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Cocco E, Farci D, Guadalupi G, Manconi B, Maxia A, Piano D. The elongation factor 1-alpha as storage reserve and environmental sensor in Nicotiana tabacum L. seeds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 345:112113. [PMID: 38729437 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Given their critical role in plant reproduction and survival, seeds demand meticulous regulatory mechanisms to effectively store and mobilize reserves. Within seeds, the condition of storage reserves heavily depends on environmental stimuli and hormonal activation. Unlike non-protein reserves that commonly employ dedicated regulatory proteins for signaling, proteinaceous reserves may show a unique form of 'self-regulation', amplifying efficiency and precision in this process. Proteins rely on stability to carry out their functions. However, in specific physiological contexts, particularly in seed germination, protein instability becomes essential, fulfilling roles from signaling to regulation. In this study, the elongation factor 1-alpha has been identified as a main proteinaceous reserve in Nicotiana tabacum L. seeds and showed peculiar changes in stability based on tested chemical and physical conditions. A detailed biochemical analysis followed these steps to enhance our understanding of these protein attributes. The protein varied its behavior under different conditions of pH, temperature, and salt concentration, exhibiting shifts within physiological ranges. Notably, distinct solubility transitions were observed, with the elongation factor 1-alpha becoming insoluble upon reaching specific thresholds determined by the tested chemical and physical conditions. The findings are discussed within the context of seed signaling in response to environmental conditions during the key transitions of dormancy and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cocco
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, Cagliari 09123, Italy; Laboratory of Economic and Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, Cagliari 09123, Italy
| | - Domenica Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, Cagliari 09123, Italy; Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str.159, Warsaw 02-776, Poland.
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Andrea Maxia
- Laboratory of Economic and Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, Cagliari 09123, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, Cagliari 09123, Italy.
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2
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Wang Y, Demirer GS. Synthetic biology for plant genetic engineering and molecular farming. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1182-1198. [PMID: 37012119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Many efforts have been put into engineering plants to improve crop yields and stress tolerance and boost the bioproduction of valuable molecules. Yet, our capabilities are still limited due to the lack of well-characterized genetic building blocks and resources for precise manipulation and given the inherently challenging properties of plant tissues. Advancements in plant synthetic biology can overcome these bottlenecks and release the full potential of engineered plants. In this review, we first discuss the recently developed plant synthetic elements from single parts to advanced circuits, software, and hardware tools expediting the engineering cycle. Next, we survey the advancements in plant biotechnology enabled by these recent resources. We conclude the review with outstanding challenges and future directions of plant synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gozde S Demirer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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3
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Winckler LI, Dissmeyer N. Molecular determinants of protein half-life in chloroplasts with focus on the Clp protease system. Biol Chem 2023; 404:499-511. [PMID: 36972025 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Proteolysis is an essential process to maintain cellular homeostasis. One pathway that mediates selective protein degradation and which is in principle conserved throughout the kingdoms of life is the N-degron pathway, formerly called the ‘N-end rule’. In the cytosol of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, N-terminal residues can be major determinants of protein stability. While the eukaryotic N-degron pathway depends on the ubiquitin proteasome system, the prokaryotic counterpart is driven by the Clp protease system. Plant chloroplasts also contain such a protease network, which suggests that they might harbor an organelle specific N-degron pathway similar to the prokaryotic one. Recent discoveries indicate that the N-terminal region of proteins affects their stability in chloroplasts and provides support for a Clp-mediated entry point in an N-degron pathway in plastids. This review discusses structure, function and specificity of the chloroplast Clp system, outlines experimental approaches to test for an N-degron pathway in chloroplasts, relates these aspects into general plastid proteostasis and highlights the importance of an understanding of plastid protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lioba Inken Winckler
- Department of Plant Physiology and Protein Metabolism Laboratory, University of Osnabruck, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Department of Plant Physiology and Protein Metabolism Laboratory, University of Osnabruck, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany
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4
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Corbridge E, MacGregor A, Al-Saharin R, Garneau MG, Smalley S, Mooney S, Roje S, Bates PD, Hellmann H. Brassica napus Plants Gain Improved Salt-Stress Tolerance and Increased Storage Oil Biosynthesis by Interfering with CRL3 BPM Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1085. [PMID: 36903945 PMCID: PMC10005049 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Generating new strategies to improve plant performance and yield in crop plants becomes increasingly relevant with ongoing and predicted global climate changes. E3 ligases that function as key regulators within the ubiquitin proteasome pathway often are involved in abiotic stress responses, development, and metabolism in plants. The aim of this research was to transiently downregulate an E3 ligase that uses BTB/POZ-MATH proteins as substrate adaptors in a tissue-specific manner. Interfering with the E3 ligase at the seedling stage and in developing seeds results in increased salt-stress tolerance and elevated fatty acid levels, respectively. This novel approach can help to improve specific traits in crop plants to maintain sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Corbridge
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Alexandra MacGregor
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Raed Al-Saharin
- Department of Applied Biology, Tafila Technical University, Tafila 66110, Jordan
| | - Matthew G. Garneau
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Samuel Smalley
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Sutton Mooney
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Sanja Roje
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Philip D. Bates
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hanjo Hellmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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5
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Al‐Saharin R, Mooney S, Dissmeyer N, Hellmann H. Using CRL3 BPM E3 ligase substrate recognition sites as tools to impact plant development and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e474. [PMID: 36545004 PMCID: PMC9763634 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cullin-based RING E3 ligases that use BTB/POZ-MATH (BPM) proteins as substrate receptors have been established over the last decade as critical regulators in plant development and abiotic stress tolerance. As such they affect general aspects of shoot and root development, flowering time, embryo development, and different abiotic stress responses, such as heat, drought and salt stress. To generate tools that can help to understand the role of CRL3BPM E3 ligases in plants, we developed a novel system using two conserved protein-binding motifs from BPM substrates to transiently block CRL3BPM activity. The work investigates in vitro and in planta this novel approach, and shows that it can affect stress tolerance in plants as well as developmental aspects. It thereby can serve as a new tool for studying this E3 ligase in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Al‐Saharin
- Washington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
- Tafila Technical UniversityTafilaJordan
| | | | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Department of Plant Physiology and Protein Metabolism LabUniversity of OsnabruckOsnabruckGermany
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You X, Nasrullah, Wang D, Mei Y, Bi J, Liu S, Xu W, Wang NN. N 7 -SSPP fusion gene improves salt stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean through ROS scavenging. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2794-2809. [PMID: 35815549 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Considerable signal crosstalk exists in the regulatory network of senescence and stress response. Numerous senescence-associated genes are also involved in plant stress tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms and application potential of these genes in stress-tolerant crop breeding remain poorly explored. We found that overexpression of SENESCENCE-SUPPRESSED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE (SSPP), a negative regulator of leaf senescence, significantly improved plant salt tolerance by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging in both Arabidopsis and soybean. However, overexpression of SSPP severely suppressed normal plant growth, limiting its direct use in agriculture. We previously revealed that the N-terminal 1-14 residues of ACS7 (termed 'N7 ') negatively regulated its protein stability through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, and the N7 -mediated protein degradation was suppressed by environmental and senescence signals. To avoid the adverse effects of SSPP, the N7 element was fused to the N-terminus of SSPP. We demonstrated that N7 -SSPP fusion gene effectively rescued SSPP-induced growth suppression but maintained enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis and soybean. Particularly, N7 -SSPP enhanced tolerance to long-term salt stress and increased seed yield in soybean. These results suggest that N7 -SSPP overcomes the disadvantages of SSPP on plant growth inhibition and effectively improves salt tolerance through enhanced ROS scavenging, providing an effective strategy of using posttranslational regulatory element for salt-tolerant crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang You
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nasrullah
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mei
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juanjuan Bi
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Ning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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7
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Smalley S, Hellmann H. Review: Exploring possible approaches using ubiquitylation and sumoylation pathways in modifying plant stress tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111275. [PMID: 35487671 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and similar proteins, such as SUMO, are utilized by plants to modify target proteins to rapidly change their stability and activity in cells. This review will provide an overview of these crucial protein interactions with a focus on ubiquitylation and sumoylation in plants and how they contribute to stress tolerance. The work will also explore possibilities to use these highly conserved pathways for novel approaches to generate more robust crop plants better fit to cope with abiotic and biotic stress situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Smalley
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Hanjo Hellmann
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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8
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Pfeiffer ML, Winkler J, Van Damme D, Jacobs TB, Nowack MK. Conditional and tissue-specific approaches to dissect essential mechanisms in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102119. [PMID: 34653951 PMCID: PMC7612331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reverse genetics approaches are routinely used to investigate gene function. However, mutations, especially in critical genes, can lead to pleiotropic effects as severe as lethality, thus limiting functional studies in specific contexts. Approaches that allow for modifications of genes or gene products in a specific spatial or temporal setting can overcome these limitations. The advent of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technologies has not only revolutionized targeted genome modification in plants but also enabled new possibilities for inducible and tissue-specific manipulation of gene functions at the DNA and RNA levels. In addition, novel approaches for the direct manipulation of target proteins have been introduced in plant systems. Here, we review the current development in tissue-specific and conditional manipulation approaches at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Pfeiffer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joanna Winkler
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas B Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Becker R, Görner C, Reichman P, Dissmeyer N. Trichome Transcripts as Efficiency Control for Synthetic Biology and Molecular Farming. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2379:265-276. [PMID: 35188667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1791-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A variety of methods for studying glandular leaf hairs (trichomes) as multicellular micro-organs are well established for synthetic biology platforms like tobacco or tomato but rather rare for nonglandular and usually single-celled trichomes of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A thorough isolation of-ideally intact-trichomes is decisive for further biochemical and genomic analyses of primary and secondary metabolic compounds, enzymes, and especially transcripts to monitor initial success of an engineering approach. While isolation of tomato or tobacco trichomes is rather easy, by simply freezing whole plants in liquid nitrogen and brushing off trichomes, this approach does not work for Arabidopsis. This is mainly due to damage of trichome cells during the collection procedure and very low yield. Here, we provide a robust method for a virtually epithelial cell-free isolation of Arabidopsis trichomes. This method is then joined with an RNA isolation protocol to perform mRNA analysis on extracts of the isolated trichomes using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Becker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Görner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Physiology and Protein Metabolism Lab, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavel Reichman
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Physiology and Protein Metabolism Lab, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany.
- ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Department of Plant Physiology and Protein Metabolism Lab, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
Studying the stability of a protein dependent on its N-terminal residue requires a mechanism, which selectively exposes the amino acid at the N-terminus. Here, we describe the use of the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease to generate a specific N-terminal amino acid in the stroma of the chloroplast. The established molecular reporter system further allows the quantification of the reporter protein half-life dependent on the identity of the N-terminal residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lioba Inken Winckler
- Protein Metabolism Lab, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
- CellNanOs-Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Protein Metabolism Lab, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany.
- CellNanOs-Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany.
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11
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Holdsworth MJ, Vicente J, Sharma G, Abbas M, Zubrycka A. The plant N-degron pathways of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:70-89. [PMID: 31638740 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The amino-terminal residue of a protein (or amino-terminus of a peptide following protease cleavage) can be an important determinant of its stability, through the Ubiquitin Proteasome System associated N-degron pathways. Plants contain a unique combination of N-degron pathways (previously called the N-end rule pathways) E3 ligases, PROTEOLYSIS (PRT)6 and PRT1, recognizing non-overlapping sets of amino-terminal residues, and others remain to be identified. Although only very few substrates of PRT1 or PRT6 have been identified, substrates of the oxygen and nitric oxide sensing branch of the PRT6 N-degron pathway include key nuclear-located transcription factors (ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR VIIs and LITTLE ZIPPER 2) and the histone-modifying Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 component VERNALIZATION 2. In response to reduced oxygen or nitric oxide levels (and other mechanisms that reduce pathway activity) these stabilized substrates regulate diverse aspects of growth and development, including response to flooding, salinity, vernalization (cold-induced flowering) and shoot apical meristem function. The N-degron pathways show great promise for use in the improvement of crop performance and for biotechnological applications. Upstream proteases, components of the different pathways and associated substrates still remain to be identified and characterized to fully appreciate how regulation of protein stability through the amino-terminal residue impacts plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Vicente
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mohamad Abbas
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Agata Zubrycka
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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12
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Bouchnak I, van Wijk KJ. N-Degron Pathways in Plastids. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:917-926. [PMID: 31300194 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein amino (N) termini are major determinants of protein stability in the cytosol of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, conceptualized in the N-end rule pathway, lately referred to as N-degron pathways. Here we argue for the existence of N-degron pathways in plastids of apicomplexa, algae, and plants. The prokaryotic N-degron pathway depends on a caseinolytic protease (CLP) S recognin (adaptor) for the recognition and delivery of N-degron-bearing substrates to CLP chaperone-protease systems. Diversified CLP systems are found in chloroplasts and nonphotosynthetic plastids, including CLPS homologs that specifically interact with a subset of N-terminal residues and stromal proteins. Chloroplast N-terminome data show enrichment of classic stabilizing residues [Ala (A), Ser (S), Val (V), Thr (T)] and avoidance of charged and large hydrophobic residues. We outline experimental test strategies for plastid N-degron pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Bouchnak
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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13
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Dissmeyer N. Conditional Protein Function via N-Degron Pathway-Mediated Proteostasis in Stress Physiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:83-117. [PMID: 30892918 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The N-degron pathway, formerly the N-end rule pathway, regulates functions of regulatory proteins. It impacts protein half-life and therefore directs the actual presence of target proteins in the cell. The current concept holds that the N-degron pathway depends on the identity of the amino (N)-terminal amino acid and many other factors, such as the follow-up sequence at the N terminus, conformation, flexibility, and protein localization. It is evolutionarily conserved throughout the kingdoms. One possible entry point for substrates of the N-degron pathway is oxidation of N-terminal Cys residues. Oxidation of N-terminal Cys is decisive for further enzymatic modification of various neo-N termini by arginylation that generates potentially neofunctionalized or instable proteoforms. Here, I focus on the posttranslational modifications that are encompassed by protein degradation via the Cys/Arg branch of the N-degron pathway-part of the PROTEOLYSIS 6 (PRT6)/N-degron pathway-as well as the underlying physiological principles of this branch and its biological significance in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Dissmeyer
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB) and ScienceCampus Halle-Plant-Based Bioeconomy, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; ; Twitter: @NDissmeyer
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14
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Perrar A, Dissmeyer N, Huesgen PF. New beginnings and new ends: methods for large-scale characterization of protein termini and their use in plant biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2021-2038. [PMID: 30838411 PMCID: PMC6460961 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of protein function and abundance plays an important role in virtually every aspect of plant life. Diversifying mechanisms at the RNA and protein level result in many protein molecules with distinct sequence and modification, termed proteoforms, arising from a single gene. Distinct protein termini define proteoforms arising from translation of alternative transcripts, use of alternative translation initiation sites, and different co- and post-translational modifications of the protein termini. Also site-specific proteolytic processing by endo- and exoproteases generates truncated proteoforms, defined by distinct protease-generated neo-N- and neo-C-termini, that may exhibit altered activity, function, and localization compared with their precursor proteins. In eukaryotes, the N-degron pathway targets cytosolic proteins, exposing destabilizing N-terminal amino acids and/or destabilizing N-terminal modifications for proteasomal degradation. This enables rapid and selective removal not only of unfolded proteins, but also of substrate proteoforms generated by proteolytic processing or changes in N-terminal modifications. Here we summarize current protocols enabling proteome-wide analysis of protein termini, which have provided important new insights into N-terminal modifications and protein stability determinants, protein maturation pathways, and protease-substrate relationships in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Perrar
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3 Analytics, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle – Plant-based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3 Analytics, Jülich, Germany
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Hanson AD, Hibberd JM, Koffas MAG, Kopka J, Wurtzel ET. Focus Issue Editorial: Synthetic Biology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:772-774. [PMID: 30808713 PMCID: PMC6393805 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468
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