gene replacement and complementation of sidN in Epichloë festucae has established that extracellular siderophore epichloënin A is the major product of the SidN enzyme complex (Johnson et al., 2007a). We report here high resolution mass spectrometric fragmentation experiments and NMR analysis of an isolated fraction establishing that epichloënin A is a siderophore of the ferrichrome family, comprising a cyclic sequence of four glycines, a glutamine and three N(δ)-trans-anhydromevalonyl-N(δ)-hydroxyornithine (AMHO) moieties. Epichloënin A is unusual among ferrichrome siderophores in comprising an octapeptide rather than hexapeptide sequence, and in incorporating a glutamine residue. During this investigation we have established that desferrichrome siderophores with pendant trans-AMHO groups can be distinguished from those with pendant cis-AMHO groups by the characteristic neutral loss of an hydroxyornithine moiety in the MS/MS spectrum. A minor component, epichloënin B, has been characterized as the triglycine variant by mass spectrometry. A peptide characterized by mass spectrometry as the putative deoxygenation product, epichloëamide has been detected together with ferriepichloënin A in guttation fluid from ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plants infected with wild-type E. festucae, but not in plants infected with the ΔsidN mutant strain, and also detected at trace levels in wild-type E. festucae fungal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Koulman
- Lipid Profiling and Signaling Group, MRC HNR, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - T. Verne Lee
- AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Linda Johnson
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Vickery Arcus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - J. Shaun Lott
- AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Susanne Rasmussen
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey Lane
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Corresponding author. Address: AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. Tel.: +64 6 356 8019; fax: +64 6 351 8032.
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Scott B, Becker Y, Becker M, Cartwright G. Morphogenesis, Growth, and Development of the Grass Symbiont Epichlöe festucae. TOPICS IN CURRENT GENETICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22916-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sugimoto T, Bamba T, Izumi Y, Nomura H, Shiina T, Fukusaki E. Use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry with nozzle-skimmer fragmentation for comprehensive quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3587-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu Q, Parsons AJ, Xue H, Fraser K, Ryan GD, Newman JA, Rasmussen S. Competition between foliar Neotyphodium lolii endophytes and mycorrhizal Glomus spp. fungi in Lolium perenne depends on resource supply and host carbohydrate content. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rasmussen S, Lane GA, Mace W, Parsons AJ, Fraser K, Xue H. The use of genomics and metabolomics methods to quantify fungal endosymbionts and alkaloids in grasses. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 860:213-26. [PMID: 22351180 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-594-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The association of plants with endosymbiotic micro-organisms poses a particular challenge to metabolomics studies. The presence of endosymbionts can alter metabolic profiles of plant tissues by introducing non-plant metabolites such as fungal specific alkaloids, and by metabolic interactions between the two organisms. An accurate quantification of the endosymbiont and its metabolites is therefore critical for studies of interactions between the two symbionts and the environment.Here, we describe methods that allow the quantification of the ryegrass Neotyphodium lolii fungal endosymbiont and major alkaloids in its host plant Lolium perenne. Fungal concentrations were quantified in total genomic DNA (gDNA) isolated from infected plant tissues by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using primers specific for chitinase A from N. lolii. To quantify the fungal alkaloids, we describe LC-MS based methods which provide coverage of a wide range of alkaloids of the indolediterpene and ergot alkaloid classes, together with peramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rasmussen
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Identification of urinary biomarkers of colon inflammation in IL10-/- mice using Short-Column LCMS metabolomics. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:974701. [PMID: 21188174 PMCID: PMC3005964 DOI: 10.1155/2011/974701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-10-deficient (IL10−/−) mouse develops colon inflammation in response to normal intestinal microflora and has been used as a model of Crohn's disease. Short-Column LCMS metabolite profiling of urine from IL10−/− and wild-type (WT) mice was used, in two independent experiments, to identify mass spectral ions differing in intensity between these two genotypes. Three differential metabolites were identified as xanthurenic acid and as the glucuronides of xanthurenic acid and of α-CEHC (2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2′-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman). The significance of several differential metabolites as potential biomarkers of colon inflammation was evaluated in an experiment which compared metabolite concentrations in IL10−/− and WT mice housed, either under conventional conditions and dosed with intestinal microflora, or maintained under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. Concentrations of xanthurenic acid, α-CEHC glucuronide, and an unidentified metabolite m/z 495−/497+ were associated with the degree of inflammation in IL10−/− mice and may prove useful as biomarkers of colon inflammation.
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Tan KC, Ipcho SVS, Trengove RD, Oliver RP, Solomon PS. Assessing the impact of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics on fungal phytopathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:703-15. [PMID: 19694958 PMCID: PMC6640398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Peer-reviewed literature is today littered with exciting new tools and techniques that are being used in all areas of biology and medicine. Transcriptomics, proteomics and, more recently, metabolomics are three of these techniques that have impacted on fungal plant pathology. Used individually, each of these techniques can generate a plethora of data that could occupy a laboratory for years. When used in combination, they have the potential to comprehensively dissect a system at the transcriptional and translational level. Transcriptomics, or quantitative gene expression profiling, is arguably the most familiar to researchers in the field of fungal plant pathology. Microarrays have been the primary technique for the last decade, but others are now emerging. Proteomics has also been exploited by the fungal phytopathogen community, but perhaps not to its potential. A lack of genome sequence information has frustrated proteomics researchers and has largely contributed to this technique not fulfilling its potential. The coming of the genome sequencing era has partially alleviated this problem. Metabolomics is the most recent of these techniques to emerge and is concerned with the non-targeted profiling of all metabolites in a given system. Metabolomics studies on fungal plant pathogens are only just beginning to appear, although its potential to dissect many facets of the pathogen and disease will see its popularity increase quickly. This review assesses the impact of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics on fungal plant pathology over the last decade and discusses their futures. Each of the techniques is described briefly with further reading recommended. Key examples highlighting the application of these technologies to fungal plant pathogens are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar-Chun Tan
- Australian Centre for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens, SABC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
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Koulman A, Cao M, Faville M, Lane G, Mace W, Rasmussen S. Semi-quantitative and structural metabolic phenotyping by direct infusion ion trap mass spectrometry and its application in genetical metabolomics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2253-63. [PMID: 19551846 PMCID: PMC2970905 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for plant metabolites requires the quantitation of these metabolites across a large range of progeny. We developed a rapid metabolic profiling method using both untargeted and targeted direct infusion tandem mass spectrometry (DIMSMS) with a linear ion trap mass spectrometer yielding sufficient precision and accuracy for the quantification of a large number of metabolites in a high-throughput environment. The untargeted DIMSMS method uses top-down data-dependent fragmentation yielding MS(2) and MS(3) spectra. We have developed software tools to assess the structural homogeneity of the MS(2) and MS(3) spectra hence their utility for phenotyping and genetical metabolomics. In addition we used a targeted DIMS(MS) method for rapid quantitation of specific compounds. This method was compared with targeted LC/MS/MS methods for these compounds. The DIMSMS methods showed sufficient precision and accuracy for QTL discovery. We phenotyped 200 individual Lolium perenne genotypes from a mapping population harvested in two consecutive years. Computational and statistical analyses identified 246 nominal m/z bins with sufficient precision and homogeneity for QTL discovery. Comparison of the data for specific metabolites obtained by DIMSMS with the results from targeted LC/MS/MS analysis showed that quantitation by this metabolic profiling method is reasonably accurate. Of the top 100 MS(1) bins, 22 ions gave one or more reproducible QTL across the 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Koulman
- Agresearch Grasslands Research CentrePrivate Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Biological Mass Spectrometry, MRC, Elsie Widdowson LaboratoryCambridge, UK
| | - Mingshu Cao
- Agresearch Grasslands Research CentrePrivate Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marty Faville
- Agresearch Grasslands Research CentrePrivate Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Lane
- Agresearch Grasslands Research CentrePrivate Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wade Mace
- Agresearch Grasslands Research CentrePrivate Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Susanne Rasmussen
- Agresearch Grasslands Research CentrePrivate Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Matsuda F, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Niida R, Kuromori T, Shinozaki K, Saito K. MS/MS spectral tag-based annotation of non-targeted profile of plant secondary metabolites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:555-77. [PMID: 18939963 PMCID: PMC2667644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The MS/MS spectral tag (MS2T) library-based peak annotation procedure was developed for informative non-targeted metabolic profiling analysis using LC-MS. An MS2T library of Arabidopsis metabolites was created from a set of MS/MS spectra acquired using the automatic data acquisition function of the mass spectrometer. By using this library, we obtained structural information for the detected peaks in the metabolic profile data without performing additional MS/MS analysis; this was achieved by searching for the corresponding MS2T accession in the library. In the case of metabolic profile data for Arabidopsis tissues containing more than 1000 peaks, approximately 50% of the peaks were tagged by MS2Ts, and 90 peaks were identified or tentatively annotated with metabolite information by searching the metabolite databases and manually interpreting the MS2Ts. A comparison of metabolic profiles among the Arabidopsis tissues revealed that many unknown metabolites accumulated in a tissue-specific manner, some of which were deduced to be unusual Arabidopsis metabolites based on the MS2T data. Candidate genes responsible for these biosyntheses could be predicted by projecting the results to the transcriptome data. The method was also used for metabolic phenotyping of a subset of Ds transposon-inserted lines of Arabidopsis, resulting in clarification of the functions of reported genes involved in glycosylation of flavonoids. Thus, non-targeted metabolic profiling analysis using MS2T annotation methods could prove to be useful for investigating novel functions of secondary metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Matsuda
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230 0045, Japan
| | | | - Rie Niida
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230 0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuromori
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230 0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230 0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230 0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba 263 8522, Japan
- * For correspondence (fax +81 45 503 9489; e-mail )
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Matsuda F, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Niida R, Kuromori T, Shinozaki K, Saito K. MS/MS spectral tag-based annotation of non-targeted profile of plant secondary metabolites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:96-108. [PMID: 18939963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The MS/MS spectral tag (MS2T) library-based peak annotation procedure was developed for informative non-targeted metabolic profiling analysis using LC-MS. An MS2T library of Arabidopsis metabolites was created from a set of MS/MS spectra acquired using the automatic data acquisition function of the mass spectrometer. By using this library, we obtained structural information for the detected peaks in the metabolic profile data without performing additional MS/MS analysis; this was achieved by searching for the corresponding MS2T accession in the library. In the case of metabolic profile data for Arabidopsis tissues containing more than 1000 peaks, approximately 50% of the peaks were tagged by MS2Ts, and 90 peaks were identified or tentatively annotated with metabolite information by searching the metabolite databases and manually interpreting the MS2Ts. A comparison of metabolic profiles among the Arabidopsis tissues revealed that many unknown metabolites accumulated in a tissue-specific manner, some of which were deduced to be unusual Arabidopsis metabolites based on the MS2T data. Candidate genes responsible for these biosyntheses could be predicted by projecting the results to the transcriptome data. The method was also used for metabolic phenotyping of a subset of Ds transposon-inserted lines of Arabidopsis, resulting in clarification of the functions of reported genes involved in glycosylation of flavonoids. Thus, non-targeted metabolic profiling analysis using MS2T annotation methods could prove to be useful for investigating novel functions of secondary metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Matsuda
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230 0045, Japan
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Rasmussen S, Parsons AJ, Popay A, Xue H, Newman JA. Plant-endophyte-herbivore interactions: More than just alkaloids? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:974-7. [PMID: 19704424 PMCID: PMC2633747 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A recent paper by Rasmussen et al., (New Phytol 2007; 173:787-97) describes the interactions between Lolium perenne cultivars with contrasting carbohydrate content and the symbiotic fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii at different levels of nitrogen supply. In a subsequent study undertaken by Rasmussen et al., (Plant Physiol 2008; 146:1440-53) 66 metabolic variables were analysed in the same material, revealing widespread effects of endophyte infection, N supply and cultivar carbohydrate content on both primary and secondary metabolites. Here, we link insect numerical responses to these metabolic responses using multiple regression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Xue
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan A Newman
- Department of Environmental Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario Canada
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Koulman A, Seeliger C, Edwards PJB, Fraser K, Simpson W, Johnson L, Cao M, Rasmussen S, Lane GA. E/Z-Thesinine-O-4'-alpha-rhamnoside, pyrrolizidine conjugates produced by grasses (Poaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1927-32. [PMID: 18466931 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on direct infusion mass spectrometry we identified a novel alkaloid as a major component of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Initial mass spectral data suggested it to be a pyrrolizidine conjugate. As this class of alkaloids has not been described before from grasses, we isolated it to elucidate its structure. The isolated alkaloid proved to be a mixture of two stereoisomers. The structures of the two compounds as determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, were E-thesinine-O-4'-alpha-rhamnoside (1) and Z-thesinine-O-4'-alpha-rhamnoside (2). These identifications were supported by the characterisation by GC-MS and optical rotation of (+)-isoretronecanol as the necine base released on alkaline hydrolysis of these alkaloids. 1 and 2 together with the aglycone and a hexoside were also detected in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). This is the first report of pyrrolizidine alkaloids produced by grasses (Poaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Koulman
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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