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Ni K, Lu X, Li S, Li F, Zhang Y, Cui R, Fan Y, Huang H, Chen X, Wang J, Wang S, Guo L, Zhao L, He Y, Ye W. GhLCYε-3 characterized as a lycopene cyclase gene responding to drought stress in cotton. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:384-395. [PMID: 38226314 PMCID: PMC10788185 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Drought stress significantly affects crop productivity. Carotenoids are essential photosynthetic pigment for plants, bacteria, and algae, with signaling and antioxidant functions. Lutein is a crucial branch product in the carotenoid synthesis pathway, which effectively improves the stress tolerance of higher plants. lycopene cyclase, a central enzyme for lutein synthesis, holds great significance in regulating lutein production. This research establishes a correlation between lutein content and stress resistance by measuring the drought resistance and lutein content of various cotton materials. To identify which crucial genes are associated with lutein, the lycopene cyclase family (LCYs) was analyzed. The research found that LCYs form a highly conserved family divided into two subfamilies, LCY-ε (lycopene ε-cyclase) and LCY-β (lycopene β-cyclase). Most members of the LCY family contain photoresponsive elements and abscisic acid elements. qRT-PCR demonstrates showed that most genes responded positively to drought stress, and GhLCYε-3 was expressed significantly differently under drought stress. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay showed that the content of GhLCYε-3 was significantly increased with MDA and PRO, and the contents of chlorophyll and lutein were significantly decreased in pYL156 plants. The decrease in GhLCYε-3 expression is speculated to lead to reduced lutein content in vivo, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased drought tolerance. This research enriched the understanding of LCY gene family and lutein function, and provided a new reference for cotton planting in arid areas. Synopsis Lycopene cyclase plays an important role in enhancing the ability of scavenging ROS and drought resistance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesong Ni
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Hunan Institute of Cotton Science, Changde 415101, Hunan China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ruifeng Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yapeng Fan
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lixue Guo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yunxin He
- Hunan Institute of Cotton Science, Changde 415101, Hunan China
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
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Srivastava A, Thapa S, Chakdar H, Babele PK, Shukla P. Cyanobacterial myxoxanthophylls: biotechnological interventions and biological implications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:63-77. [PMID: 36137567 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria safeguard their photosynthetic machinery from oxidative damage caused by adverse environmental factors such as high-intensity light. Together with many photoprotective compounds, they contain myxoxanthophylls, a rare group of glycosidic carotenoids containing a high number of conjugated double bonds. These carotenoids have been shown to: have strong photoprotective effects, contribute to the integrity of the thylakoid membrane, and upregulate in cyanobacteria under a variety of stress conditions. However, their metabolic potential has not been fully utilized in the stress biology of cyanobacteria and the pharmaceutical industry due to a lack of mechanistic understanding and their insufficient biosynthesis. This review summarizes current knowledge on: biological function, genetic regulation, biotechnological production, and pharmaceutical potential of myxoxanthophyll, with a focus on strain engineering and parameter optimization strategies for increasing their cellular content. The summarized knowledge can be utilized in cyanobacterial metabolic engineering to improve the stress tolerance of useful strains and enhance the commercial-scale synthesis of myxoxanthophyll for pharmaceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America
| | - Shobit Thapa
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, India
| | - Hillol Chakdar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, India
| | | | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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González-Delgado A, Lopez SC, Rojas-Montero M, Fishman CB, Shipman SL. Simultaneous multi-site editing of individual genomes using retron arrays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.17.549397. [PMID: 37503029 PMCID: PMC10370050 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of genomics is limited by the scale of our genomic technologies. While libraries of genomic manipulations scaffolded on CRISPR gRNAs have been transformative, these existing approaches are typically multiplexed across genomes. Yet much of the complexity of real genomes is encoded within a genome across sites. Unfortunately, building cells with multiple, non-adjacent precise mutations remains a laborious cycle of editing, isolating an edited cell, and editing again. Here, we describe a technology for precisely modifying multiple sites on a single genome simultaneously. This technology - termed a multitron - is built from a heavily modified retron, in which multiple donor-encoding msds are produced from a single transcript. The multitron architecture is compatible with both recombineering in prokaryotic cells and CRISPR editing in eukaryotic cells. We demonstrate applications for this approach in molecular recording, genetic element minimization, and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago C. Lopez
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Chloe B. Fishman
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seth L. Shipman
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Su Q, Cheng P, Sun J, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Jiang XR, Rao X. Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Halomonas bluephagenesis for the production of lycopene. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1100745. [PMID: 36726563 PMCID: PMC9885113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Red-colored lycopene has received remarkable attention in medicine because of its antioxidant properties for reducing the risks of many human cancers. However, the extraction of lycopene from natural hosts is limited. Moreover, the chemically synthesized lycopene raises safety concerns due to residual chemical reagents. Halomonas bluephagenesis is a versatile chassis for the production of fine chemicals because of its open growth property without sterilization. Methods A heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathway was introduced into H. bluephagenesis strain TD1.0 to engineer a bacterial host for lycopene production. A pTer7 plasmid mediating the expression of six MVA pathway genes under the control of a phage PMmp1 and an Escherichia coli Ptrc promoters and a pTer3 plasmid providing lycopene biosynthesis downstream genes derived from Streptomyces avermitilis were constructed and transformed into TD1.0. The production of lycopene in the engineered H. bluephagenesis was evaluated. Optimization of engineered bacteria was performed to increase lycopene yield. Results The engineered TD1.0/pTer7-pTer3 produced lycopene at a maximum yield of 0.20 mg/g dried cell weight (DCW). Replacing downstream genes with those from S. lividans elevated the lycopene production to 0.70 mg/g DCW in the TD1.0/pTer7-pTer5 strain. Optimizing the PMmp1 promoter in plasmid pTer7 with a relatively weak Ptrc even increased the lycopene production to 1.22 mg/g DCW. However, the change in the Ptrc promoter in pTer7 with PMmp1 did not improve the yield of lycopene. Conclusion We first engineered an H. bluephagenesis for the lycopene production. The co-optimization of downstream genes and promoters governing MVA pathway gene expressions can synergistically enhance the microbial overproduction of lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Su
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyuan Sun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Ran Jiang,
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China,Xiancai Rao,
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Yan J, Li C, Zhang N, Li C, Wang Y, Li B. Functional verification and characterization of a type-III geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene from Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1032234. [PMID: 36504770 PMCID: PMC9729869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1032234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, a group of natural pigments, have strong antioxidant properties and act as precursors to vitamin A, which have garnered attention from industry and researchers. Sporobolomyces pararoseus represents a hyper-producer of carotenoids, mainly including β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) is regarded as a key enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the precise nature of the gene encoding GGPPS in S. pararoseus has not been reported yet. Here, we cloned a cDNA copy of the GGPPS protein-encoding gene crtE from S. pararoseus NGR. The crtE full-length genomic DNA and cDNA are 1,722 and 1,134 bp, respectively, which consist of 9 exons and 8 introns. This gene encodes 377 amino acids protein with a predicted molecular mass of 42.59 kDa and a PI of 5.66. Identification of the crtE gene encoding a functional GGPPS was performed using heterologous complementation detection in Escherichia coli. In vitro enzymatic activity experiments showed that CrtE utilized farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as an allylic substrate for the condensation reaction with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), generating more of the unique product GGPP compared to other allylic substrates. The predicted CrtE 3D-model was analyzed in comparison with yeast GGPPS. The condensation reaction occurs in the cavity of the subunit, and three bulky amino acids (Tyr110, Phe111, and His141) below the cavity prevent further extension of the product. Our findings provide a new source of genes for carotenoid genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Yan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China,College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Ning Zhang,
| | - Chunwang Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bingxue Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Bingxue Li,
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Zhang J, Sun H, Guo S, Ren Y, Li M, Wang J, Yu Y, Zhang H, Gong G, He H, Zhang C, Xu Y. ClZISO mutation leads to photosensitive flesh in watermelon. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1565-1578. [PMID: 35187585 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mutation of ClZISO identified in EMS-induced watermelon leads to photosensitive flesh in watermelon. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) has a colorful flesh that attracts consumers and benefits human health. We developed an ethyl-methanesulfonate mutation library in red-fleshed line '302' to create new flesh color lines and found a yellow-fleshed mutant which accumulated ζ-carotene. The initial yellow color of this mutant can be photobleached within 10 min under intense sunlight. A long-term light-emitting diode (LED) light treatment turned flesh color from yellow to pink. We identified this unique variation as photosensitive flesh mutant ('psf'). Using bulked segregant analysis, we fine-mapped an EMS-induced G-A transversion in 'psf' which leads to a premature stop codon in 15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerase (ClZISO) gene. We detected that wild-type ClZISO is expressed in chromoplasts to catalyze the conversion of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-ζ-carotene to 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene. The truncated ClZISOmu protein in psf lost this catalytic function. Light treatment can partially compensate ClZISOmu isomerase activity via photoisomerization in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome analysis showed that most carotenoid biosynthesis genes in psf were downregulated. The dramatic increase of ABA content in flesh with fruit development was blocked in psf. This study explores the molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in watermelon and provides a theoretical and technical basis for breeding different flesh color lines in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shaogui Guo
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yi Ren
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Maoying Li
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jinfang Wang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yongtao Yu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Guoyi Gong
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongju He
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yong Xu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Kang DH, Ko SC, Heo YB, Lee HJ, Woo HM. RoboMoClo: A Robotics-Assisted Modular Cloning Framework for Multiple Gene Assembly in Biofoundry. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1336-1348. [PMID: 35167276 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and versatile DNA assembly frameworks have had an impact on promoting synthetic biology to build complex biological systems. To accelerate system development, laboratory automation (or biofoundry) provides an opportunity to construct organisms and DNA assemblies via computer-aided design. However, a modular cloning (MoClo) system for multiple DNA assemblies limits the biofoundry workflow in terms of simplicity and feasibility by preparing the number of cloning materials such as destination vectors prior to the automation process. Herein, we propose robot-assisted MoClo (RoboMoClo) to accelerate a synthetic biology project with multiple gene expressions at the biofoundry. The architecture of the RoboMoClo framework provides a hybrid strategy of hierarchical gene assembly and iterative gene assembly, and fewer destination vectors compared with other MoClo systems. An industrial bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, was used as a model host for RoboMoClo. After building a biopart library (promoter and terminator; level 0) and evaluating its features (level 1), various transcriptional directions in multiple gene assemblies (level 2) were studied using the RoboMoClo vectors. Among the constructs, the convergent construct exhibited potential transcriptional interference through the collision of RNA polymerases. To study design of experiment-guided lycopene biosynthesis in C. glutamicum (levels 1, 2, and 3), the biofoundry-assisted multiple gene assembly was demonstrated as a proof-of-concept by constructing various sub-pathway units (level 2) and pathway units (level 3) for C. glutamicum. The RoboMoClo framework provides an improved MoClo toolkit for laboratory automation in a synthetic biology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biofoundry Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Cheon Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biofoundry Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Been Heo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biofoundry Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biofoundry Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biofoundry Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Tamaki S, Sato R, Koshitsuka Y, Asahina M, Kodama Y, Ishikawa T, Shinomura T. Suppression of the Lycopene Cyclase Gene Causes Downregulation of Ascorbate Peroxidase Activity and Decreased Glutathione Pool Size, Leading to H 2O 2 Accumulation in Euglena gracilis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:786208. [PMID: 34925426 PMCID: PMC8678482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.786208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are photosynthetic pigments and hydrophobic antioxidants that are necessary for the survival of photosynthetic organisms, including the microalga Euglena gracilis. In the present study, we identified an uncharacterized gene encoding the E. gracilis β-carotene synthetic enzyme lycopene cyclase (EgLCY) and discovered a relationship between EgLCY-mediated carotenoid synthesis and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system ascorbate-glutathione cycle. The EgLCY cDNA sequence was obtained via homology searching E. gracilis transcriptome data. An enzyme assay using Escherichia coli demonstrated that EgLCY converts lycopene to β-carotene. E. gracilis treated with EgLCY double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced colorless cells with hypertrophic appearance, inhibited growth, and marked decrease in carotenoid and chlorophyll content, suggesting that EgLCY is essential for the synthesis of β-carotene and downstream carotenoids, which are abundant and physiologically functional. In EgLCY dsRNA-treated cells, the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, composed of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), and glutathione reductase (GR), was unusually modulated; APX and GR activities significantly decreased, whereas DHAR and MDAR activities increased. Ascorbate content was significantly increased and glutathione content significantly decreased in EgLCY dsRNA-treated cells and was correlated with their recycling enzyme activities. Fluorescent imaging demonstrated that EgLCY dsRNA-treated cells accumulated higher levels of H2O2 compared to wild-type cells. Taken together, this study revealed that EgLCY-mediated synthesis of β-carotene and downstream carotenoid species upregulates APX activity and increases glutathione pool size for H2O2 scavenging. Our study suggests a possible relationship between carotenoid synthesis and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle for ROS scavenging in E. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tamaki
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuki Koshitsuka
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masashi Asahina
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shinomura
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan
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Narang PK, Dey J, Mahapatra SR, Roy R, Kushwaha GS, Misra N, Suar M, Raina V. Genome-based identification and comparative analysis of enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis in microalgae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 38:8. [PMID: 34837551 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are potential feedstocks for the commercial production of carotenoids, however, the metabolic pathways for carotenoid biosynthesis across algal lineage are largely unexplored. This work is the first to provide a comprehensive survey of genes and enzymes associated with the less studied methylerythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway as well as the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in microalgae through bioinformatics and comparative genomics approach. Candidate genes/enzymes were subsequently analyzed across 22 microalgae species of lineages Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokonta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, and known Arabidopsis homologs in order to study the evolutional divergence in terms of sequence-structure properties. A total of 403 enzymes playing a vital role in carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin were unraveled. Of these, 85 were hypothetical proteins whose biological roles are not yet experimentally characterized. Putative functions to these hypothetical proteins were successfully assigned through a comprehensive investigation of the protein family, motifs, intrinsic physicochemical features, subcellular localization, pathway analysis, etc. Furthermore, these enzymes were categorized into major classes as per the conserved domain and gene ontology. Functional signature sequences were also identified which were observed conserved across microalgal genomes. Additionally, the structural modeling and active site architecture of three vital enzymes, DXR, PSY, and ZDS catalyzing the vital rate-limiting steps in Dunaliella salina were achieved. The enzymes were confirmed to be stereochemically reliable and stable as revealed during molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns. The detailed functional information about individual vital enzymes will certainly help to design genetically modified algal strains with enhanced carotenoid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur Narang
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.,SGTB Khalsa College, Delhi University, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Riya Roy
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Gajraj Singh Kushwaha
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.,Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India. .,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Vishakha Raina
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
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10
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Jo SH, Park HJ, Lee A, Jung H, Min SR, Lee HJ, Kim HS, Jung M, Hyun JY, Kim YS, Cho HS. A single amino acid insertion in LCYB2 deflects carotenoid biosynthesis in red carrot. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1793-1795. [PMID: 34268606 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Jo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Areum Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Haemyeong Jung
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Sung Ran Min
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Min Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, NongWoo Bio, Anseong, 17558, Korea
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Biotechnology, NongWoo Bio, Anseong, 17558, Korea
| | - Youn-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, NongWoo Bio, Anseong, 17558, Korea.
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
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11
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Lehmann M, Vamvaka E, Torrado A, Jahns P, Dann M, Rosenhammer L, Aziba A, Leister D, Rühle T. Introduction of the Carotenoid Biosynthesis α-Branch Into Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for Lutein Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699424. [PMID: 34295345 PMCID: PMC8291087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lutein, made by the α-branch of the methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, is one of the most abundant xanthophylls in plants. It is involved in the structural stabilization of light-harvesting complexes, transfer of excitation energy to chlorophylls and photoprotection. In contrast, lutein and the α-branch of the MEP pathway are not present in cyanobacteria. In this study, we genetically engineered the cyanobacterium Synechocystis for the missing MEP α-branch resulting in lutein accumulation. A cassette comprising four Arabidopsis thaliana genes coding for two lycopene cyclases (AtLCYe and AtLCYb) and two hydroxylases (AtCYP97A and AtCYP97C) was introduced into a Synechocystis strain that lacks the endogenous, cyanobacterial lycopene cyclase cruA. The resulting synlut strain showed wild-type growth and only moderate changes in total pigment composition under mixotrophic conditions, indicating that the cruA deficiency can be complemented by Arabidopsis lycopene cyclases leaving the endogenous β-branch intact. A combination of liquid chromatography, UV-Vis detection and mass spectrometry confirmed a low but distinct synthesis of lutein at rates of 4.8 ± 1.5 nmol per liter culture at OD730 (1.03 ± 0.47 mmol mol-1 chlorophyll). In conclusion, synlut provides a suitable platform to study the α-branch of the plastidic MEP pathway and other functions related to lutein in a cyanobacterial host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lehmann
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evgenia Vamvaka
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alejandro Torrado
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Dann
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea Rosenhammer
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Amel Aziba
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thilo Rühle
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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12
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Tamaki S, Mochida K, Suzuki K. Diverse Biosynthetic Pathways and Protective Functions against Environmental Stress of Antioxidants in Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1250. [PMID: 34205386 PMCID: PMC8234872 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae have been classified into several biological divisions and have evolutionarily acquired diverse morphologies, metabolisms, and life cycles. They are naturally exposed to environmental stresses that cause oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen species accumulation. To cope with environmental stresses, microalgae contain various antioxidants, including carotenoids, ascorbate (AsA), and glutathione (GSH). Carotenoids are hydrophobic pigments required for light harvesting, photoprotection, and phototaxis. AsA constitutes the AsA-GSH cycle together with GSH and is responsible for photooxidative stress defense. GSH contributes not only to ROS scavenging, but also to heavy metal detoxification and thiol-based redox regulation. The evolutionary diversity of microalgae influences the composition and biosynthetic pathways of these antioxidants. For example, α-carotene and its derivatives are specific to Chlorophyta, whereas diadinoxanthin and fucoxanthin are found in Heterokontophyta, Haptophyta, and Dinophyta. It has been suggested that AsA is biosynthesized via the plant pathway in Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta and via the Euglena pathway in Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta, and Haptophyta. The GSH biosynthetic pathway is conserved in all biological kingdoms; however, Euglenophyta are able to synthesize an additional thiol antioxidant, trypanothione, using GSH as the substrate. In the present study, we reviewed and discussed the diversity of microalgal antioxidants, including recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tamaki
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (K.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (K.M.); (K.S.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (K.M.); (K.S.)
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo 108-0014, Japan
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13
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Wang J, Zhang J, Li J, Dawuda MM, Ali B, Wu Y, Yu J, Tang Z, Lyu J, Xiao X, Hu L, Xie J. Exogenous Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Promotes Coloration and Improves the Quality of Tomato Fruit by Regulating Carotenoid Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683868. [PMID: 34220904 PMCID: PMC8243651 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) plays an important role in plant growth and development. It can also be used to enhance crop resistance to environmental stresses and improve the color and internal quality of fruits. However, there are limited reports regarding the effects of ALA on tomato fruit color and its regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, the effects of exogenous ALA on the quality and coloration of tomato fruits were examined. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum "Yuanwei No. 1") fruit surfaces were treated with different concentrations of ALA (0, 100, and 200 mg⋅L-1) on the 24th day after fruit setting (mature green fruit stage), and the content of soluble sugar, titratable acid, soluble protein, vitamin C, and total free amino acids, as well as amino acid components, intermediates of lycopene synthetic and metabolic pathways, and ALA metabolic pathway derivatives were determined during fruit ripening. The relative expression levels of genes involved in lycopene synthesis and metabolism and those involved in ALA metabolism were also analyzed. The results indicated that exogenous ALA (200 mg⋅L-1) increased the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total free amino acids, and vitamin C as well as 11 kinds of amino acid components in tomato fruits and reduced the content of titratable acids, thus improving the quality of tomato fruits harvested 4 days earlier than those of the control plants. In addition, exogenous ALA markedly improved carotenoid biosynthesis by upregulating the gene expression levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene synthase 1, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase. Furthermore, exogenous ALA inhibited chlorophyll synthesis by downregulating the genes expression levels of Mg-chelatase and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. These findings suggest that supplementation with 200 mg⋅L-1 ALA not only enhances the nutritional quality and color of the fruit but also promotes early fruit maturation in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Liu Q, Li W, Liu D, Li L, Li J, Lv N, Liu F, Zhu B, Zhou Y, Xin Y, Dong X. Light stimulates anoxic and oligotrophic growth of glacial Flavobacterium strains that produce zeaxanthin. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1844-1857. [PMID: 33452478 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that inhabit glaciers usually produce carotenoids. Here, we report that a group of zeaxanthin-producing glacial Flavobacterium exhibited light-promoted growth. Of the tested 47 strains, 45 showed increased growths but two died under illumination at 50 μmol photon m-2 s-1. Light stimulation occurred mainly in either anoxic or nutrient-poor cultures, while the same levels of light promotion were found for that grown at 14 and 7 °C. Pigment assays identified overrepresentative zeaxanthin but trace retinal in the light promoted 45 strains, while flexirubin was exclusively in the light-lethal two. Genomic analysis revealed the gene cluster for zeaxanthin synthesis in the 45 strains, in which 37 strains also harbored the proteorhodopsin gene prd. Transcriptomic analysis found that light-induced expressions of both the zeaxanthin synthesis and proteorhodopsin genes. Whereas, deletion of the prd gene in one strain did not diminish light promotion, inhibition of zeaxanthin synthesis did. In comparison, no light promotion was determined in a glacier Cryobacterium luteum that produced a non-zeaxanthin-type carotenoid. Therefore, light stimulation on the glacial Flavobacterium is mostly likely related to zeaxanthin, which could provide better photoprotection and sustain membrane integrity for the organisms living in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,China General Microorganism Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Na Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,China General Microorganism Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yuhua Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,China General Microorganism Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiuzhu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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15
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Improved cis-Abienol production through increasing precursor supply in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16791. [PMID: 33033333 PMCID: PMC7545193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-Abienol, a natural diterpene-diol isolated from balsam fir (Abies balsamea), can be employed as precursors for the semi-synthesis of amber compounds, which are sustainable replacement for ambergris and widely used in the fragmented industry. This study combinatorially co-expressed geranyl diphosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, Labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate synthase and diterpene synthase, with the best combination achieving ~ 0.3 mg/L of cis-abienol. An additional enhancement of cis-abienol production (up to 8.6 mg/L) was achieved by introducing an exogenous mevalonate pathway which was divided into the upper pathway containing acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase/HMG-CoA reductase and HMG-CoA synthase and the lower pathway containing mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, pyrophosphate mevalonate decarboxylase and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase. The genetically modified strain carrying chromosomal copy of low genes of the mevalonate with the trc promoter accumulated cis-abienol up to 9.2 mg/L in shake flask. Finally, cis-abienol titers of ~ 220 mg/L could be achieved directly from glucose using this de novo cis-abienol-producing E. coli in high-cell-density fermentation. This study demonstrates a microbial process to apply the E. coli cell factory in the biosynthesis of cis-abienol.
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16
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Wang Z, Sun J, Yang Q, Yang J. Metabolic Engineering Escherichia coli for the Production of Lycopene. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143136. [PMID: 32659911 PMCID: PMC7397254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene, a potent antioxidant, has been widely used in the fields of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. However, the production of lycopene extracted from natural sources is far from meeting the demand. Consequently, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have been employed to develop microbial cell factories for lycopene production. Due to the advantages of rapid growth, complete genetic background, and a reliable genetic operation technique, Escherichia coli has become the preferred host cell for microbial biochemicals production. In this review, the recent advances in biological lycopene production using engineered E. coli strains are summarized: First, modification of the endogenous MEP pathway and introduction of the heterogeneous MVA pathway for lycopene production are outlined. Second, the common challenges and strategies for lycopene biosynthesis are also presented, such as the optimization of other metabolic pathways, modulation of regulatory networks, and optimization of auxiliary carbon sources and the fermentation process. Finally, the future prospects for the improvement of lycopene biosynthesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - JingXin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Qun Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-131-4543-1413 (Q.Y.); +86-135-8938-5827 (J.Y.); Fax: +86-532-589-57640 (J.Y.)
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-131-4543-1413 (Q.Y.); +86-135-8938-5827 (J.Y.); Fax: +86-532-589-57640 (J.Y.)
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17
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Bongers M, Perez-Gil J, Hodson MP, Schrübbers L, Wulff T, Sommer MO, Nielsen LK, Vickers CE. Adaptation of hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate reductase enables volatile isoprenoid production. eLife 2020; 9:48685. [PMID: 32163032 PMCID: PMC7067565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile isoprenoids produced by plants are emitted in vast quantities into the atmosphere, with substantial effects on global carbon cycling. Yet, the molecular mechanisms regulating the balance between volatile and non-volatile isoprenoid production remain unknown. Isoprenoids are synthesised via sequential condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), with volatile isoprenoids containing fewer isopentenyl subunits. The DMAPP:IPP ratio could affect the balance between volatile and non-volatile isoprenoids, but the plastidic DMAPP:IPP ratio is generally believed to be similar across different species. Here we demonstrate that the ratio of DMAPP:IPP produced by hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate reductase (HDR/IspH), the final step of the plastidic isoprenoid production pathway, is not fixed. Instead, this ratio varies greatly across HDRs from phylogenetically distinct plants, correlating with isoprenoid production patterns. Our findings suggest that adaptation of HDR plays a previously unrecognised role in determining in vivo carbon availability for isoprenoid emissions, directly shaping global biosphere-atmosphere interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Bongers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jordi Perez-Gil
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars Schrübbers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tune Wulff
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Oa Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Deng YY, Cheng L, Wang Q, Ge ZH, Zheng H, Cao TJ, Lu QQ, Yang LE, Lu S. Functional Characterization of Lycopene Cyclases Illustrates the Metabolic Pathway toward Lutein in Red Algal Seaweeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1354-1363. [PMID: 31933364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential phytonutrients synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms. Acyclic lycopene is the first branching point for carotenoid biosynthesis. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the cyclization of its open ends and direct the metabolic flux into different downstream branches. Carotenoids of the β,β-branch (e.g., β-carotene) are found in all photosynthetic organisms, but those of the β,ε-branch (e.g., lutein) are generally absent in cyanobacteria, heterokonts, and some red algae. Although both LCYBs and LCYEs have been characterized from land plants, there are only a few reports on LCYs from cyanobacteria and algae. Here, we cloned four LCY genes from Porphyra umbilicalis and Pyropia yezoensis (susabi-nori) of Bangiales, the most primitive red algal order that synthesizes lutein. Our functional characterization in both Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that each species has a pair of LCYB and LCYE. Similar to LCYs from higher plants, red algal LCYBs cyclize both ends of lycopene, and their LCYEs only cyclize a single end. The characterization of LCYEs from red algae resolved the first bifurcation step toward β-carotene and lutein biosynthesis. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that LCYEs of the green lineage and the red algae originated separately during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Yin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute , Nantong 226007 , China
| | - Lu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zi-Han Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qin-Qin Lu
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute , Nantong 226007 , China
| | - Li-En Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute , Nantong 226007 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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19
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Xu W, Klumbys E, Ang EL, Zhao H. Emerging molecular biology tools and strategies for engineering natural product biosynthesis. Metab Eng Commun 2019; 10:e00108. [PMID: 32547925 PMCID: PMC7283510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2019.e00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products and their related derivatives play a significant role in drug discovery and have been the inspiration for the design of numerous synthetic bioactive compounds. With recent advances in molecular biology, numerous engineering tools and strategies were established to accelerate natural product synthesis in both academic and industrial settings. However, many obstacles in natural product biosynthesis still exist. For example, the native pathways are not appropriate for research or production; the key enzymes do not have enough activity; the native hosts are not suitable for high-level production. Emerging molecular biology tools and strategies have been developed to not only improve natural product titers but also generate novel bioactive compounds. In this review, we will discuss these emerging molecular biology tools and strategies at three main levels: enzyme level, pathway level, and genome level, and highlight their applications in natural product discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Evaldas Klumbys
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Ee Lui Ang
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Fidan O, Zhan J. Discovery and engineering of an endophytic Pseudomonas strain from Taxus chinensis for efficient production of zeaxanthin diglucoside. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:66. [PMID: 31388354 PMCID: PMC6676639 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophytic microorganisms are a rich source of bioactive natural products. They are considered as promising biofertilizers and biocontrol agents due to their growth-promoting interactions with the host plants and their bioactive secondary metabolites that can help manage plant pathogens. Identification of new endophytes may lead to the discovery of novel molecules or provide new strains for production of valuable compounds. RESULTS In this study, we isolated an endophytic bacterium from the leaves of Taxus chinensis, which was identified as Pseudomonas sp. 102515 based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and physiological characteristics. Analysis of its secondary metabolites revealed that this endophytic strain produces a major product zeaxanthin diglucoside, a promising antioxidant natural product that belongs to the family of carotenoids. A carotenoid (Pscrt) biosynthetic gene cluster was amplified from this strain, and the functions of PsCrtI and PsCrtY in the biosynthesis of zeaxanthin diglucoside were characterized in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The entire Pscrt biosynthetic gene cluster was successfully reconstituted in E. coli BL21(DE3) and Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The production of zeaxanthin diglucoside in Pseudomonas sp. 102515 was improved through the optimization of fermentation conditions such as medium, cultivation temperature and culture time. The highest yield under the optimized conditions reached 206 mg/L. The engineered strain of P. putida KT2440 produced zeaxanthin diglucoside at 121 mg/L in SOC medium supplemented with 0.5% glycerol at 18 °C, while the yield of zeaxanthin diglucoside in E. coli BL21(DE3) was only 2 mg/L. To further enhance the production, we introduced an expression plasmid harboring the Pscrt biosynthetic gene cluster into Pseudomonas sp. 102515. The yield in this engineered strain reached 380 mg/L, 85% higher than the wild type. Through PCR, we also discovered the presence of a turnerbactin biosynthetic gene cluster in Pseudomonas sp. 102515. Because turnerbactin is involved in nitrogen fixation, this endophytic strain might have a role in promoting growth of the host plant. CONCLUSIONS We isolated and identified an endophytic strain of Pseudomonas from T. chinensis. A zeaxanthin diglucoside biosynthetic gene cluster was discovered and characterized in this bacterium. Through fermentation and genetic engineering, the engineered strain produced zeaxanthin diglucoside at 380 ± 12 mg/L, representing a promising strain for the production of this antioxidant natural product. Additionally, Pseudomonas sp. 102515 might also be utilized as a plant-promoting strain for agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Fidan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105 USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105 USA
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
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Lycopene cyclases determine high α-/β-carotene ratio and increased carotenoids in bananas ripening at high temperatures. Food Chem 2019; 283:131-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Wei H, Movahedi A, Xu C, Sun W, Almasi Zadeh Yaghuti A, Wang P, Li D, Zhuge Q. Overexpression of PtDXS Enhances Stress Resistance in Poplars. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1669. [PMID: 30987184 PMCID: PMC6479640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP). In this study, PtDXS (XM_024607716.1) was isolated from Populus trichocarpa. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that PtDXS had high homology with the DXSs of other plant species. PtDXS expression differed among plant tissues and was highest in young leaves and lowest in roots. The recombinant protein was produced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), purified, and its activity evaluated. The purified protein was capable of catalyzing the formation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate. A functional color assay in E. coli harboring pAC-BETA indicated that PtDXS encodes a functional protein involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors. The treatment of P. trichocarpa seedlings with 200 μM abscisic acid (ABA), 200 mM NaCl, 10% polyethylene glycol6000, and 2 mM H₂O₂ resulted in increased expression of PtDXS. The ABA and gibberellic acid contents of the transgenic lines (Poplar Nanlin 895) were higher than wild types, suggesting that DXS is important in terpenoid biosynthesis. Overexpression of PtDXS enhanced resistance to S. populiperda infection. Furthermore, the transgenic lines showed decreased feeding by Micromelalopha troglodyta, supporting the notion that PtDXS is a key enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Ali Movahedi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chen Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Resource Utilization, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China.
| | - Weibo Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Amir Almasi Zadeh Yaghuti
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Dawei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Multicopy integrants of crt genes and co-expression of AMP deaminase improve lycopene production in Yarrowia lipolytica. J Biotechnol 2019; 289:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Chemically Inducible Chromosomal Evolution (CIChE) for Multicopy Metabolic Pathway Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1927:37-45. [PMID: 30788784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9142-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemically inducible chromosomal evolution (CIChE) was developed for stable multicopy chromosomal integration of heterologous genes. In this technique, flanking an antibiotic selection marker and a gene of interest with identical regions of homology permits gene duplication via recA mediated homologous recombination. A strong selective pressure for gene duplication can be applied by increasing antibiotic concentration, and in a week's time one can create a set of strains with a wide range of cassette copy numbers (upward of 20×), which can be made stable by deletion of recA. Herein, we describe a generalized workflow for this methodology.
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Combinatorial Assembly of Multigene Pathways by Combining Single-Strand Assembly with Golden Gate Assembly. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1927:111-123. [PMID: 30788788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9142-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological production routes for fine and bulk chemicals are progressively explored and developed. Yet this development is hampered by the many constraints determining the metabolic sweet spot, such as optimal expression levels, metabolic stress, feedback regulation, etc.In this regard, we introduce a novel, highly reliable, and rapid single-strand assembly (SSA) methods for combinatorial pathway engineering. In this contribution, SSA is elucidated which enables one to modulate the expression via promoter and/or RBS randomization. Moreover, a new combinatorial multigene pathway assembly scheme based on single-strand assembly (SSA) methods and Golden Gate Assembly is introduced, exploiting the strengths of both assembly techniques.
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26
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Hecht A, Filliben J, Munro SA, Salit M. A minimum information standard for reproducing bench-scale bacterial cell growth and productivity. Commun Biol 2018; 1:219. [PMID: 30534611 PMCID: PMC6283831 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducing, exchanging, comparing, and building on each other's work is foundational to technological advances. Advancing biotechnology calls for reliable reuse of engineered organisms. Reliable reuse of engineered organisms requires reproducible growth and productivity. Here, we identify the experimental factors that have the greatest effect on the growth and productivity of our engineered organisms in order to demonstrate reproducibility for biotechnology. We present a draft of a Minimum Information Standard for Engineered Organism Experiments (MIEO) based on this method. We evaluate the effect of 22 factors on Escherichia coli engineered to produce the small molecule lycopene, and 18 factors on E. coli engineered to produce red fluorescent protein. Container geometry and shaking have the greatest effect on product titer and yield. We reproduce our results under two different conditions of reproducibility: conditions of use (different fractional factorial experiments), and time (48 biological replicates performed on 12 different days over 4 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Hecht
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94035 USA
| | - James Filliben
- Statistical Engineering Division, 100 Bureau Drive, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Sarah A. Munro
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94035 USA
- Present Address: Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455 USA
| | - Marc Salit
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 325, Stanford, CA 94035 USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
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Loewen PC, Switala J, Wells JP, Huang F, Zara AT, Allingham JS, Loewen MC. Structure and function of a lignostilbene-α,β-dioxygenase orthologue from Pseudomonas brassicacearum. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 19:8. [PMID: 30115012 PMCID: PMC6097328 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-018-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stilbene cleaving oxygenases (SCOs), also known as lignostilbene-α,β-dioxygenases (LSDs) mediate the oxidative cleavage of the olefinic double bonds of lignin-derived intermediate phenolic stilbenes, yielding small modified benzaldehyde compounds. SCOs represent one branch of the larger carotenoid cleavage oxygenases family. Here, we describe the structural and functional characterization of an SCO-like enzyme from the soil-born, bio-control agent Pseudomonas brassicacearum. METHODS In vitro and in vivo assays relying on visual inspection, spectrophotometric quantification, as well as liquid-chormatographic and mass spectrometric characterization were applied for functional evaluation of the enzyme. X-ray crystallographic analyses and in silico modeling were applied for structural investigations. RESULTS In vitro assays demonstrated preferential cleavage of resveratrol, while in vivo analyses detected putative cleavage of the straight chain carotenoid, lycopene. A high-resolution structure containing the seven-bladed β-propeller fold and conserved 4-His-Fe unit at the catalytic site, was obtained. Comparative structural alignments, as well as in silico modelling and docking, highlight potential molecular factors contributing to both the primary in vitro activity against resveratrol, as well as the putative subsidiary activities against carotenoids in vivo, for future validation. CONCLUSIONS The findings reported here provide validation of the SCO structure, and highlight enigmatic points with respect to the potential effect of the enzyme's molecular environment on substrate specificities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Loewen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jacek Switala
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - James P Wells
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Fang Huang
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Anthony T Zara
- Department of BioMedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of BioMedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
- Department of BioMedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Chen H, Li M, Liu C, Zhang H, Xian M, Liu H. Enhancement of the catalytic activity of Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae through random and site-directed mutagenesis. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:65. [PMID: 29712558 PMCID: PMC5925831 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lycopene is a terpenoid pigment that has diverse applications in the food and medicine industries. A prospective approach for lycopene production is by metabolic engineering in microbial hosts, such as Escherichia coli. Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI, E.C. 5.3.3.2) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the lycopene biosynthetic pathway and one major target during metabolic engineering. The properties of IDIs differ depending on the sources, but under physiological conditions, IDIs are limited by low enzyme activity, short half-life and weak substrate affinity. Therefore, it is important to prepare an excellent IDI by protein engineering. Results Directed evolution strategy (error-prone PCR) was utilized to optimize the activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae IDI. Using three rounds of error-prone PCR; screening the development of a lycopene-dependent color reaction; and combinatorial site-specific saturation mutagenesis, three activity-enhancing mutations were identified: L141H, Y195F, and W256C. L141H, located near the active pocket inside the tertiary structure of IDI, formed a hydrogen bond with nearby β-phosphates of isopentenylpyrophosphate (IPP). Phe-195 and Cys-256 were nonpolar amino acids and located near the hydrophobic group of IPP, enlarging the hydrophobic scope, and the active pocket indirectly. Purified IDI was characterized and the result showed that the Km of mutant IDI decreased by 10% compared with Km of the parent IDI, and Kcat was 28% fold improved compared to that of the original IDI. Results of a fermentation experiment revealed that mutant IDI had a 1.8-fold increased lycopene production and a 2.1-fold increased yield capacity compared to wild-type IDI. Conclusion We prepared an engineered variant of IDI with improved catalytic activity by combining random and site directed mutagenesis. The best mutants produced by this approach enhanced catalytic activity while also displaying improved stability in pH, enhanced thermostability and longer half-life. Importantly, the mutant IDI could play an important role in fed-batch fermentation, being an effective and attractive biocatalyst for the production of biochemicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0913-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.,Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
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Siddaramappa S, Viswanathan V, Thiyagarajan S, Narjala A. Genomewide characterisation of the genetic diversity of carotenogenesis in bacteria of the order Sphingomonadales. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29620507 PMCID: PMC5989583 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Sphingomonadales is a taxon of bacteria with a variety of physiological features and carotenoid pigments. Some of the coloured strains within this order are known to be aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs that contain characteristic photosynthesis gene clusters (PGCs). Previous work has shown that majority of the ORFs putatively involved in the biosynthesis of C40 carotenoids are located outside the PGCs in these strains. The main purpose of this study was to understand the genetic basis for the various colour/carotenoid phenotypes of the strains of Sphingomonadales. Comparative analyses of the genomes of 41 strains of this order revealed that there were different patterns of clustering of carotenoid biosynthesis (crt) ORFs, with four ORF clusters being the most common. The analyses also revealed that co-occurrence of crtY and crtI is an evolutionarily conserved feature in Sphingomonadales and other carotenogenic bacteria. The comparisons facilitated the categorisation of bacteria of this order into four groups based on the presence of different crt ORFs. Yellow coloured strains most likely accumulate nostoxanthin, and contain six ORFs (group I: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtG). Orange coloured strains may produce adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and erythroxanthin, and contain seven ORFs (group II: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtG, crtW). Red coloured strains may accumulate astaxanthin, and contain six ORFs (group III: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtW). Non-pigmented strains may contain a smaller subset of crt ORFs, and thus fail to produce any carotenoids (group IV). The functions of many of these ORFs remain to be characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumara Siddaramappa
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Viswanathan
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India.,2Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Saravanamuthu Thiyagarajan
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Anushree Narjala
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
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Kilambi HV, Manda K, Rai A, Charakana C, Bagri J, Sharma R, Sreelakshmi Y. Green-fruited Solanum habrochaites lacks fruit-specific carotenogenesis due to metabolic and structural blocks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4803-4819. [PMID: 29048567 PMCID: PMC5853803 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Members of the tomato clade exhibit a wide diversity in fruit color, but the mechanisms governing inter-species diversity of coloration are largely unknown. The carotenoid profiles, carotenogenic gene expression and proteome profiles of green-fruited Solanum habrochaites (SH), orange-fruited S. galapagense, and red-fruited S. pimpinellifolium were compared with cultivated tomato [S. lycopersicum cv. Ailsa Craig (SL)] to decipher the molecular basis of coloration diversity. Green-fruited SH, though it showed normal expression of chromoplast-specific phytoene synthase1 and lycopene β-cyclase genes akin to orange/red-fruited species, failed to accumulate lycopene and β-carotene. The SH phytoene synthase1 cDNA encoded an enzymatically active protein, whereas the lycopene β-cyclase cDNA was barely active. Consistent with its green-fruited nature, SH's fruits retained chloroplast structure and PSII activity, and had impaired chlorophyll degradation with high pheophorbide a levels. Comparison of the fruit proteomes with SL revealed retention of the proteome complement related to photosynthesis in SH. Targeted peptide monitoring revealed a low abundance of key carotenogenic and sequestration proteins in SH compared with tomato. The green-fruitedness of SH appears to stem from blocks at several critical steps regulating fruit-specific carotenogenesis namely the absence of chloroplast to chromoplast transformation, block in carotenoid biosynthesis, and a dearth of carotenoid sequestering proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalyani Manda
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chaitanya Charakana
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jayram Bagri
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Huang JJ, Lin S, Xu W, Cheung PCK. Occurrence and biosynthesis of carotenoids in phytoplankton. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:597-618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liang MH, Zhu J, Jiang JG. Carotenoids biosynthesis and cleavage related genes from bacteria to plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2314-2333. [PMID: 28609133 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1322552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms and beneficial for human health. Apocarotenoids derived from carotenoid degradation can serve critical functions including hormones, volatiles, and signals. They have been used commercially as food colorants, animal feed supplements, and nutraceuticals for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. This review focuses on the molecular evolution of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) from bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The diversity of carotenoids and apocarotenoids as well as their complicated biosynthetic pathway in different species can shed light on the history of early molecular evolution. Some carotenogenic genes (such as phytoene synthases) have high protein sequence similarity from bacteria to land plants, but some (such as phytoene desaturases, lycopene cyclases, carotenoid hydroxylases, and CCOs) have low similarity. The broad diversity of apocarotenoid volatile compounds can be attributed to large numbers of carotenoid precursors and the various cleavage sites catalyzed by CCOs enzymes. A variety of carotenogenic enzymes and CCOs indicate the functional diversification of carotenoids and apocrotenoids in different species. New carotenoids, new apocarotenoids, new carotenogenic enzymes, new CCOs, and new pathways still need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- b Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA.,c College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China.,d School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
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Sugiyama K, Ebisawa M, Yamada M, Nagashima Y, Suzuki H, Maoka T, Takaichi S. Functional Lycopene Cyclase (CruA) in Cyanobacterium, Arthrospira platensis NIES-39, and its Role in Carotenoid Synthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:831-838. [PMID: 28371918 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The genus Arthrospira is filamentous, non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that is commercially important. We identified the molecular structures of carotenoids in Arthrospira platensis NIES-39. The major carotenoid identified was β-carotene. In addition, the hydroxyl derivatives of β-cryptoxanthin and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin were also found to be present. The carotenoid glycosides were identified as (3R,2'S)-myxol 2'-methylpentoside and oscillol 2,2'-dimethylpentoside. The methylpentoside moiety was a mixture of fucoside and chinovoside in an approximate ratio of 1 : 4. Trace amounts of the ketocarotenoid 3'-hydroxyechinenone were also found. Three types of lycopene cyclases have been functionally confirmed in carotenogenesis organisms. In cyanobacteria, the functional lycopene cyclases (CrtL, CruA and CruP) have only been found in four species. In this study, we found that CruA exhibited lycopene cyclase activity in transformed Escherichia coli, which contains lycopene, but CruP exhibited no lycopene cyclase activity and crtL was absent. This is the third cyanobacterial species in which CruA activity has been confirmed. Neurosporene was not a substrate of CruA in E. coli, whereas lycopene cyclases of CrtY (bacteria), CrtL (plants) and CrtYB (fungi) have been reported to convert neurosporene to 7,8-dihydro-β-carotene. β-Carotene hydroxylase (CrtR) was found to convert β-carotene to zeaxanthin in transformed E. coli, which contains β-carotene. Among the β-carotene hydroxylases, bacterial CrtZ and eukaryotic CrtR and BCH have similarities, whereas cyanobacterial CrtR appears to belong to another clade. Based on the identification of the carotenoids and the completion of the entire nucleotide sequence of the A. platensis NIES-39 genome, we propose a biosynthetic pathway for the carotenoids as well as the corresponding genes and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masashi Ebisawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masaharu Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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Xiong W, Shen G, Bryant DA. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 CruA (sll0147) encodes lycopene cyclase and requires bound chlorophyll a for activity. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 131:267-280. [PMID: 27743323 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the model cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, encodes two paralogs of CruA-type lycopene cyclases, SynPCC7002_A2153 and SynPCC7002_A0043, which are denoted cruA and cruP, respectively. Unlike the wild-type strain, a cruA deletion mutant is light-sensitive, grows slowly, and accumulates lycopene, γ-carotene, and 1-OH-lycopene; however, this strain still produces β-carotene and other carotenoids derived from it. Expression of cruA from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (cruA 6803) in Escherichia coli strains that synthesize either lycopene or γ-carotene did not lead to the synthesis of either γ-carotene or β-carotene, respectively. However, expression of this orthologous cruA 6803 gene (sll0147) in the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 cruA deletion mutant produced strains with phenotypic properties identical to the wild type. CruA6803 was purified from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 by affinity chromatography, and the purified protein was pale yellow-green due to the presence of bound chlorophyll (Chl) a and β-carotene. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the partly purified protein in the presence of lithium dodecylsulfate at 4 °C confirmed that the protein was yellow-green in color. When purified CruA6803 was assayed in vitro with either lycopene or γ-carotene as substrate, β-carotene was synthesized. These data establish that CruA6803 is a lycopene cyclase and that it requires a bound Chl a molecule for activity. Possible binding sites for Chl a and the potential regulatory role of the Chl a in coordination of Chl and carotenoid biosynthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Gaozhong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
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A single desaturase gene from red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus is responsible for both four- and five-step dehydrogenation of phytoene. Gene 2016; 590:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Du W, Song Y, Liu M, Yang H, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Luo X, Li Z, Wang N, He H, Zhou H, Ma W, Zhang T. Gene expression pattern analysis of a recombinant Escherichia coli strain possessing high growth and lycopene production capability when using fructose as carbon source. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1571-7. [PMID: 27379652 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Escherichia coli K12f-pACLYC has a high capability for growth and lycopene production when using fructose as carbon source and the transcription of genes involved was compared in glucose-grown and fructose-grown cells. RESULTS Escherichia coli K12f-pACLYC was grown on 10 g fructose l(-1) and reached 4.6 g DCW l(-1) with lycopene at 192 mg g DCW(-1), values that are 3-fold and 7-fold higher than when growing on glucose. Gene transcription profiles of fructose-grown and glucose-grown cells were compared. 384 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with fold changes ≥4 were identified, and the transcription of genes involved in fructose uptake and metabolism, pyruvate catabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation varied significantly. These changes enhanced the metabolic flux into the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cylcle and coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. These enhanced activities provide more precursors, cofactors and energy needed for growth lycopene production. CONCLUSION The high capability of E. coli K12f-pACLYC for growth and lycopene production when growing on fructose is due to transcriptional regulation, and the relevant genes were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Du
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yajian Song
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Mengya Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Haixu Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yanli Fan
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hongpeng He
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Lv X, Gu J, Wang F, Xie W, Liu M, Ye L, Yu H. Combinatorial pathway optimization inEscherichia coliby directed co-evolution of rate-limiting enzymes and modular pathway engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2661-2669. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Lv
- Institute of Bioengineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou PR China
| | - Jiali Gu
- College of Life Sciences; Huzhou University; Huzhou PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou PR China
| | - Wenping Xie
- Institute of Bioengineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou PR China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou PR China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou PR China
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Abstract
The bacteriophage λ Red homologous recombination system has been studied over the past 50 years as a model system to define the mechanistic details of how organisms exchange DNA segments that share extended regions of homology. The λ Red system proved useful as a system to study because recombinants could be easily generated by co-infection of genetically marked phages. What emerged from these studies was the recognition that replication of phage DNA was required for substantial Red-promoted recombination in vivo, and the critical role that double-stranded DNA ends play in allowing the Red proteins access to the phage DNA chromosomes. In the past 16 years, however, the λ Red recombination system has gained a new notoriety. When expressed independently of other λ functions, the Red system is able to promote recombination of linear DNA containing limited regions of homology (∼50 bp) with the Escherichia coli chromosome, a process known as recombineering. This review explains how the Red system works during a phage infection, and how it is utilized to make chromosomal modifications of E. coli with such efficiency that it changed the nature and number of genetic manipulations possible, leading to advances in bacterial genomics, metabolic engineering, and eukaryotic genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan C Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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39
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Abstract
Carotenoids are the most important biocolor isoprenoids responsible for yellow, orange and red colors found in nature. In plants, they are synthesized in plastids of photosynthetic and sink organs and are essential molecules for photosynthesis, photo-oxidative damage protection and phytohormone synthesis. Carotenoids also play important roles in human health and nutrition acting as vitamin A precursors and antioxidants. Biochemical and biophysical approaches in different plants models have provided significant advances in understanding the structural and functional roles of carotenoids in plants as well as the key points of regulation in their biosynthesis. To date, different plant models have been used to characterize the key genes and their regulation, which has increased the knowledge of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in plants. In this chapter a description of each step in the carotenoid synthesis pathway is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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Song X, Diao J, Ji J, Wang G, Li Z, Wu J, Josine TL, Wang Y. Overexpression of lycopene ε-cyclase gene from lycium chinense confers tolerance to chilling stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 2016; 576:395-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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41
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Bongers M, Chrysanthopoulos PK, Behrendorff JBYH, Hodson MP, Vickers CE, Nielsen LK. Systems analysis of methylerythritol-phosphate pathway flux in E. coli: insights into the role of oxidative stress and the validity of lycopene as an isoprenoid reporter metabolite. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:193. [PMID: 26610700 PMCID: PMC4662018 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-throughput screening methods assume that the output measured is representative of changes in metabolic flux toward the desired product and is not affected by secondary phenotypes. However, metabolic engineering can result in unintended phenotypes that may go unnoticed in initial screening. The red pigment lycopene, a carotenoid with antioxidant properties, has been used as a reporter of isoprenoid pathway flux in metabolic engineering for over a decade. Lycopene production is known to vary between wild-type Escherichia coli hosts, but the reasons behind this variation have never been fully elucidated. Results In an examination of six E. coli strains we observed that strains also differ in their capacity for increased lycopene production in response to metabolic engineering. A combination of genetic complementation, quantitative SWATH proteomics, and biochemical analysis in closely-related strains was used to examine the mechanistic reasons for variation in lycopene accumulation. This study revealed that rpoS, a gene previously identified in lycopene production association studies, exerts its effect on lycopene accumulation not through modulation of pathway flux, but through alteration of cellular oxidative status. Specifically, absence of rpoS results in increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species during late log and stationary phases. This change in cellular redox has no effect on isoprenoid pathway flux, despite the presence of oxygen-sensitive iron-sulphur cluster enzymes and the heavy redox requirements of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. Instead, decreased cellular lycopene in the ΔrpoS strain is caused by degradation of lycopene in the presence of excess reactive oxygen species. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that lycopene is not a reliable indicator of isoprenoid pathway flux in the presence of oxidative stress, and suggest that caution should be exercised when using lycopene as a screening tool in genome-wide metabolic engineering studies. More extensive use of systems biology for strain analysis will help elucidate such unpredictable side-effects in metabolic engineering projects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0381-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Bongers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Panagiotis K Chrysanthopoulos
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - James B Y H Behrendorff
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Zhang X, Guan H, Dai Z, Guo J, Shen Y, Cui G, Gao W, Huang L. Functional Analysis of the Isopentenyl Diphosphate Isomerase of Salvia miltiorrhiza via Color Complementation and RNA Interference. Molecules 2015; 20:20206-18. [PMID: 26569204 PMCID: PMC6332163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI) catalyzes the isomerization between the common terpene precursor substances isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) during the terpenoid biosynthesis process. In this study, tissue expression analysis revealed that the expression level of the Salvia miltiorrhiza IPI1 gene (SmIPI1) was higher in the leaves than in the roots and stems. Furthermore, color complementation and RNA interference methods were used to verify the function of the SmIPI1 gene from two aspects. A recombinant SmIPI1 plasmid was successfully constructed and transferred into engineered E. coli for validating the function of SmIPI1 through the color difference in comparison to the control group; the observed color difference indicated that SmIPI1 served in promoting the accumulation of lycopene. Transformant hairy root lines with RNA interference of SmIPI1 were successfully constructed mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes ACCC 10060. RNA interference hairy roots had a severe phenotype characterized by withering, deformity or even death. The mRNA expression level of SmIPI1 in the RSi3 root line was only 8.4% of that of the wild type. Furthermore the tanshinone content was too low to be detected in the RNA interference lines. These results suggest that SmIPI1 plays a critical role in terpenoid metabolic pathways. Addition of an exogenous SmIPI1 gene promoted metabolic flow toward the biosynthesis of carotenoids in E. coli, and SmIPI1 interference in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots may cause interruption of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Hongyu Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhubo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Guanghong Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Tong Y, Zhang M, Su P, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Gao W, Huang L. Cloning and functional characterization of an isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene fromTripterygium wilfordii. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:863-869. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
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44
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Tong Y, Su P, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao W, Huang L. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of DXS and DXR Genes in the Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway of Tripterygium wilfordii. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25516-35. [PMID: 26512659 PMCID: PMC4632813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) genes are the key enzyme genes of terpenoid biosynthesis but still unknown in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Here, three full-length cDNA encoding DXS1, DXS2 and DXR were cloned from suspension cells of T. wilfordii with ORF sizes of 2154 bp (TwDXS1, GenBank accession no.KM879187), 2148 bp (TwDXS2, GenBank accession no.KM879186), 1410 bp (TwDXR, GenBank accession no.KM879185). And, the TwDXS1, TwDXS2 and TwDXR were characterized by color complementation in lycopene accumulating strains of Escherichia coli, which indicated that they encoded functional proteins and promoted lycopene pathway flux. TwDXS1 and TwDXS2 are constitutively expressed in the roots, stems and leaves and the expression level showed an order of roots > stems > leaves. After the suspension cells were induced by methyl jasmonate, the mRNA expression level of TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR increased, and triptophenolide was rapidly accumulated to 149.52 µg·g−1, a 5.88-fold increase compared with the control. So the TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR could be important genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Ping Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujia Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Koc I, Filiz E, Tombuloglu H. Comparative analysis of plant lycopene cyclases. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 58:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, Driedonks N, Lewis D, Shumskaya M, Chen X, Wurtzel ET, Espley RV, Allan AC. The Phytoene synthase gene family of apple (Malus x domestica) and its role in controlling fruit carotenoid content. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:185. [PMID: 26215656 PMCID: PMC4517366 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoid compounds play essential roles in plants such as protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and in hormone signalling. Coloured carotenoids provide yellow, orange and red colour to plant tissues, as well as offering nutritional benefit to humans and animals. The enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyses the first committed step of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and has been associated with control of pathway flux. We characterised four PSY genes found in the apple genome to further understand their involvement in fruit carotenoid accumulation. RESULTS The apple PSY gene family, containing six members, was predicted to have three functional members, PSY1, PSY2, and PSY4, based on translation of the predicted gene sequences and/or corresponding cDNAs. However, only PSY1 and PSY2 showed activity in a complementation assay. Protein localisation experiments revealed differential localization of the PSY proteins in chloroplasts; PSY1 and PSY2 localized to the thylakoid membranes, while PSY4 localized to plastoglobuli. Transcript levels in 'Granny Smith' and 'Royal Gala' apple cultivars showed PSY2 was most highly expressed in fruit and other vegetative tissues. We tested the transient activation of the apple PSY1 and PSY2 promoters and identified potential and differential regulation by AP2/ERF transcription factors, which suggested that the PSY genes are controlled by different transcriptional mechanisms. CONCLUSION The first committed carotenoid pathway step in apple is controlled by MdPSY1 and MdPSY2, while MdPSY4 play little or no role in this respect. This has implications for apple breeding programmes where carotenoid enhancement is a target and would allow co-segregation with phenotypes to be tested during the development of new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Nicky Driedonks
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
- Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - David Lewis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Maria Shumskaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, New York, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, New York, NY, 10468, USA.
- The Graduate School and University Center-CUNY, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016-4309, USA.
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Subcellular Localization of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130904. [PMID: 26083372 PMCID: PMC4470828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis pathway of carotenoids in cyanobacteria is partly described. However, the subcellular localization of individual steps is so far unknown. Carotenoid analysis of different membrane subfractions in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 shows that “light” plasma membranes have a high carotenoid/protein ratio, when compared to “heavier” plasma membranes or thylakoids. The localization of CrtQ and CrtO, two well-defined carotenoid synthesis pathway enzymes in Synechocystis, was studied by epitope tagging and western blots. Both enzymes are locally more abundant in plasma membranes than in thylakoids, implying that the plasma membrane has higher synthesis rates of β-carotene precursor molecules and echinenone.
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48
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LI ZHAODI, WU GUANGXIA, JI JING, WANG GANG, TIAN XIAOWEI, GAO HAILING. Cloning and expression of a ζ-carotene desaturase gene from Lycium chinense. J Genet 2015; 94:287-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Yuan L, Fan Q, Yan H, Song X. Synthesis and Molecular Structure Characterization of Novel 1,6-Diazahexatrienes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1014115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Yuan
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiangwen Fan
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yan
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqing Song
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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50
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Zeng J, Wang C, Chen X, Zang M, Yuan C, Wang X, Wang Q, Li M, Li X, Chen L, Li K, Chang J, Wang Y, Yang G, He G. The lycopene β-cyclase plays a significant role in provitamin A biosynthesis in wheat endosperm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:112. [PMID: 25943989 PMCID: PMC4433027 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is a key enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of β-carotene, the main source of provitamin A. However, there is no documented research about this key cyclase gene's function and relationship with β-carotene content in wheat. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to clone TaLCYB and characterize its function and relationship with β-carotene biosynthesis in wheat grains. We also aimed to obtain more information about the endogenous carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and thus provide experimental support for carotenoid metabolic engineering in wheat. RESULTS In the present study, a lycopene β-cyclase gene, designated TaLCYB, was cloned from the hexaploid wheat cultivar Chinese Spring. The cyclization activity of the encoded protein was demonstrated by heterologous complementation analysis. The TaLCYB gene was expressed differentially in different tissues of wheat. Although TaLCYB had a higher expression level in the later stages of grain development, the β-carotene content still showed a decreasing tendency. The expression of TaLCYB in leaves was dramatically induced by strong light and the β-carotene content variation corresponded with changes of TaLCYB expression. A post-transcriptional gene silencing strategy was used to down-regulate the expression of TaLCYB in transgenic wheat, resulting in a decrease in the content of β-carotene and lutein, accompanied by the accumulation of lycopene to partly compensate for the total carotenoid content. In addition, changes in TaLCYB expression also affected the expression of several endogenous carotenogenic genes to varying degrees. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TaLCYB is a genuine lycopene cyclase gene and plays a crucial role in β-carotene biosynthesis in wheat. Our attempt to silence it not only contributes to elucidating the mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in wheat but may also help in breeding wheat varieties with high provitamin A content through RNA interference (RNAi) to block specific carotenogenic genes in the wheat endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zeng
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mingli Zang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cuihong Yuan
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiatian Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Miao Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Kexiu Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Junli Chang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuesheng Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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