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Meena M, Divyanshu K, Kumar S, Swapnil P, Zehra A, Shukla V, Yadav M, Upadhyay RS. Regulation of L-proline biosynthesis, signal transduction, transport, accumulation and its vital role in plants during variable environmental conditions. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02952. [PMID: 31872123 PMCID: PMC6909094 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In response to various environmental stresses, many plant species synthesize L-proline in the cytosol and accumulates in the chloroplasts. L-Proline accumulation in plants is a well-recognized physiological reaction to osmotic stress prompted by salinity, drought and other abiotic stresses. L-Proline plays several protective functions such as osmoprotectant, stabilizing cellular structures, enzymes, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and keeps up redox balance in adverse situations. In addition, ample-studied osmoprotective capacity, L-proline has been also ensnared in the regulation of plant improvement, including flowering, pollen, embryo, and leaf enlargement. Scope and conclusions Albeit, ample is now well-known about L-proline metabolism, but certain characteristics of its biological roles are still indistinct. In the present review, we discuss the L-proline accumulation, metabolism, signaling, transport and regulation in the plants. We also discuss the effects of exogenous L-proline during different environmental conditions. L-Proline biosynthesis and catabolism are controlled by several cellular mechanisms, of which we identify only very fewer mechanisms. So, in the future, there is a requirement to identify such types of cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.,Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kumari Divyanshu
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vaishali Shukla
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - R S Upadhyay
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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2
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Zhang WF, Gong ZH, Wu MB, Chan H, Yuan YJ, Tang N, Zhang Q, Miao MJ, Chang W, Li Z, Li ZG, Jin L, Deng W. Integrative comparative analyses of metabolite and transcript profiles uncovers complex regulatory network in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit undergoing chilling injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4470. [PMID: 30872788 PMCID: PMC6418210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato fruit are especially susceptible to chilling injury (CI) when continuously exposed to temperatures below 12 °C. In this study, integrative comparative analyses of transcriptomics and metabolomics data were performed to uncover the regulatory network in CI tomato fruit. Metabolite profiling analysis found that 7 amino acids, 27 organic acids, 16 of sugars and 22 other compounds had a significantly different content while transcriptomics data showed 1735 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were down-regulated and 1369 were up-regulated in cold-stored fruit. We found that the contents of citrate, cis-aconitate and succinate were increased, which were consistent with the expression of ATP-citrate synthase (ACS) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes in cold-treated tomato fruit. Cold stress promotes the expression of ACS and IDH which may increase the synthesis of citrate, cis-aconitate and succinate. Alanine and leucine had increased contents, which may result from alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BcAT)'s high expression levels, respectively. Overall the transcriptomics and metabolomics data in our study explain the molecular mechanisms of the chilling injury and expands our understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms of a metabolic network in response to chilling injury in tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze-Hao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Helen Chan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Jun Miao
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Zheng-Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China.
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Imanifard Z, Vandelle E, Bellin D. Measurement of Hypersensitive Cell Death Triggered by Avirulent Bacterial Pathogens in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1743:39-50. [PMID: 29332284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7668-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response is one of the most powerful and complex defense reactions to survive to pathogen attacks during an incompatible plant-pathogen interaction. Local programmed cell death accompanies the hypersensitive response at the site of infection to prevent pathogen growth and spread. A precise quantitative assessment of this form of programmed cell death is essential to unravel the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the process. Here, we first describe the optimization of a Trypan Blue staining protocol for quantitatively measuring the HR-cell death in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we provide an electrolyte leakage protocol based on pathogen vacuum infiltration, which allows its simultaneous application to a large number of plants as well as to Arabidopsis mutants affected by small size phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Imanifard
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Diana Bellin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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4
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Valenzuela JL, Manzano S, Palma F, Carvajal F, Garrido D, Jamilena M. Oxidative Stress Associated with Chilling Injury in Immature Fruit: Postharvest Technological and Biotechnological Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071467. [PMID: 28698472 PMCID: PMC5535958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature, vegetable-like fruits are produced by crops of great economic importance, including cucumbers, zucchini, eggplants and bell peppers, among others. Because of their high respiration rates, associated with high rates of dehydration and metabolism, and their susceptibility to chilling injury (CI), vegetable fruits are highly perishable commodities, requiring particular storage conditions to avoid postharvest losses. This review focuses on the oxidative stress that affects the postharvest quality of vegetable fruits under chilling storage. We define the physiological and biochemical factors that are associated with the oxidative stress and the development of CI symptoms in these commodities, and discuss the different physical, chemical and biotechnological approaches that have been proposed to reduce oxidative stress while enhancing the chilling tolerance of vegetable fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Valenzuela
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Susana Manzano
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Francisco Palma
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Fátima Carvajal
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Dolores Garrido
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Manuel Jamilena
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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Sivankalyani V, Sela N, Feygenberg O, Zemach H, Maurer D, Alkan N. Transcriptome Dynamics in Mango Fruit Peel Reveals Mechanisms of Chilling Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1579. [PMID: 27812364 PMCID: PMC5072284 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cold storage is considered the most effective method for prolonging fresh produce storage. However, subtropical fruit is sensitive to cold. Symptoms of chilling injury (CI) in mango include red and black spots that start from discolored lenticels and develop into pitting. The response of 'Keitt' mango fruit to chilling stress was monitored by transcriptomic, physiological, and microscopic analyses. Transcriptomic changes in the mango fruit peel were evaluated during optimal (12°C) and suboptimal (5°C) cold storage. Two days of chilling stress upregulated genes involved in the plant stress response, including those encoding transmembrane receptors, calcium-mediated signal transduction, NADPH oxidase, MAP kinases, and WRKYs, which can lead to cell death. Indeed, cell death was observed around the discolored lenticels after 19 days of cold storage at 5°C. Localized cell death and cuticular opening in the lumen of discolored lenticels were correlated with increased general decay during shelf-life storage, possibly due to fungal penetration. We also observed increased phenolics accumulation around the discolored lenticels, which was correlated with the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids that were probably transported from the resin ducts. Increased lipid peroxidation was observed during CI by both the biochemical malondialdehyde method and a new non-destructive luminescent technology, correlated to upregulation of the α-linolenic acid oxidation pathway. Genes involved in sugar metabolism were also induced, possibly to maintain osmotic balance. This analysis provides an in-depth characterization of mango fruit response to chilling stress and could lead to the development of new tools, treatments and strategies to prolong cold storage of subtropical fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velu Sivankalyani
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Oleg Feygenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Department of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dalia Maurer
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel
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Goyal RK, Fatima T, Topuz M, Bernadec A, Sicher R, Handa AK, Mattoo AK. Pathogenesis-Related Protein 1b1 (PR1b1) Is a Major Tomato Fruit Protein Responsive to Chilling Temperature and Upregulated in High Polyamine Transgenic Genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:901. [PMID: 27446131 PMCID: PMC4916175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants execute an array of mechanisms in response to stress which include upregulation of defense-related proteins and changes in specific metabolites. Polyamines - putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) - are metabolites commonly found associated with abiotic stresses such as chilling stress. We have generated two transgenic tomato lines (556HO and 579HO) that express yeast S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and specifically accumulate Spd and Spm in fruits in comparison to fruits from control (556AZ) plants (Mehta et al., 2002). Tomato fruits undergo chilling injury at temperatures below 13°C. The high Spd and Spm tomato together with the control azygous line were utilized to address role(s) of polyamines in chilling-injury signaling. Exposure to chilling temperature (2°C) led to several-fold increase in the Put content in all the lines. Upon re-warming of the fruits at 20°C, the levels of Spd and Spm increased further in the fruit of the two transgenic lines, the higher levels remaining stable for 15 days after re-warming as compared to the fruit from the control line. Profiling their steady state proteins before and after re-warming highlighted a protein of ∼14 kD. Using proteomics approach, protein sequencing and immunoblotting, the ∼14-kD protein was identified as the pathogenesis related protein 1b1 (PR1b1). The PR1b1 protein accumulated transiently in the control fruit whose level was barely detectable at d 15 post-warming while in the fruit from both the 556HO and 579HO transgenic lines PR1b1 abundance increased and remained stable till d 15 post warming. PR1b1 gene transcripts were found low in the control fruit with a visible accumulation only on d 15 post warming; however, in both the transgenic lines it accumulated and increased soon after rewarming being several-fold higher on day 2 while in 556HO line this increase continued until d 6 than the control fruit. The chilling-induced increase in PR1b1 protein seems independent of ethylene and methyl jasmonate signaling but may be linked to salicylic acid. We propose that polyamine-mediated sustained accumulation of PR1b1 protein in post-warmed chilled tomato fruit is a pre-emptive cold stress response and possibly a defense response mechanism related to Cold Stress-Induced Disease Resistance (SIDR) phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder K. Goyal
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, BeltsvilleMD, USA
| | - Tahira Fatima
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, BeltsvilleMD, USA
| | - Muhamet Topuz
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, BeltsvilleMD, USA
| | - Anne Bernadec
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, BeltsvilleMD, USA
| | - Richard Sicher
- Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of Agriculture, BeltsvilleMD, USA
| | - Avtar K. Handa
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. LafayetteIN, USA
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, BeltsvilleMD, USA
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7
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Tonoplast Lipid Composition and Proton Pump of Pineapple Fruit During Low-Temperature Storage and Blackheart Development. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:429-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Low temperature alters plasma membrane lipid composition and ATPase activity of pineapple fruit during blackheart development. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:59-69. [PMID: 24390546 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM) plays central role in triggering primary responses to chilling injury and sustaining cellular homeostasis. Characterising response of membrane lipids to low temperature can provide important information for identifying early causal factors contributing to chilling injury. To this end, PM lipid composition and ATPase activity were assessed in pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus) in relation to the effect of low temperature on the development of blackheart, a form of chilling injury. Chilling temperature at 10 °C induced blackheart development in concurrence with increase in electrolyte leakage. PM ATPase activity was decreased after 1 week at low temperature, followed by a further decrease after 2 weeks. The enzyme activity was not changed during 25 °C storage. Loss of total PM phospholipids was found during postharvest senescence, but more reduction was shown from storage at 10 °C. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the predominant PM phospholipid species. Low temperature increased the level of phosphatidic acid but decreased the level of phosphatidylinositol. Both phospholipid species were not changed during storage at 25 °C. Postharvest storage at both temperatures decreased the levels of C18:3 and C16:1, and increased level of C18:1. Low temperature decreased the level of C18:2 and increased the level of C14:0. Exogenous application of phosphatidic acid was found to inhibit the PM ATPase activity of pineapple fruit in vitro. Modification of membrane lipid composition and its effect on the functional property of plasma membrane at low temperature were discussed in correlation with their roles in blackheart development of pineapple fruit.
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Li HX, Xiao Y, Cao LL, Yan X, Li C, Shi HY, Wang JW, Ye YH. Cerebroside C increases tolerance to chilling injury and alters lipid composition in wheat roots. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73380. [PMID: 24058471 PMCID: PMC3772805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chilling tolerance was increased in seed germination and root growth of wheat seedlings grown in media containing 20 µg/mL cerebroside C (CC), isolated from the endophytic Phyllosticta sp. TG78. Seeds treated with 20 µg/mL CC at 4 °C expressed the higher germination rate (77.78%), potential (23.46%), index (3.44) and the shorter germination time (6.19 d); root growth was also significantly improved by 13.76% in length, 13.44% in fresh weight and 6.88% in dry mass compared to controls. During the cultivation process at 4 °C for three days and the followed 24 h at 25 °C, lipid peroxidation, expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative membrane permeability (RMP) was significantly reduced in CC-treated roots; activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), phospholipid C (PLC) and phospholipid D (PLD) were inhibited by 13.62-62.26%, 13.54-63.93% and 13.90-61.17%, respectively; unsaturation degree of fatty acids was enhanced through detecting the contents of CC-induced linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid using GC-MS; capacities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were individually increased by 7.69-46.06%, 3.37-37.96%, and -7.00-178.07%. These results suggest that increased chilling tolerance may be due, in part, to the reduction of lipid peroxidation and alternation of lipid composition of roots in the presence of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hao Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Hayat S, Hayat Q, Alyemeni MN, Wani AS, Pichtel J, Ahmad A. Role of proline under changing environments: a review. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1456-66. [PMID: 22951402 PMCID: PMC3548871 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to stressful conditions, plants accumulate an array of metabolites, particularly amino acids. Amino acids have traditionally been considered as precursors to and constituents of proteins, and play an important role in plant metabolism and development. A large body of data suggests a positive correlation between proline accumulation and plant stress. Proline, an amino acid, plays a highly beneficial role in plants exposed to various stress conditions. Besides acting as an excellent osmolyte, proline plays three major roles during stress, i.e., as a metal chelator, an antioxidative defense molecule and a signaling molecule. Review of the literature indicates that a stressful environment results in an overproduction of proline in plants which in turn imparts stress tolerance by maintaining cell turgor or osmotic balance; stabilizing membranes thereby preventing electrolyte leakage; and bringing concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within normal ranges, thus preventing oxidative burst in plants. Reports indicate enhanced stress tolerance when proline is supplied exogenously at low concentrations. However, some reports indicate toxic effects of proline when supplied exogenously at higher concentrations. In this article, we review and discuss the effects of exogenous proline on plants exposed to various abiotic stresses. Numerous examples of successful application of exogenous proline to improve stress tolerance are presented. The roles played by exogenous proline under varying environments have been critically examined and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Hayat
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Rui H, Cao S, Shang H, Jin P, Wang K, Zheng Y. Effects of heat treatment on internal browning and membrane fatty acid in loquat fruit in response to chilling stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1557-61. [PMID: 20549812 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chilling injury (CI) limits the storage period and shelf-life of red-fleshed loquat fruit (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), which leads to a remarkable loss after cold storage. To develop an effective technique to reduce CI, the effects of a 38 degrees C heat treatment in air for 5 h, plus storage at 1 degrees C for 35 days, on internal browning (IB) and membrane fatty acid composition of the loquat cv. Jiefangzhong were investigated. RESULTS Heat treatment delayed the occurrence of IB and inhibited the increase of IB index in 'Jiefangzhong' loquat fruit. Heat treatment maintained lower levels of electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content, and inhibited the increases in phospholipase D and lipoxygenase activities compared with the control fruit. Meanwhile, heat treatment inhibited the increases in palmitic, stearic and oleic acid levels and delayed the decreases in linoleic and linolenic acid contents, thus maintaining higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio than the control. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the reduction of IB in chilled loquat fruit by heat treatment might due to maintenance of membrane integrity and higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijing Rui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, P.R. China
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13
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Crucial roles of membrane stability and its related proteins in the tolerance of peach fruit to chilling injury. Amino Acids 2009; 39:181-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Agüero M, Ansorena M, Roura S, del Valle C. Thermal inactivation of peroxidase during blanching of butternut squash. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Antunes MDC, Sfakiotakis EM. Changes in fatty acid composition and electrolyte leakage of 'Hayward' kiwifruit during storage at different temperatures. Food Chem 2008; 110:891-6. [PMID: 26047275 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to low storage temperature induces changes in electrolyte leakage and fatty acids composition, in a way depending on the plant tissue. Those changes alter the response of the fruit to storage conditions. The influence of storage temperature on ripening, fatty acids composition and electrolyte leakage of 'Hayward' kiwifruit were investigated. Harvested fruit were stored at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20°C for 5, 12 and 17 days. Measurements of SSC, firmness, flesh colour, fatty acid composition and electrolyte leakage were performed during the experiment. Kiwifruit did not fully ripen during the 17 days storage at any temperature. The major fatty acid component in 'Hayward' kiwifruit consisted of linolenic, followed by oleic, palmitic, linoleic and stearic acid. Membrane permeability and unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio increased during storage in all treatments. The highest increase was during the first 5 days and at the lowest temperatures. The increase in unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio was caused mainly by a decrease in palmitic and an increase in oleic acids. Stearic, linoleic and linolenic acids had insignificant changes during storage. The main increase in electrolyte leakage and unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio occurred during the first storage days and at lower temperatures, probably as a response of the tissue to an adaptation to the new stress storage conditions.
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Kato-Noguchi H. Low temperature acclimation mediated by ethanol production is essential for chilling tolerance in rice roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:202-3. [PMID: 19704659 PMCID: PMC2634117 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.3.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) were subjected to low temperature pretreatment (LT-PT; 10 degrees C) for various length of time followed by a 48-h chilling temperature stress (2 degrees C). Chilling tolerance of rice roots was improved with increasing duration of LT-PT, but HT-PT longer than 12 h gave no additional improvement. LT-PT did not change in fatty acid composition in rice roots under the present experimental condition. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and ethanol concentration in the roots were increased with increasing duration of LT-PT up to 12 h, which indicates that LT-PT increased ethanol fermentation in the roots. 4-Methylpyrazole, a potent inhibitor of ADH, reduced the ethanol concentration and the chilling tolerance in the roots. This reduction of the chilling tolerance recovered with exogenously applied ethanol. Ethanol also induced 21- and 33-kD protein synthesis in the roots and these proteins may contribute the improvement of the tolerance. The present research suggests that LT-PT may increase chilling tolerance in rice roots owing to ethanol production, and ethanol may trigger a signal transduction cascade, which might lead to a decrease in membrane damage and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Kagawa University; Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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Kaniuga Z. Chilling response of plants: importance of galactolipase, free fatty acids and free radicals. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:171-84. [PMID: 18304191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2007.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The chilling response of plants is complex and based on the interplay of two important metabolic processes--lipolytic degradation of membrane lipids and a set of oxidative reactions leading to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage evoked in chilling-sensitive (CS) plants subjected to low temperature and light. The effects of chilling of detached leaves and intact plants differ and are often neglected during experiments. In closely-related species, the activity of several constitutive enzymes (i.e. superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) appears to be higher in chilling-tolerant (CT) than in CS species; while in several native, closely-related CS species, lipid acyl hydrolase (galactolipase) activity is higher than in CT species. Moreover, in chilling-insensitive (CI) plants, galactolipase activity is very low and is neither activated by detachment of leaves nor under stress conditions in growing plants. Dark and low-temperature treatments of detached leaves of CS species and post-chilling recovery of growing plants in the light activate galactolipase, which is responsible for the release of free fatty acids (FFA), the main substrates of peroxidation by lipoxygenase and free radicals. In several CS species, increased galactolipase activity is an important factor contributing to chilling susceptibility. Thus, it seems likely that enhancement of chilling tolerance may be achieved by genetically suppressing galactolipase in order to reduce both the degradation of chloroplast lipids and the level of released FFA, and thereby avoiding the deleterious action of their peroxidation products on plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kaniuga
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Park EJ, Jeknić Z, Pino MT, Murata N, Chen THH. Glycinebetaine accumulation is more effective in chloroplasts than in the cytosol for protecting transgenic tomato plants against abiotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:994-1005. [PMID: 17617827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker) plants were transformed with a gene for choline oxidase (codA) from Arthrobacter globiformis. The gene product (CODA) was targeted to the chloroplasts (Chl-codA), cytosol (Cyt-codA) or both compartments simultaneously (ChlCyt-codA). These three transgenic plant types accumulated different amounts and proportions of glycinebetaine (GB) in their chloroplasts and cytosol. Targeting CODA to either the cytosol or both compartments simultaneously increased total GB content by five- to sixfold over that measured from the chloroplast targeted lines. Accumulation of GB in codA transgenic plants was tissue dependent, with the highest levels being recorded in reproductive organs. Despite accumulating, the lowest amounts of GB, Chl-codA plants exhibited equal or higher degrees of enhanced tolerance to various abiotic stresses. This suggests that chloroplastic GB is more effective than cytosolic GB in protecting plant cells against chilling, high salt and oxidative stresses. Chloroplastic GB levels were positively correlated with the degree of oxidative stress tolerance conferred, whereas cytosolic GB showed no such a correlation. Thus, an increase in total GB content does not necessarily lead to enhanced stress tolerance, but additional accumulation of chloroplastic GB is likely to further raise the level of stress tolerance beyond what we have observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Park
- Department of Horticulture, ALS 4017, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Kato-Noguchi H, Yasuda Y. Effect of low temperature on ethanolic fermentation in rice seedlings. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:1013-8. [PMID: 16901582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) were incubated at 5-30 degrees C for 48 h and the effect of temperature on ethanolic fermentation in the seedlings was investigated in terms of low-temperature adaptation. Activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC, EC 4.1.1.1) in roots and shoots of the seedlings were low at temperatures of 20-30 degrees C, whereas temperatures of 5, 7.5 and 10 degrees C significantly increased ADH and PDC activities in the roots and shoots. Temperatures of 5-10 degrees C also increased ethanol concentrations in the roots and shoots. The ethanol concentrations in the roots and shoots at 7.5 degrees C were 16- and 12-times greater than those in the roots and shoots at 25 degrees C, respectively. These results indicate that low temperatures (5-10 degrees C) induced ethanolic fermentation in the roots and shoots of the seedlings. Ethanol is known to prevent lipid degradation in plant membrane, and increased membrane-lipid fluidization. In addition, an ADH inhibitor, 4-methylpyrazole, decreased low-temperature tolerance in roots and shoots of rice seedlings and this reduction in the tolerance was recovered by exogenous applied ethanol. Therefore, production of ethanol by ethanolic fermentation may lead to low-temperature adaptation in rice plants by altering the physical properties of membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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Peters JS, Frenkel C. Relationship between alcohol dehydrogenase activity and low-temperature in two maize genotypes, Silverado F1 and Adh1-Adh2- doubly null. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2004; 42:841-6. [PMID: 15596104 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the role of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, E.C.1.1.1.1) in chilling tolerance using maize (Zea mays L.) Adh1(-)Adh2(-) doubly null mutant. Adh1(-)Adh2(-) doubly null seedlings were found to have lowered survival rates compared to non-doubly null maize seedlings (Silverado F(1)) when held at 2 degrees C for varying periods. Exposure to ethanol did not increase the chilling tolerance in either Silverado F(1) or Adh1(-)Adh2(-) doubly null. ADH activity in Silverado F(1) remained steady when held at 2 degrees C for up to 3 d. ADH1 protein accumulation in chilled Silverado F(1) seedlings remained unchanged throughout the period of cold exposure. Chilling led to a significant inhibition of the P-H(+)-ATPase (E.C. 3.6.3.6) activity in Adh1(-)Adh2(-)doubly null, but minimal inhibition was seen in Silverado F(1). Though P-H(+)-ATPase activity in Adh1(-)Adh2(-) decreased, P-H(+)-ATPase protein levels remained constant during the chilling period. Levels of ATP slightly fluctuated in both types of seedlings during the duration of chilling. Lipid peroxidation levels in Adh1(-)Adh2(-) doubly null increased with chilling exposure, but not in the Silverado F(1). We suggest that ADH activity may play a role in chilling tolerance that is not related to maintenance of glycolysis and ATP production as has been observed during oxygen depravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne S Peters
- Plant Biology and Pathology Department, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
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Frenkel C. Disruption of macromolecular hydration — a possible origin of chilling destabilization of biopolymers. Trends Food Sci Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0924-2244(91)90613-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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KUO SHUJUNG, PARKIN KIRKL. Chilling Injury in Cucumbers (Cucumis sativa L.) Associated with Lipid Peroxidation as Measured by Ethane Evolution. J Food Sci 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb05142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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