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Bhatt S, Argueta DA, Gupta K, Kundu S. Red Blood Cells as Therapeutic Target to Treat Sickle Cell Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 37975291 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited diathesis affecting mostly underserved populations globally. SCD is characterized by chronic pain and fatigue, severe acute painful crises requiring hospitalization and opioids, strokes, multiorgan damage, and a shortened life span. Symptoms may appear shortly after birth, and, in less developed countries, most children with SCD die before attaining age 5. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant and gene therapy offer a curative therapeutic approach, but, due to many challenges, are limited in their availability and effectiveness for a majority of persons with SCD. A critical unmet need is to develop safe and effective novel targeted therapies. A wide array of drugs currently undergoing clinical investigation hold promise for an expanded pharmacological armamentarium against SCD. Recent Advances: Hydroxyurea, the most widely used intervention for SCD management, has improved the survival in the Western world and more recently, voxelotor (R-state-stabilizer), l-glutamine, and crizanlizumab (anti-P-selectin antibody) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in SCD. The recent FDA approval emphasizes the need to revisit the advances in understanding the core pathophysiology of SCD to accelerate novel evidence-based strategies to treat SCD. The biomechanical breakdown of erythrocytesis, the core pathophysiology of SCD, is associated with intrinsic factors, including the composition of hemoglobin, membrane integrity, cellular volume, hydration, andoxidative stress. Critical Issues and Future Directions: In this context, this review focuses on advances in emerging nongenetic interventions directed toward the therapeutic targets intrinsic to sickle red blood cells (RBCs), which can prevent impaired rheology of RBCs to impede disease progression and reduce the sequelae of comorbidities, including pain, vasculopathy, and organ damage. In addition, given the intricate pathophysiology of the disease, it is unlikely that a single pharmacotherapeutic intervention will comprehensively ameliorate the multifaceted complications associated with SCD. However, the availability of multiple drug options affords the opportunity for individualized therapeutic regimens tailored to specific SCD-related complications. Furthermore, it opens avenues for combination drug therapy, capitalizing on distinct mechanisms of action and profiles of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kalpna Gupta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, KK Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
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Omar AM, Abdulmalik O, El-Say KM, Ghatge MS, Cyril-Olutayo M, Paredes S, Al-Awadh M, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. Targeted modification of furan-2-carboxaldehydes into Michael acceptor analogs yielded long-acting hemoglobin modulators with dual antisickling activities. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14371. [PMID: 37798397 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Aromatic aldehydes, which increase the oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin to prevent polymerization of sickle hemoglobin and inhibit red blood cell (RBC) sickling, have been the subject of keen interest for the development of effective treatment against SCD. However, the aldehyde functional group metabolic instability has severly hampered their development, except for voxelotor, which was approved in 2019 for SCD treatment. To improve the metabolic stability of aromatic aldehydes, we designed and synthesized novel molecules by incorporating Michael acceptor reactive centers into the previously clinically studied aromatic aldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Eight such derivatives, referred to as MMA compounds were synthesized and studied for their functional and biological activities. Unlike 5-HMF, which forms Schiff-base interaction with αVal1 nitrogen of hemoglobin, the MMA compounds covalently interacted with βCys93, as evidenced by reverse-phase HPLC and disulfide exchange reaction, explaining their RBC sickling inhibitory activities, which at 2 mM and 5 mM, range from 0% to 21% and 9% to 64%, respectively. Additionally, the MMA compounds showed a second mechanism of sickling inhibition (12%-41% and 13%-62% at 2 mM and 5 mM, respectively) by directly destabilizing the sickle hemoglobin polymer. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained pharmacologic activities of the compounds compared to 5-HMF. These findings hold promise for advancing SCD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsattar M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mojisola Cyril-Olutayo
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Paredes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Awadh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Moustafa E El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Alhashimi RT, Ahmed TA, Alghanem L, Pagare PP, Huang B, Ghatge MS, Omar AM, Abdulmalik O, Zhang Y, Safo MK. Design, Synthesis, and Antisickling Investigation of a Thiazolidine Prodrug of TD-7 That Prolongs the Duration of Action of Antisickling Aromatic Aldehyde. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2547. [PMID: 38004527 PMCID: PMC10675597 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic allosteric effector of hemoglobin, TD-7 has been investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of sickle cell disease. The pharmacologic activity of TD-7 is due to formation of a Schiff-base interaction between its aldehyde group and the two N-terminal αVal1 amines of hemoglobin, effectively inhibiting sickling of red blood cells. However, TD-7 faces a challenge in terms of poor oral bioavailability due to rapid in-vivo oxidative metabolism of its aldehyde functional group. To address this shortcoming, researches have explored the use of a L-cysteine ethyl ester group to cap the aldehyde group to form a thiazolidine aromatic aldehyde prodrug complex, resulting in the improvement of the metabolic stability of this class of compounds. This report details the synthesis of a thiazolidine prodrug of TD-7, referred to as Pro-7, along with a comprehensive investigation of Pro-7 functional and biological properties. In an in-vitro Hb modification and Hb oxygen affinity studies using normal whole blood, as well as erythrocyte sickling inhibition using sickle whole blood, Pro-7 exhibited a gradual onset but progressive increase in all activities. Additionally, in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies conducted with Sprague Dawley rats demonstrated that Pro-7 can undergo hydrolysis to release TD-7. However, the blood concentration of TD-7 did not reach the desired therapeutic level. These findings suggest that the incorporation of the L-cysteine ethyl ester group to TD-7 represents a promising strategy to enhance the metabolic stability of aromatic aldehydes that could lead to the development of a more effective drug for the treatment of sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana T. Alhashimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.T.A.); (A.M.O.)
| | - Tarek A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamya Alghanem
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.A.); (P.P.P.); (B.H.); (M.S.G.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.A.); (P.P.P.); (B.H.); (M.S.G.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.A.); (P.P.P.); (B.H.); (M.S.G.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.A.); (P.P.P.); (B.H.); (M.S.G.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.T.A.); (A.M.O.)
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.A.); (P.P.P.); (B.H.); (M.S.G.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.A.); (P.P.P.); (B.H.); (M.S.G.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
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Burman M, Bag S, Ghosal S, Karmakar S, Pramanik G, Chinnadurai RK, Bhowmik S. Exploring the Structural Importance of the C3=C4 Double Bond in Plant Alkaloids Harmine and Harmaline on Their Binding Interactions with Hemoglobin. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37054-37064. [PMID: 37841109 PMCID: PMC10568691 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmine and harmaline are two structurally similar heterocyclic β-carboline plant alkaloids with various therapeutic properties, having a slight structural difference in the C3=C4 double bond. In the present study, we have reported the nature of the interaction between hemoglobin (Hb) with harmine and harmaline by employing several multispectroscopic, calorimetric, and molecular docking approaches. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies have shown stronger interaction of harmine with Hb compared to that of almost structurally similar harmaline. Steady-state anisotropy experiments further show that the motional restriction of harmine in the presence of Hb is substantially higher than that of the harmaline-Hb complex. Circular dichroism (CD) study demonstrates no conformational change of Hb in the presence of both alkaloids, but CD study in 1-cm cuvette path length also demonstrates stronger affinity of harmine toward Hb compared to harmaline. From the thermal melting study, it has been found that both harmine and harmaline slightly affect the stability of Hb. From isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we have found that the binding process is exothermic and enthalpy driven. Molecular docking studies indicated that both harmine and harmaline prefer identical binding sites in Hb. This study helps us to understand that slight structural differences in harmine and harmaline can alter the interaction properties significantly, and this key information may help in the drug discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangal
Deep Burman
- Department
of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sagar Bag
- Department
of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Souvik Ghosal
- Mahatma
Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University), Pondy−Cuddalore Main Road, Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry 607402, India
| | - Sudip Karmakar
- UGC-DAE
Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700 106, India
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC-DAE
Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700 106, India
| | - Raj Kumar Chinnadurai
- Mahatma
Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University), Pondy−Cuddalore Main Road, Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry 607402, India
| | - Sudipta Bhowmik
- Department
of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
- Mahatma
Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University), Pondy−Cuddalore Main Road, Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry 607402, India
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Donkor AK, Pagare PP, Mughram MHAL, Safo MK. X-ray crystallography and sickle cell disease drug discovery-a tribute to Donald Abraham. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1136970. [PMID: 37293554 PMCID: PMC10244664 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1136970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray crystallography and structure-based drug discovery have played a major role in the discovery of antisickling agents that target hemoglobin (Hb) for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). Sickle cell disease, the most common inherited hematologic disorder, occurs as a result of a single point mutation of βGlu6 in normal human adult hemoglobin (HbA) to βVal6 in sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The disease is characterized by polymerization of HbS and sickling of red blood cells (RBCs), leading to several secondary pathophysiologies, including but not limited to vaso-occlusion, hemolytic anemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, stroke, pain crisis, and organ damage. Despite the fact that SCD was the first disease to have its molecular basis established, the development of therapies was for a very long time a challenge and took several decades to find therapeutic agents. The determination of the crystal structure of Hb by Max Perutz in the early 60s, and the pioneering X-ray crystallography research by Donald J. Abraham in the early 80s, which resulted in the first structures of Hb in complex with small molecule allosteric effectors of Hb, gave much hope that structure-based drug discovery (SBDD) could be used to accelerate development of antisickling drugs that target the primary pathophysiology of hypoxia-induced HbS polymerization to treat SCD. This article, which is dedicated to Donald J. Abraham, briefly reviews structural biology, X-ray crystallography and structure-based drug discovery from the perspective of Hb. The review also presents the impact of X-ray crystallography in SCD drug development using Hb as a target, emphasizing the major and important contributions by Don Abraham in this field.
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Gibson JS, Rees DC. Emerging drug targets for sickle cell disease: shedding light on new knowledge and advances at the molecular level. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:133-149. [PMID: 36803179 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2179484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In sickle cell disease (SCD), a single amino acid substitution at β6 of the hemoglobin (Hb) chain replaces glutamate with valine, forming HbS instead of the normal adult HbA. Loss of a negative charge, and the conformational change in deoxygenated HbS molecules, enables formation of HbS polymers. These not only distort red cell morphology but also have other profound effects so that this simple etiology belies a complex pathogenesis with multiple complications. Although SCD represents a common severe inherited disorder with life-long consequences, approved treatments remain inadequate. Hydroxyurea is currently the most effective, with a handful of newer treatments, but there remains a real need for novel, efficacious therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes important early events in pathogenesis to highlight key targets for novel treatments. EXPERT OPINION A thorough understanding of early events in pathogenesis closely associated with the presence of HbS is the logical starting point for identification of new targets rather than concentrating on more downstream effects. We discuss ways of reducing HbS levels, reducing the impact of HbS polymers, and of membrane events perturbing cell function, and suggest using the unique permeability of sickle cells to target drugs specifically into those more severely compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rees
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Design, Synthesis, and Antisickling Investigation of a Nitric Oxide-Releasing Prodrug of 5HMF for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050696. [PMID: 35625623 PMCID: PMC9138457 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxyfurfural (5HMF), an allosteric effector of hemoglobin (Hb) with an ability to increase Hb affinity for oxygen has been studied extensively for its antisickling effect in vitro and in vivo, and in humans for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). One of the downstream pathophysiologies of SCD is nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, therefore increasing NO (bio)availability is known to mitigate the severity of SCD symptoms. We report the synthesis of an NO-releasing prodrug of 5HMF (5HMF-NO), which in vivo, is expected to be bio-transformed into 5HMF and NO, with concomitant therapeutic activities. In vitro studies showed that when incubated with whole blood, 5HMF-NO releases NO, as anticipated. When incubated with sickle blood, 5HMF-NO formed Schiff base adduct with Hb, increased Hb affinity for oxygen, and prevented hypoxia-induced erythrocyte sickling, which at 1 mM concentration were 16%, 10% and 27%, respectively, compared to 21%, 18% and 21% for 5HMF. Crystal structures of 5HMF-NO with Hb showed 5HMF-NO bound to unliganded (deoxygenated) Hb, while the hydrolyzed product, 5HMF bound to liganded (carbonmonoxy-ligated) Hb. Our findings from this proof-of-concept study suggest that the incorporation of NO donor group to 5HMF and analogous molecules could be a novel beneficial strategy to treat SCD and warrants further detailed in vivo studies.
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Pagare PP, Rastegar A, Abdulmalik O, Omar AM, Zhang Y, Fleischman A, Safo MK. Modulating hemoglobin allostery for treatment of sickle cell disease: current progress and intellectual property. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:115-130. [PMID: 34657559 PMCID: PMC8881396 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.1994945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a debilitating inherited disorder that affects millions worldwide. Four novel SCD therapeutics have been approved, including the hemoglobin (Hb) modulator Voxelotor. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of discovery efforts toward modulating Hb allosteric behavior as a treatment for SCD, with a focus on aromatic aldehydes that increase Hb oxygen affinity to prevent the primary pathophysiology of hypoxia-induce erythrocyte sickling. EXPERT OPINION The quest to develop small molecules, especially aromatic aldehydes, to modulate Hb allosteric properties for SCD began in the 1970s; however, early promise was dogged by concerns that stalled support for research efforts. Persistent efforts eventually culminated in the discovery of the anti-sickling agent 5-HMF in the 2000s, and reinvigorated interest that led to the discovery of vanillin analogs, including Voxelotor, the first FDA approved Hb modulator for the treatment of SCD. With burgeoning interest in the field of Hb modulation, there is a growing landscape of intellectual property, including drug candidates at various stages of preclinical and clinical investigations. Hb modulators could provide not only the best chance for a highly effective oral therapy for SCD, especially in the under-developed world, but also a way to treat a variety of other human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Aref Rastegar
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298;,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298;,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Martin K. Safo, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298,
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Small molecule protein binding to correct cellular folding or stabilize the native state against misfolding and aggregation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 72:267-278. [PMID: 34999558 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding diseases are caused by the difficulty of a protein to attain or stably maintain its native three-dimensional structure. In 2011, the first small molecule that specifically binds to the folded state of a protein was approved by a regulatory agency to treat a protein misfolding disease (tafamidis, transthyretin amyloidosis). Subsequently, folded state binders for three additional pathologies were approved. All of these molecules bind specifically to and stabilize the native state of a misfolding-prone protein and either correct cellular folding or stabilize the native state against misfolding and aggregation. We will use these four case studies to explain how protein folding coupled to small molecule binding is a promising approach to treat a variety of human maladies.
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Glaros AK, Razvi R, Shah N, Zaidi AU. Voxelotor: alteration of sickle cell disease pathophysiology by a first-in-class polymerization inhibitor. Ther Adv Hematol 2021; 12:20406207211001136. [PMID: 33796238 PMCID: PMC7983433 DOI: 10.1177/20406207211001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease, despite its recognition as a severely debilitating genetic condition affecting hundreds of thousands of neonates throughout the world each year, was not a target of pharmaceutical research focus for most of its 100-year existence in the medical consciousness. This has changed in recent years as many novel therapeutics are currently under investigation, with three new disease-modifying drugs achieving FDA approval in the last 4 years. One of these drugs, voxelotor, is especially encouraging as an inhibitor of sickling for its ability to safely improve the chronic hemolytic anemia of sickle cell disease. This was demonstrated during all clinical phases of investigation by an average improvement in hemoglobin of greater than 1 g/dL, as well as statistically significant improvements in established markers of hemolysis. While anemia itself represents a potential cause of morbidity, it is more importantly a marker of the hemolysis known to cause the long-term vascular and organ damage that makes sickle cell disease so debilitating and frequently fatal early in life. Given the recency of the approval, there has not been sufficient long-term follow-up to demonstrate improvement in the chronic sequelae of sickle cell disease as a result of voxelotor-induced improvements in hemolytic anemia. There is hope, however, based on the experience with hydroxyurea improving morbidity and mortality via reductions in sickling and improved rheology, that voxelotor may have similar long-term benefits by positively manipulating the kinetics of hemoglobin polymerization. This review aims to summarize the targeted pathobiology of sickle cell disease, the mechanism of action of voxelotor, and the safety and efficacy data from preclinical to late clinical stage investigations of this long-awaited medication, in the hopes of better informing the decision-making process behind prescribing or not prescribing it for patients in need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Glaros
- Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Reza Razvi
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Ahmar U. Zaidi
- Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abdulmalik O, Darwish NHE, Muralidharan-Chari V, Taleb MA, Mousa SA. Sulfated non-anticoagulant heparin derivative modifies intracellular hemoglobin, inhibits cell sickling in vitro, and prolongs survival of sickle cell mice under hypoxia. Haematologica 2021; 107:532-540. [PMID: 33567814 PMCID: PMC8804574 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.272393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a single point mutation, resulting in abnormal sickle hemoglobin (HbS). During hypoxia or dehydration, HbS polymerizes to form insoluble aggregates and induces sickling of red blood cells, which increases the adhesiveness of the cells, thereby altering the rheological properties of the blood, and triggers inflammatory responses, leading to hemolysis and vaso-occlusive crises. Unfractionated heparin and low-molecular weight heparins have been suggested as treatments to relieve coagulation complications in SCD. However, they are associated with bleeding complications after repeated dosing. An alternative sulfated non-anticoagulant heparin derivative (S-NACH) was previously reported to have no to low systemic anticoagulant activity and no bleeding side effects, and it interfered with P-selectin-dependent binding of sickle cells to endothelial cells, with concomitant decrease in the levels of adhesion biomarkers in SCD mice. S-NACH has been further engineered and structurally enhanced to bind with and modify HbS to inhibit sickling directly, thus employing a multimodal approach. Here, we show that S-NACH can: (i) directly engage in Schiff-base reactions with HbS to decrease red blood cell sickling under both normoxia and hypoxia in vitro, (ii) prolong the survival of SCD mice under hypoxia, and (iii) regulate the altered steady state levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, our proof-of-concept, in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies demonstrate that the multimodal S-NACH is a highly promising candidate for development into an improved and optimized alternative to low-molecular weight heparins for the treatment of patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noureldien H E Darwish
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Clinical Pathology (Hematology Section), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura
| | | | - Maii Abu Taleb
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Vascular Vison Pharmaceuticals Co., 7 University Place, Rensselaer, NY.
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Gopalsamy A, Aulabaugh AE, Barakat A, Beaumont KC, Cabral S, Canterbury DP, Casimiro-Garcia A, Chang JS, Chen MZ, Choi C, Dow RL, Fadeyi OO, Feng X, France SP, Howard RM, Janz JM, Jasti J, Jasuja R, Jones LH, King-Ahmad A, Knee KM, Kohrt JT, Limberakis C, Liras S, Martinez CA, McClure KF, Narayanan A, Narula J, Novak JJ, O'Connell TN, Parikh MD, Piotrowski DW, Plotnikova O, Robinson RP, Sahasrabudhe PV, Sharma R, Thuma BA, Vasa D, Wei L, Wenzel AZ, Withka JM, Xiao J, Yayla HG. PF-07059013: A Noncovalent Modulator of Hemoglobin for Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 64:326-342. [PMID: 33356244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder caused by a single point mutation (β6 Glu → Val) on the β-chain of adult hemoglobin (HbA) that results in sickled hemoglobin (HbS). In the deoxygenated state, polymerization of HbS leads to sickling of red blood cells (RBC). Several downstream consequences of polymerization and RBC sickling include vaso-occlusion, hemolytic anemia, and stroke. We report the design of a noncovalent modulator of HbS, clinical candidate PF-07059013 (23). The seminal hit molecule was discovered by virtual screening and confirmed through a series of biochemical and biophysical studies. After a significant optimization effort, we arrived at 23, a compound that specifically binds to Hb with nanomolar affinity and displays strong partitioning into RBCs. In a 2-week multiple dose study using Townes SCD mice, 23 showed a 37.8% (±9.0%) reduction in sickling compared to vehicle treated mice. 23 (PF-07059013) has advanced to phase 1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariamala Gopalsamy
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ann E Aulabaugh
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amey Barakat
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin C Beaumont
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel P Canterbury
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Agustin Casimiro-Garcia
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeanne S Chang
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ming Z Chen
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert L Dow
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Olugbeminiyi O Fadeyi
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xidong Feng
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Roger M Howard
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jay M Janz
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jayasankar Jasti
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Reema Jasuja
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kelly M Knee
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Kohrt
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chris Limberakis
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Spiros Liras
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carlos A Martinez
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kim F McClure
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Arjun Narayanan
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin Narula
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan J Novak
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas N O'Connell
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mihir D Parikh
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David W Piotrowski
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Olga Plotnikova
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ralph P Robinson
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Parag V Sahasrabudhe
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raman Sharma
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A Thuma
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dipy Vasa
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - A Zane Wenzel
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jane M Withka
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hatice G Yayla
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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13
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Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Chen Q, Musayev FN, Venitz J, Abdulmalik O, Zhang Y, Safo MK. Exploration of Structure-Activity Relationship of Aromatic Aldehydes Bearing Pyridinylmethoxy-Methyl Esters as Novel Antisickling Agents. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14724-14739. [PMID: 33205981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes elicit their antisickling effects primarily by increasing the affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen (O2). However, challenges related to weak potency and poor pharmacokinetic properties have hampered their development to treat sickle cell disease (SCD). Herein, we report our efforts to enhance the pharmacological profile of our previously reported compounds. These compounds showed enhanced effects on Hb modification, Hb-O2 affinity, and sickling inhibition, with sustained pharmacological effects in vitro. Importantly, some compounds exhibited unusually high antisickling activity despite moderate effects on the Hb-O2 affinity, which we attribute to an O2-independent antisickling activity, in addition to the O2-dependent activity. Structural studies are consistent with our hypothesis, which revealed the compounds interacting strongly with the polymer-stabilizing αF-helix could potentially weaken the polymer. In vivo studies with wild-type mice demonstrated significant pharmacologic effects. Our structure-based efforts have identified promising leads to be developed as novel therapeutic agents for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Faik N Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jurgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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VZHE-039, a novel antisickling agent that prevents erythrocyte sickling under both hypoxic and anoxic conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20277. [PMID: 33219275 PMCID: PMC7679387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) results from a hemoglobin (Hb) mutation βGlu6 → βVal6 that changes normal Hb (HbA) into sickle Hb (HbS). Under hypoxia, HbS polymerizes into rigid fibers, causing red blood cells (RBCs) to sickle; leading to numerous adverse pathological effects. The RBC sickling is made worse by the low oxygen (O2) affinity of HbS, due to elevated intra-RBC concentrations of the natural Hb effector, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. This has prompted the development of Hb modifiers, such as aromatic aldehydes, with the intent of increasing Hb affinity for O2 with subsequent prevention of RBC sickling. One such molecule, Voxelotor was recently approved by U.S. FDA to treat SCD. Here we report results of a novel aromatic aldehyde, VZHE-039, that mimics both the O2-dependent and O2-independent antisickling properties of fetal hemoglobin. The latter mechanism of action—as elucidated through crystallographic and biological studies—is likely due to disruption of key intermolecular contacts necessary for stable HbS polymer formation. This dual antisickling mechanism, in addition to VZHE-039 metabolic stability, has translated into significantly enhanced and sustained pharmacologic activities. Finally, VZHE-039 showed no significant inhibition of several CYPs, demonstrated efficient RBC partitioning and high membrane permeability, and is not an efflux transporter (P-gp) substrate.
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15
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Omar AM, Abdulmalik O, Ghatge MS, Muhammad YA, Paredes SD, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. An Investigation of Structure-Activity Relationships of Azolylacryloyl Derivatives Yielded Potent and Long-Acting Hemoglobin Modulators for Reversing Erythrocyte Sickling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1508. [PMID: 33147875 PMCID: PMC7693414 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes that bind to sickle hemoglobin (HbS) to increase the protein oxygen affinity and/or directly inhibit HbS polymer formation to prevent the pathological hypoxia-induced HbS polymerization and the subsequent erythrocyte sickling have for several years been studied for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). With the exception of Voxelotor, which was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat the disease, several other promising antisickling aromatic aldehydes have not fared well in the clinic because of metabolic instability of the aldehyde moiety, which is critical for the pharmacologic activity of these compounds. Over the years, our group has rationally developed analogs of aromatic aldehydes that incorporate a stable Michael addition reactive center that we hypothesized would form covalent interactions with Hb to increase the protein affinity for oxygen and prevent erythrocyte sickling. Although, these compounds have proven to be metabolically stable, unfortunately they showed weak to no antisickling activity. In this study, through additional targeted modifications of our lead Michael addition compounds, we have discovered other novel antisickling agents. These compounds, designated MMA, bind to the α-globin and/or β-globin to increase Hb affinity for oxygen and concomitantly inhibit erythrocyte sickling with significantly enhanced and sustained pharmacologic activities in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Yosra A. Muhammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
| | - Steven D. Paredes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Moustafa E. El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
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16
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Olubiyi OO, Olagunju MO, Strodel B. Rational Drug Design of Peptide-Based Therapies for Sickle Cell Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244551. [PMID: 31842406 PMCID: PMC6943517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited disorders affecting red blood cells, which is caused by a single mutation that results in substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid in the sixth position of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin. These mutant hemoglobin molecules, called hemoglobin S, can polymerize upon deoxygenation, causing erythrocytes to adopt a sickled form and to suffer hemolysis and vaso-occlusion. Until recently, only two drug therapies for SCD, which do not even fully address the manifestations of SCD, were approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration. A third treatment was newly approved, while a monoclonal antibody preventing vaso-occlusive crises is also now available. The complex nature of SCD manifestations provides multiple critical points where drug discovery efforts can be and have been directed. These notwithstanding, the need for new therapeutic approaches remains high and one of the recent efforts includes developments aimed at inhibiting the polymerization of hemoglobin S. This review focuses on anti-sickling approaches using peptide-based inhibitors, ranging from individual amino acid dipeptides investigated 30–40 years ago up to more promising 12- and 15-mers under consideration in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olujide O. Olubiyi
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.O.); (B.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Maryam O. Olagunju
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.O.); (B.S.)
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.O.); (B.S.)
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Mahran MA, Ismail MT, Abdelkader EH. 100 years of sickle cell disease research: etiology, pathophysiology and rational drug design (part 1). BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-019-0016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundSickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic hemolytic disease caused by an altered hemoglobin molecule (HbS) and was first termed as a molecular disease. Glutamic acid in the normal hemoglobin molecule (HbA), was replaced by valine in HbS at the sixth position of both β-chains. This alteration was proved to be due to a single point mutation GTG instead of GAG in the genetic code. Since the discovery of sickle cell disease in 1910, great efforts have been done to study this disease on a molecular level. These efforts aimed to identify the disease etiology, pathophysiology, and finally to discover efficient treatment. Despite the tremendous work of many research groups all over the world, the only approved drug up to this moment, for the treatment of SCD is the hydroxyurea.Main textIn this review, the antisickling pharmaco-therapeutics will be classified into two major groups: hemoglobin site directed modifiers and ex-hemoglobin effectors. The first class will be discussed in details, here in, focusing on the most important figures in the way of the rational drug design for SCD treatment aiming to help scientists solve the mystery of this problem and to get clear vision toward possible required therapy for SCD.ConclusionDespite the large number of the antisickling candidates that have been reached clinical studies yet, none of them has been introduced to the market. This may be due to the fact that hemoglobin is a large molecule with different target sites, which requires highly potent therapeutic agent. With this potency, these drugs should be safe, with acceptable oral pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Such ideal drug candidate needs more efforts to be developed.
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18
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Omar AM, David T, Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Chen Q, Mehta A, Zhang Y, Abdulmalik O, Naghi AH, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. Structural modification of azolylacryloyl derivatives yields a novel class of covalent modifiers of hemoglobin as potential antisickling agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1900-1906. [PMID: 32206236 PMCID: PMC7069400 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular polymerization and the concomitant sickling processes, central to the pathology of sickle cell disease, can be mitigated by increasing the oxygen affinity of sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Attempts to develop azolylacryloyl derivatives to covalently interact with βCys93 and destabilize the low-O2-affinity T-state (deoxygenated) HbS to the polymer resistant high-O2-affinity R-state (liganded) HbS were only partially successful. This was likely due to the azolylacryloyls carboxylate moiety directing the compounds to also bind in the central water cavity of deoxygenated Hb and stabilizing the T-state. We now report a second generation of KAUS compounds (KAUS-28, KAUS-33, KAUS-38, and KAUS-39) without the carboxylate moiety designed to bind exclusively to βCys93. As expected, the compounds showed reactivity with both free amino acid l-Cys and the Hb βCys93. At 2 mM concentrations, the compounds demonstrated increased Hb affinity for oxygen (6% to 15%) in vitro, while the previously reported imidazolylacryloyl carboxylate derivative, KAUS-15 only showed 4.5% increase. The increased O2 affinity effects were sustained through the experimental period of 12 h for KAUS-28, KAUS-33, and KAUS-38, suggesting conserved pharmacokinetic profiles. When incubated at 2 mM with red blood cells from patients with homozygous SS, the compounds inhibited erythrocyte sickling by 5% to 9%, respectively in correlation with the increase Hb-O2 affinity. These values compare to 2% for KAUS-15. When tested with healthy mice, KAUS-38 showed very low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Azhar University , Cairo 11884 , Egypt
| | - T David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - P P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - M S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - Q Chen
- Division of Hematology , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - A Mehta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - O Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - A H Naghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - M E El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - M K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
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Rab MA, Oirschot BA, Bos J, Merkx TH, Wesel AC, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK, Versluijs BA, Houwing ME, Cnossen MH, Riedl J, Schutgens RE, Pasterkamp G, Bartels M, Beers EJ, Wijk R. Rapid and reproducible characterization of sickling during automated deoxygenation in sickle cell disease patients. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:575-584. [PMID: 30784099 PMCID: PMC6518936 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In sickle cell disease (SCD), sickle hemoglobin (HbS) polymerizes upon deoxygenation, resulting in sickling of red blood cells (RBCs). These sickled RBCs have strongly reduced deformability, leading to vaso‐occlusive crises and chronic hemolytic anemia. To date, there are no reliable laboratory parameters or assays capable of predicting disease severity or monitoring treatment effects. We here report on the oxygenscan, a newly developed method to measure RBC deformability (expressed as Elongation Index ‐ EI) as a function of pO2. Upon a standardized, 22 minute, automated cycle of deoxygenation (pO2 median 16 mmHg ± 0.17) and reoxygenation, a number of clinically relevant parameters are produced in a highly reproducible manner (coefficients of variation <5%). In particular, physiological modulators of oxygen affinity, such as, pH and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate showed a significant correlation (respectively R = ‑0.993 and R = 0.980) with Point of Sickling (PoS5%), which is defined as the pO2 where a 5% decrease in EI is observed during deoxygenation. Furthermore, in vitro treatment with antisickling agents, including GBT440, which alter the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, caused a reproducible left‐shift of the PoS, indicating improved deformability at lower oxygen tensions. When RBCs from 21 SCD patients were analyzed, we observed a significantly higher PoS in untreated homozygous SCD patients compared to treated patients and other genotypes. We conclude that the oxygenscan is a state‐of‐the‐art technique that allows for rapid analysis of sickling behavior in SCD patients. The method is promising for personalized treatment, development of new treatment strategies and could have potential in prediction of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minke A.E. Rab
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Van CreveldkliniekUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte A. Oirschot
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Bos
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Tesy H. Merkx
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Annet C.W. Wesel
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of HematologyThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of PharmacyVirginia Commonwealth University Virginia
| | - Birgitta A. Versluijs
- Department of Pediatric HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maite E. Houwing
- Department of Pediatric HematologyErasmus University Medical Center– Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjon H. Cnossen
- Department of Pediatric HematologyErasmus University Medical Center– Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Riedl
- Result LaboratoryAlbert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht The Netherlands
| | - Roger E.G. Schutgens
- Van CreveldkliniekUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marije Bartels
- Department of Pediatric HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Eduard J. Beers
- Van CreveldkliniekUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Richard Wijk
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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20
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Telen MJ, Malik P, Vercellotti GM. Therapeutic strategies for sickle cell disease: towards a multi-agent approach. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:139-158. [PMID: 30514970 PMCID: PMC6645400 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-018-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For over 100 years, clinicians and scientists have been unravelling the consequences of the A to T substitution in the β-globin gene that produces haemoglobin S, which leads to the systemic manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD), including vaso-occlusion, anaemia, haemolysis, organ injury and pain. However, despite growing understanding of the mechanisms of haemoglobin S polymerization and its effects on red blood cells, only two therapies for SCD - hydroxyurea and L-glutamine - are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Moreover, these treatment options do not fully address the manifestations of SCD, which arise from a complex network of interdependent pathophysiological processes. In this article, we review efforts to develop new drugs targeting these processes, including agents that reactivate fetal haemoglobin, anti-sickling agents, anti-adhesion agents, modulators of ischaemia-reperfusion and oxidative stress, agents that counteract free haemoglobin and haem, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-thrombotic agents and anti-platelet agents. We also discuss gene therapy, which holds promise of a cure, although its widespread application is currently limited by technical challenges and the expense of treatment. We thus propose that developing systems-oriented multi-agent strategies on the basis of SCD pathophysiology is needed to improve the quality of life and survival of people with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Telen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Punam Malik
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology and the Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gregory M Vercellotti
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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21
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Abstract
Covalent inhibitors are widely used in drug discovery and chemical biology. Although covalent inhibitors are frequently designed to react with noncatalytic cysteines, many ligand binding sites lack an accessible cysteine. Here, we review recent advances in the chemical biology of lysine-targeted covalent inhibitors and chemoproteomic probes. By analyzing crystal structures of proteins bound to common metabolites and enzyme cofactors, we identify a large set of mostly unexplored lysines that are potentially targetable with covalent inhibitors. In addition, we describe mass spectrometry-based approaches for determining proteome-wide lysine ligandability and lysine-reactive chemoproteomic probes for assessing drug-target engagement. Finally, we discuss the design of amine-reactive inhibitors that form reversible covalent bonds with their protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Cuesta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; ,
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; ,
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22
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Deshpande TM, Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Chen Q, Musayev FN, Venitz J, Zhang Y, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Rational modification of vanillin derivatives to stereospecifically destabilize sickle hemoglobin polymer formation. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2018; 74:956-964. [PMID: 30289405 PMCID: PMC6173052 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318009919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen represents a feasible and promising therapeutic approach for sickle cell disease by mitigating the primary pathophysiological event, i.e. the hypoxia-induced polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) and the concomitant erythrocyte sickling. Investigations on a novel synthetic antisickling agent, SAJ-310, with improved and sustained antisickling activity have previously been reported. To further enhance the biological effects of SAJ-310, a structure-based approach was employed to modify this compound to specifically inhibit Hb S polymer formation through interactions which perturb the Hb S polymer-stabilizing αF-helix, in addition to primarily increasing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Three compounds, TD-7, TD-8 and TD-9, were synthesized and studied for their interactions with hemoglobin at the atomic level, as well as their functional and antisickling activities in vitro. X-ray crystallographic studies with liganded hemoglobin in complex with TD-7 showed the predicted mode of binding, although the interaction with the αF-helix was not as strong as expected. These findings provide important insights and guidance towards the development of molecules that would be expected to bind and make stronger interactions with the αF-helix, resulting in more efficacious novel therapeutics for sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi M. Deshpande
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Faik N. Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Jurgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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23
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Ferrone FA. Targeting HbS Polymerization. Semin Hematol 2018; 55:53-59. [PMID: 30616807 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mutation of β6 from glu to val in hemoglobin is responsible for the polymer formation that leads to vaso-occlusion, and a range of severe consequences in sickle cell disease. The treatment of the disease can be addressed in many ways, but the prevention of polymer formation is one of the most fundamental approaches one can take. Such prevention includes affecting the polymer structure, or dilution of the fraction of polymerizable hemoglobin. The latter approach includes (1) induction of HbF, which does not itself, nor in hybrid form, join sickle polymers, or (2) restricting the allosteric change in hemoglobin that occurs in oxygen delivery, and which is required for polymer formation. These approaches will be critically reviewed, as well as the most recent developments that show the benefits of simply swelling the volume of the red cell.
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24
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Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Musayev FN, Deshpande TM, Chen Q, Braxton C, Kim S, Venitz J, Zhang Y, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Rational design of pyridyl derivatives of vanillin for the treatment of sickle cell disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2530-2538. [PMID: 29655608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) is the principal phenomenon that underlays the pathophysiology and morbidity associated with sickle cell disease (SCD). Opportunely, as an allosteric protein, hemoglobin (Hb) serves as a convenient and potentially critical druggable target. Consequently, molecules that prevent Hb S polymerization (Hb modifiers), and the associated erythrocyte sickling have been investigated-and retain significant interest-as a viable therapeutic strategy for SCD. This group of molecules, including aromatic aldehydes, form high oxygen affinity Schiff-base adducts with Hb S, which are resistant to polymerization. Here, we report the design and synthesis of novel potent antisickling agents (SAJ-009, SAJ-310 and SAJ-270) based on the pharmacophore of vanillin and INN-312, a previously reported pyridyl derivative of vanillin. These novel derivatives exhibited superior in vitro binding and pharmacokinetic properties compared to vanillin, which translated into significantly enhanced allosteric and antisickling properties. Crystal structure studies of liganded Hb in the R2 quaternary state in complex with SAJ-310 provided important insights into the allosteric and antisickling properties of this group of compounds. While these derivatives generally show similar in vitro biological potency, significant structure-dependent differences in their biochemical profiles would help predict the most promising candidates for successful in vivo pre-clinical translational studies and inform further structural modifications to improve on their pharmacologic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Faik N Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Tanvi M Deshpande
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Courtney Braxton
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Solyi Kim
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jürgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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25
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Rodríguez-Soto AE, Langham MC, Abdulmalik O, Englund EK, Schwartz N, Wehrli FW. MRI quantification of human fetal O 2 delivery rate in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1148-1157. [PMID: 29359353 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Rodríguez-Soto
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael C Langham
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin K Englund
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nadav Schwartz
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of OBGYN, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Zarei I, Brown DG, Nealon NJ, Ryan EP. Rice Bran Metabolome Contains Amino Acids, Vitamins & Cofactors, and Phytochemicals with Medicinal and Nutritional Properties. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 10:24. [PMID: 28547736 PMCID: PMC5453916 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice bran is a functional food that has shown protection against major chronic diseases (e.g. obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer) in animals and humans, and these health effects have been associated with the presence of bioactive phytochemicals. Food metabolomics uses multiple chromatography and mass spectrometry platforms to detect and identify a diverse range of small molecules with high sensitivity and precision, and has not been completed for rice bran. RESULTS This study utilized global, non-targeted metabolomics to identify small molecules in rice bran, and conducted a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature to determine bioactive compounds. Three U.S. rice varieties (Calrose, Dixiebelle, and Neptune), that have been used for human dietary intervention trials, were assessed herein for bioactive compounds that have disease control and prevention properties. The profiling of rice bran by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 453 distinct phytochemicals, 209 of which were classified as amino acids, cofactors & vitamins, and secondary metabolites, and were further assessed for bioactivity. A scientific literature search revealed 65 compounds with health properties, 16 of which had not been previously identified in rice bran. This suite of amino acids, cofactors & vitamins, and secondary metabolites comprised 46% of the identified rice bran metabolome, which substantially enhanced our knowledge of health-promoting rice bran compounds provided during dietary supplementation. CONCLUSION Rice bran metabolite profiling revealed a suite of biochemical molecules that can be further investigated and exploited for multiple nutritional therapies and medical food applications. These bioactive compounds may also be biomarkers of dietary rice bran intake. The medicinal compounds associated with rice bran can function as a network across metabolic pathways and this metabolite network may occur via additive and synergistic effects between compounds in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Zarei
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Nora Jean Nealon
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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27
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Xu GG, Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Safo RP, Gazi A, Chen Q, David T, Alabbas AB, Musayev FN, Venitz J, Zhang Y, Safo MK, Abdulmalik O. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Ester and Ether Derivatives of Antisickling Agent 5-HMF for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3499-3511. [PMID: 28858508 PMCID: PMC5871537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Candidate drugs to counter intracellular polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) continue to represent a promising approach to mitigating the primary cause of the pathophysiology associated with sickle cell disease (SCD). One such compound is the naturally occurring antisickling agent, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), which has been studied in the clinic for the treatment of SCD. As part of our efforts to develop novel efficacious drugs with improved pharmacologic properties, we structurally modified 5-HMF into 12 ether and ester derivatives. The choice of 5-HMF as a pharmacophore was influenced by a combination of its demonstrated attractive hemoglobin modifying and antisickling properties, well-known safety profiles, and its reported nontoxic major metabolites. The derivatives were investigated for their time- and/or dose-dependent effects on important antisickling parameters, such as modification of hemoglobin, corresponding changes in oxygen affinity, and inhibition of red blood cell sickling. The novel test compounds bound and modified Hb and concomitantly increased the protein affinity for oxygen. Five of the derivatives exhibited 1.5- to 4.0-fold higher antisickling effects than 5-HMF. The binding mode of the compounds with Hb was confirmed by X-ray crystallography and, in part, helps explain their observed biochemical properties. Our findings, in addition to the potential therapeutic application, provide valuable insights and potential guidance for further modifications of these (and similar) compounds to enhance their pharmacologic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan G. Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Ronni P. Safo
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Aheema Gazi
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tanya David
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Alhumaidi B. Alabbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Faik N. Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jürgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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28
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Metcalf B, Chuang C, Dufu K, Patel MP, Silva-Garcia A, Johnson C, Lu Q, Partridge JR, Patskovska L, Patskovsky Y, Almo SC, Jacobson MP, Hua L, Xu Q, Gwaltney SL, Yee C, Harris J, Morgan BP, James J, Xu D, Hutchaleelaha A, Paulvannan K, Oksenberg D, Li Z. Discovery of GBT440, an Orally Bioavailable R-State Stabilizer of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:321-326. [PMID: 28337324 PMCID: PMC5346980 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
We
report the discovery of a new potent allosteric effector of
sickle cell hemoglobin, GBT440 (36), that increases the
affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and consequently inhibits its polymerization
when subjected to hypoxic conditions. Unlike earlier allosteric activators
that bind covalently to hemoglobin in a 2:1 stoichiometry, 36 binds with a 1:1 stoichiometry. Compound 36 is orally
bioavailable and partitions highly and favorably into the red blood
cell with a RBC/plasma ratio of ∼150. This partitioning onto
the target protein is anticipated to allow therapeutic concentrations
to be achieved in the red blood cell at low plasma concentrations.
GBT440 (36) is in Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment
of sickle cell disease (NCT03036813).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Metcalf
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chihyuan Chuang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kobina Dufu
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mira P. Patel
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Abel Silva-Garcia
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Johnson
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qing Lu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Partridge
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Larysa Patskovska
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Yury Patskovsky
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Lan Hua
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Qing Xu
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stephen L. Gwaltney
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Calvin Yee
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jason Harris
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley P. Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joyce James
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donghong Xu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Athiwat Hutchaleelaha
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kumar Paulvannan
- Tandem Sciences, Inc., Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Donna Oksenberg
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhe Li
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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29
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Oder E, Safo MK, Abdulmalik O, Kato GJ. New developments in anti-sickling agents: can drugs directly prevent the polymerization of sickle haemoglobin in vivo? Br J Haematol 2016; 175:24-30. [PMID: 27605087 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of sickle cell disease is the polymerization of sickle haemoglobin due to a point mutation in the β-globin gene (HBB). Under low oxygen saturation, sickle haemoglobin assumes the tense (T-state) deoxygenated conformation that can form polymers, leading to rigid erythrocytes with impaired blood vessel transit, compounded or initiated by adhesion of erythrocytes to endothelium, neutrophils and platelets. This process results in vessel occlusion and ischaemia, with consequent acute pain, chronic organ damage, morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological agents that stabilize the higher oxygen affinity relaxed state (R-state) and/or destabilize the lower oxygen affinity T-state of haemoglobin have the potential to delay the sickling of circulating red cells by slowing polymerization kinetics. Relevant classes of agents include aromatic aldehydes, thiol derivatives, isothiocyanates and acyl salicylates derivatives. The aromatic aldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) increases oxygen affinity of sickle haemoglobin and reduces hypoxia-induced sickling in vitro and protects sickle cell mice from effects of hypoxia. It has completed pre-clinical testing and has entered clinical trials as treatment for sickle cell disease. A related molecule, GBT440, has shown R-state stabilization and increased oxygen affinity in preclinical testing. Allosteric modifiers of haemoglobin as direct anti-sickling agents target the fundamental pathophysiological mechanism of sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Oder
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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30
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Aryloxyalkanoic Acids as Non-Covalent Modifiers of the Allosteric Properties of Hemoglobin. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081057. [PMID: 27529207 PMCID: PMC5453642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) modifiers that stereospecifically inhibit sickle hemoglobin polymer formation and/or allosterically increase Hb affinity for oxygen have been shown to prevent the primary pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD), specifically, Hb polymerization and red blood cell sickling. Several such compounds are currently being clinically studied for the treatment of SCD. Based on the previously reported non-covalent Hb binding characteristics of substituted aryloxyalkanoic acids that exhibited antisickling properties, we designed, synthesized and evaluated 18 new compounds (KAUS II series) for enhanced antisickling activities. Surprisingly, select test compounds showed no antisickling effects or promoted erythrocyte sickling. Additionally, the compounds showed no significant effect on Hb oxygen affinity (or in some cases, even decreased the affinity for oxygen). The X-ray structure of deoxygenated Hb in complex with a prototype compound, KAUS-23, revealed that the effector bound in the central water cavity of the protein, providing atomic level explanations for the observed functional and biological activities. Although the structural modification did not lead to the anticipated biological effects, the findings provide important direction for designing candidate antisickling agents, as well as a framework for novel Hb allosteric effectors that conversely, decrease the protein affinity for oxygen for potential therapeutic use for hypoxic- and/or ischemic-related diseases.
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31
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Ferrone FA. GBT440 increases haemoglobin oxygen affinity, reduces sickling and prolongs RBC half-life in a murine model of sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:499-500. [PMID: 27410726 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Ferrone
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Oksenberg D, Dufu K, Patel MP, Chuang C, Li Z, Xu Q, Silva-Garcia A, Zhou C, Hutchaleelaha A, Patskovska L, Patskovsky Y, Almo SC, Sinha U, Metcalf BW, Archer DR. GBT440 increases haemoglobin oxygen affinity, reduces sickling and prolongs RBC half-life in a murine model of sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2016; 175:141-53. [PMID: 27378309 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A major driver of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) is polymerization of deoxygenated haemoglobin S (HbS), which leads to sickling and destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) and end-organ damage. Pharmacologically increasing the proportion of oxygenated HbS in RBCs may inhibit polymerization, prevent sickling and provide long term disease modification. We report that GBT440, a small molecule which binds to the N-terminal α chain of Hb, increases HbS affinity for oxygen, delays in vitro HbS polymerization and prevents sickling of RBCs. Moreover, in a murine model of SCD, GBT440 extends the half-life of RBCs, reduces reticulocyte counts and prevents ex vivo RBC sickling. Importantly, oral dosing of GBT440 in animals demonstrates suitability for once daily dosing in humans and a highly selective partitioning into RBCs, which is a key therapeutic safety attribute. Thus, GBT440 has the potential for clinical use as a disease-modifying agent in sickle cell patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Oksenberg
- Global Blood Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kobina Dufu
- Global Blood Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mira P Patel
- Global Blood Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhe Li
- Global Blood Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qing Xu
- Global Blood Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Chengjing Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Uma Sinha
- Global Blood Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian W Metcalf
- Global Blood Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Archer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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33
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Revealing the role of oxidation state in interaction between nitro/amino-derived particulate matter and blood proteins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25909. [PMID: 27181651 PMCID: PMC4867627 DOI: 10.1038/srep25909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface oxidation states of ultrafine particulate matter can influence the proinflammatory responses and reactive oxygen species levels in tissue. Surface active species of vehicle-emission soot can serve as electron transfer-mediators in mitochondrion. Revealing the role of surface oxidation state in particles-proteins interaction will promote the understanding on metabolism and toxicity. Here, the surface oxidation state was modeled by nitro/amino ligands on nanoparticles, the interaction with blood proteins were evaluated by capillary electrophoresis quantitatively. The nitro shown larger affinity than amino. On the other hand, the affinity to hemoglobin is 10(3) times larger than that to BSA. Further, molecular docking indicated the difference of binding intensity were mainly determined by hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds. These will deepen the quantitative understanding of protein-nanoparticles interaction from the perspective of surface chemical state.
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Omar AM, Mahran MA, Ghatge MS, Chowdhury N, Bamane FHA, El-Araby ME, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Identification of a novel class of covalent modifiers of hemoglobin as potential antisickling agents. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6353-70. [PMID: 25974708 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes and ethacrynic acid (ECA) exhibit antipolymerization properties that are beneficial for sickle cell disease therapy. Based on the ECA pharmacophore and its atomic interaction with hemoglobin, we designed and synthesized several compounds - designated as KAUS (imidazolylacryloyl derivatives) - that we hypothesized would bind covalently to βCys93 of hemoglobin and inhibit sickling. The compounds surprisingly showed weak allosteric and antisickling properties. X-ray studies of hemoglobin in complex with representative KAUS compounds revealed an unanticipated mode of Michael addition between the β-unsaturated carbon and the N-terminal αVal1 nitrogen at the α-cleft of hemoglobin, with no observable interaction with βCys93. Interestingly, the compounds exhibited almost no reactivity with the free amino acids, L-Val, L-His and L-Lys, but showed some reactivity with both glutathione and L-Cys. Our findings provide a molecular level explanation for the compounds biological activities and an important framework for targeted modifications that would yield novel potent antisickling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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35
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Archer N, Galacteros F, Brugnara C. 2015 Clinical trials update in sickle cell anemia. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:934-50. [PMID: 26178236 PMCID: PMC5752136 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization of HbS and cell sickling are the prime pathophysiological events in sickle cell disease (SCD). Over the last 30 years, a substantial understanding at the molecular level has been acquired on how a single amino acid change in the structure of the beta chain of hemoglobin leads to the explosive growth of the HbS polymer and the associated changes in red cell morphology. O2 tension and intracellular HbS concentration are the primary molecular drivers of this process, and are obvious targets for developing new therapies. However, polymerization and sickling are driving a complex network of associated cellular changes inside and outside of the erythrocyte, which become essential components of the inflammatory vasculopathy and result in a large range of potential acute and chronic organ damages. In these areas, a multitude of new targets for therapeutic developments have emerged, with several ongoing or planned new therapeutic interventions. This review outlines the key points of SCD pathophysiology as they relate to the development of new therapies, both at the pre-clinical and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Archer
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Dana-Farber/Children’s Hospital Blood Disorders and Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frédéric Galacteros
- Centre De Référence Des Syndromes Drépanocytaires Majeurs, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, APHP, UPEC, Creteil, France
| | - Carlo Brugnara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
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Nakagawa A, Lui FE, Wassaf D, Yefidoff-Freedman R, Casalena D, Palmer MA, Meadows J, Mozzarelli A, Ronda L, Abdulmalik O, Bloch KD, Safo MK, Zapol WM. Identification of a small molecule that increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity and reduces SS erythrocyte sickling. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2318-25. [PMID: 25061917 PMCID: PMC4205001 DOI: 10.1021/cb500230b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Small
molecules that increase the oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin
may reduce sickling of red blood cells in patients with sickle cell
disease. We screened 38 700 compounds using small molecule
microarrays and identified 427 molecules that bind to hemoglobin.
We developed a high-throughput assay for evaluating the ability of
the 427 small molecules to modulate the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
We identified a novel allosteric effector of hemoglobin, di(5-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)disulfide
(TD-1). TD-1 induced a greater increase in oxygen affinity of human
hemoglobin in solution and in red blood cells than did 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural
(5-HMF), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), or diformamidine disulfide. The three-dimensional
structure of hemoglobin complexed with TD-1 revealed that monomeric
units of TD-1 bound covalently to β-Cys93 and β-Cys112,
as well as noncovalently to the central water cavity of the hemoglobin
tetramer. The binding of TD-1 to hemoglobin stabilized the relaxed
state (R3-state) of hemoglobin. TD-1 increased the oxygen affinity
of sickle hemoglobin and inhibited in vitro hypoxia-induced
sickling of red blood cells in patients with sickle cell disease without
causing hemolysis. Our study indicates that TD-1 represents a novel
lead molecule for the treatment of patients with sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Nakagawa
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Francine E. Lui
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Dina Wassaf
- The Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, Chemical Biology Platform, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Revital Yefidoff-Freedman
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Dominick Casalena
- The Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, Chemical Biology Platform, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michelle A. Palmer
- The Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, Chemical Biology Platform, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jacqueline Meadows
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug
Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ronda
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology,
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug
Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Warren M. Zapol
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of sickle cell disease involves the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin in its T state, which develops under low oxygen saturation. One therapeutic strategy is to develop pharmacologic agents to stabilize the R state of hemoglobin, which has higher oxygen affinity and is expected to have slower kinetics of polymerization, potentially delaying the sickling of red cells during circulation. This strategy has stimulated the investigation of aromatic aldehydes, aspirin derivatives, thiols, and isothiocyanates that can stabilize the R state of hemoglobin in vitro. One representative aromatic aldehyde agent, 5-hydoxymethyl-2-furfural, protects sickle cell mice from the effects of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, VA 23219-1540, USA
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1240, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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38
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Weinkam P, Sali A. Mapping polymerization and allostery of hemoglobin S using point mutations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13058-68. [PMID: 23957820 DOI: 10.1021/jp4025156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin is a complex system that undergoes conformational changes in response to oxygen, allosteric effectors, mutations, and environmental changes. Here, we study allostery and polymerization of hemoglobin and its variants by application of two previously described methods: (i) AllosMod for simulating allostery dynamics given two allosterically related input structures and (ii) a machine-learning method for dynamics- and structure-based prediction of the mutation impact on allostery (Weinkam et al. J. Mol. Biol. 2013, 425, 647-661), now applicable to systems with multiple coupled binding sites, such as hemoglobin. First, we predict the relative stabilities of substates and microstates of hemoglobin, which are determined primarily by entropy within our model. Next, we predict the impact of 866 annotated mutations on hemoglobin's oxygen binding equilibrium. We then discuss a subset of 30 mutations that occur in the presence of the sickle cell mutation and whose effects on polymerization have been measured. Seven of these HbS mutations occur in three predicted druggable binding pockets that might be exploited to directly inhibit polymerization; one of these binding pockets is not apparent in the crystal structure, but only in structures generated by AllosMod. For the 30 mutations, we predict that mutation-induced conformational changes within a single tetramer tend not to significantly impact polymerization; instead, these mutations more likely impact polymerization by directly perturbing a polymerization interface. Finally, our analysis of allostery allows us to hypothesize why hemoglobin evolved to have multiple subunits and a persistent low frequency sickle cell mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weinkam
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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