1
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Weber D, Ehrig S, Schropp A, Clausen A, Achilles S, Hoffmann N, Bussmann M, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Schroer CG. Live Iterative Ptychography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:103-117. [PMID: 38376755 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate live-updating ptychographic reconstruction with the extended ptychographical iterative engine, an iterative ptychography method, during ongoing data acquisition. The reconstruction starts with a small subset of the total data, and as the acquisition proceeds the data used for reconstruction are extended. This creates a live-updating view of object and illumination that allows monitoring the ongoing experiment and adjusting parameters with quick turn around. This is particularly advantageous for long-running acquisitions. We show that such a gradual reconstruction yields interpretable results already with a small subset of the data. We show simulated live processing with various scan patterns, parallelized reconstruction, and real-world live processing at the hard X-ray ptychographic nanoanalytical microscope PtyNAMi at the PETRA III beamline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Weber
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Simeon Ehrig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden D-01328, Germany
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, Untermarkt 20, Görlitz 02826, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Helmholtz Imaging, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Alexander Clausen
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Silvio Achilles
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Nico Hoffmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden D-01328, Germany
| | - Michael Bussmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden D-01328, Germany
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, Untermarkt 20, Görlitz 02826, Germany
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Christian G Schroer
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Dey AB, Sanyal MK, Schropp A, Achilles S, Keller TF, Farrer I, Ritchie DA, Bertram F, Schroer CG, Seeck OH. Culling a Self-Assembled Quantum Dot as a Single-Photon Source Using X-ray Microscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16080-16088. [PMID: 37523736 PMCID: PMC10763734 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxially grown self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) with atom-like optical properties have emerged as the best choice for single-photon sources required for the development of quantum technology and quantum networks. Nondestructive selection of a single QD having desired structural, compositional, and optical characteristics is essential to obtain noise-free, fully indistinguishable single or entangled photons from single-photon emitters. Here, we show that the structural orientations and local compositional inhomogeneities within a single QD and the surrounding wet layer can be probed in a screening fashion by scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy and X-ray fluorescence with a few tens of nanometers-sized synchrotron radiation beam. The presented measurement protocol can be used to cull the best single QD from the enormous number of self-assembled dots grown simultaneously. The obtained results show that the elemental composition and resultant strain profiles of a QD are sensitive to in-plane crystallographic directions. We also observe that lattice expansion after a certain composition-limit introduces shear strain within a QD, enabling the possibility of controlled chiral-QD formation. Nanoscale chirality and compositional anisotropy, contradictory to common assumptions, need to be incorporated into existing theoretical models to predict the optical properties of single-photon sources and to further tune the epitaxial growth process of self-assembled quantum structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka Bikash Dey
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milan K. Sanyal
- Surface
Physics and Material Science Division, Saha
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Silvio Achilles
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Keller
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Physics
Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Ian Farrer
- Department
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Ritchie
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Bertram
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G. Schroer
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Seeck
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Flenner S, Hagemann J, Wittwer F, Longo E, Kubec A, Rothkirch A, David C, Müller M, Greving I. Hard X-ray full-field nanoimaging using a direct photon-counting detector. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:390-399. [PMID: 36891852 PMCID: PMC10000802 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Full-field X-ray nanoimaging is a widely used tool in a broad range of scientific areas. In particular, for low-absorbing biological or medical samples, phase contrast methods have to be considered. Three well established phase contrast methods at the nanoscale are transmission X-ray microscopy with Zernike phase contrast, near-field holography and near-field ptychography. The high spatial resolution, however, often comes with the drawback of a lower signal-to-noise ratio and significantly longer scan times, compared with microimaging. In order to tackle these challenges a single-photon-counting detector has been implemented at the nanoimaging endstation of the beamline P05 at PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg) operated by Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon. Thanks to the long sample-to-detector distance available, spatial resolutions of below 100 nm were reached in all three presented nanoimaging techniques. This work shows that a single-photon-counting detector in combination with a long sample-to-detector distance allows one to increase the time resolution for in situ nanoimaging, while keeping a high signal-to-noise level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Flenner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Johannes Hagemann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science – CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron – DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science – CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron – DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Longo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Adam Kubec
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - André Rothkirch
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science – CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron – DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian David
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Müller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Imke Greving
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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4
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Multimodal imaging of cubic Cu 2O@Au nanocage formation via galvanic replacement using X-ray ptychography and nano diffraction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:318. [PMID: 36609430 PMCID: PMC9823101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Being able to observe the formation of multi-material nanostructures in situ, simultaneously from a morphological and crystallographic perspective, is a challenging task. Yet, this is essential for the fabrication of nanomaterials with well-controlled composition exposing the most active crystallographic surfaces, as required for highly active catalysts in energy applications. To demonstrate how X-ray ptychography can be combined with scanning nanoprobe diffraction to realize multimodal imaging, we study growing Cu2O nanocubes and their transformation into Au nanocages. During the growth of nanocubes at a temperature of 138 °C, we measure the crystal structure of an individual nanoparticle and determine the presence of (100) crystallographic facets at its surface. We subsequently visualize the transformation of Cu2O into Au nanocages by galvanic replacement. The nanocubes interior homogeneously dissolves while smaller Au particles grow on their surface and later coalesce to form porous nanocages. We finally determine the amount of radiation damage making use of the quantitative phase images. We find that both the total surface dose as well as the dose rate imparted by the X-ray beam trigger additional deposition of Au onto the nanocages. Our multimodal approach can benefit in-solution imaging of multi-material nanostructures in many related fields.
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5
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Wittwer F, Brückner D, Modregger P. Ptychographic reconstruction with object initialization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:33652-33663. [PMID: 36242395 DOI: 10.1364/oe.465397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
X-ray ptychography is a cutting edge imaging technique providing ultra-high spatial resolutions. In ptychography, phase retrieval, i.e., the recovery of a complex valued signal from intensity-only measurements, is enabled by exploiting a redundancy of information contained in diffraction patterns measured with overlapping illuminations. For samples that are considerably larger than the probe we show that during the iteration the bulk information has to propagate from the sample edges to the center. This constitutes an inherent limitation of reconstruction speed for algorithms that use a flat initialization. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that a considerable improvement of computational speed can be achieved by utilizing a low resolution sample wavefront retrieved from measured diffraction patterns as object initialization. In addition, we show that this approach avoids phase artifacts associated with large phase gradients and may alleviate the requirements on phase structure within the probe. Object initialization is computationally fast, potentially beneficial for bulky sample and compatible with flat samples. Therefore, the presented approach is readily adaptable with established ptychographic reconstruction algorithms implying a wide spread use.
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6
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Seiboth F, Kubec A, Schropp A, Niese S, Gawlitza P, Garrevoet J, Galbierz V, Achilles S, Patjens S, Stuckelberger ME, David C, Schroer CG. Rapid aberration correction for diffractive X-ray optics by additive manufacturing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:31519-31529. [PMID: 36242232 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction-limited hard X-ray optics are key components for high-resolution microscopy, in particular for upcoming synchrotron radiation sources with ultra-low emittance. Diffractive optics like multilayer Laue lenses (MLL) have the potential to reach unprecedented numerical apertures (NA) when used in a crossed geometry of two one-dimensionally focusing lenses. However, minuscule fluctuations in the manufacturing process and technical limitations for high NA X-ray lenses can prevent a diffraction-limited performance. We present a method to overcome these challenges with a tailor-made refractive phase plate. With at-wavelength metrology and a rapid prototyping approach we demonstrate aberration correction for a crossed pair of MLL, improving the Strehl ratio from 0.41(2) to 0.81(4) at a numerical aperture of 3.3 × 10-3. This highly adaptable aberration-correction scheme provides an important tool for diffraction-limited hard X-ray focusing.
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7
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Grote L, Seyrich M, Döhrmann R, Harouna-Mayer SY, Mancini F, Kaziukenas E, Fernandez-Cuesta I, A Zito C, Vasylieva O, Wittwer F, Odstrčzil M, Mogos N, Landmann M, Schroer CG, Koziej D. Imaging Cu 2O nanocube hollowing in solution by quantitative in situ X-ray ptychography. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4971. [PMID: 36038564 PMCID: PMC9424245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding morphological changes of nanoparticles in solution is essential to tailor the functionality of devices used in energy generation and storage. However, we lack experimental methods that can visualize these processes in solution, or in electrolyte, and provide three-dimensional information. Here, we show how X-ray ptychography enables in situ nano-imaging of the formation and hollowing of nanoparticles in solution at 155 °C. We simultaneously image the growth of about 100 nanocubes with a spatial resolution of 66 nm. The quantitative phase images give access to the third dimension, allowing to additionally study particle thickness. We reveal that the substrate hinders their out-of-plane growth, thus the nanocubes are in fact nanocuboids. Moreover, we observe that the reduction of Cu2O to Cu triggers the hollowing of the nanocuboids. We critically assess the interaction of X-rays with the liquid sample. Our method enables detailed in-solution imaging for a wide range of reaction conditions. Observing morphological changes of nanoparticles in solution requires advanced in-situ imaging methods. Here, the authors use X-ray ptychography to image the growth and hollowing of Cu2O nanocubes in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grote
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Döhrmann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sani Y Harouna-Mayer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Federica Mancini
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018, Faenza (RA), Italy
| | - Emilis Kaziukenas
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Irene Fernandez-Cuesta
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia A Zito
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,São Paulo State University UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054000, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Olga Vasylieva
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Odstrčzil
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Carl Zeiss SMT, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, 73447, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Natnael Mogos
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Landmann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Schroer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Imaging Platform, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorota Koziej
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany. .,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Weber S, Diaz A, Holler M, Schropp A, Lyubomirskiy M, Abel KL, Kahnt M, Jeromin A, Kulkarni S, Keller TF, Gläser R, Sheppard TL. Evolution of Hierarchically Porous Nickel Alumina Catalysts Studied by X-Ray Ptychography. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105432. [PMID: 35289133 PMCID: PMC8922122 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of hierarchically porous materials usually requires complex experimental procedures, often based around extensive trial and error approaches. One common synthesis strategy is the sol-gel method, although the relation between synthesis parameters, material structure and function has not been widely explored. Here, in situ 2D hard X-ray ptychography (XRP) and 3D ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT) are applied to monitor the development of hierarchical porosity in Ni/Al2 O3 and Al2 O3 catalysts with connected meso- and macropore networks. In situ XRP allows to follow textural changes of a dried gel Ni/Al2 O3 sample as a function of temperature during calcination, activation and CO2 methanation reaction. Complementary PXCT studies on dried gel particles of Ni/Al2 O3 and Al2 O3 provide quantitative information on pore structure, size distribution, and shape with 3D spatial resolution approaching 50 nm, while identical particles are imaged ex situ before and after calcination. The X-ray imaging results are correlated with N2 -sorption, Hg porosimetry and He pycnometry pore characterization. Hard X-ray nanotomography is highlighted to derive fine structural details including tortuosity, branching nodes, and closed pores, which are relevant in understanding transport phenomena during chemical reactions. XRP and PXCT are enabling technologies to understand complex synthesis pathways of porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weber
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 20Karlsruhe76131Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344Germany
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen PSI5232Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen PSI5232Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85Hamburg22607Germany
| | | | - Ken L. Abel
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität LeipzigLinnéstraße 3Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV LaboratoryFotongatan 2Lund225 94Sweden
| | - Arno Jeromin
- Centre for X‐ray and Nano Science (CXNS)Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85Hamburg22607Germany
| | - Satishkumar Kulkarni
- Centre for X‐ray and Nano Science (CXNS)Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85Hamburg22607Germany
| | - Thomas F. Keller
- Centre for X‐ray and Nano Science (CXNS)Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85Hamburg22607Germany
- Physics DepartmentUniversity of HamburgHamburg20355Germany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität LeipzigLinnéstraße 3Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 20Karlsruhe76131Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344Germany
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9
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Saadaldin A, Slyamov A, Stuckelberger ME, Jørgensen PS, Rein C, Mar Lucas M, Ramos T, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Bernard D, Andreasen JW. Multi-Modal Characterization of Kesterite Thin-Film Solar Cells: Experimental results and numerical interpretation. Faraday Discuss 2022; 239:160-179. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00044j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a multi-modal study of electrical, chemical, and structural properties of a kesterite thin-film solar cell by combining the spatially-resolved X-ray beam induced current and fluorescence imaging techniques for...
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10
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Johansson U, Carbone D, Kalbfleisch S, Björling A, Kahnt M, Sala S, Stankevic T, Liebi M, Rodriguez Fernandez A, Bring B, Paterson D, Thånell K, Bell P, Erb D, Weninger C, Matej Z, Roslund L, Åhnberg K, Norsk Jensen B, Tarawneh H, Mikkelsen A, Vogt U. NanoMAX: the hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1935-1947. [PMID: 34738949 PMCID: PMC8570223 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521008213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
NanoMAX is the first hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the MAX IV laboratory. It utilizes the unique properties of the world's first operational multi-bend achromat storage ring to provide an intense and coherent focused beam for experiments with several methods. In this paper we present the beamline optics design in detail, show the performance figures, and give an overview of the surrounding infrastructure and the operational diffraction endstation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Johansson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Simone Sala
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Stankevic
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marianne Liebi
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Bring
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Paterson
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Karina Thånell
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul Bell
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Erb
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Clemens Weninger
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zdenek Matej
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Linus Roslund
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Åhnberg
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Lund University, Synchrotron Radiation Research, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Vogt
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Soltau J, Chayanun L, Lyubomirskiy M, Wallentin J, Osterhoff M. Off-axis multilayer zone plate with 16 nm × 28 nm focus for high-resolution X-ray beam induced current imaging. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1573-1582. [PMID: 34475304 PMCID: PMC8415331 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using multilayer zone plates (MZPs) as two-dimensional optics, focal spot sizes of less than 10 nm can be achieved, as we show here with a focus of 8.4 nm × 9.6 nm, but the need for order-sorting apertures prohibits practical working distances. To overcome this issue, here an off-axis illumination of a circular MZP is introduced to trade off between working distance and focal spot size. By this, the working distance between order-sorting aperture and sample can be more than doubled. Exploiting a 2D focus of 16 nm × 28 nm, real-space 2D mapping of local electric fields and charge carrier recombination using X-ray beam induced current in a single InP nanowire is demonstrated. Simulations show that a dedicated off-axis MZP can reach sub-10 nm focusing combined with reasonable working distances and low background, which could be used for in operando imaging of composition, carrier collection and strain in nanostructured devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Soltau
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lert Chayanun
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jesper Wallentin
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Osterhoff
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Abe M, Kaneko F, Ishiguro N, Kudo T, Matsumoto T, Hatsui T, Tamenori Y, Kishimoto H, Takahashi Y. Development and application of a tender X-ray ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging system on BL27SU at SPring-8. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1610-1615. [PMID: 34475307 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521006263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) allows the visualization of both the structure and chemical state of materials on the nanoscale, and has been developed for use in the soft and hard X-ray regions. In this study, a ptychographic CDI system with pinhole or Fresnel zone-plate optics for use in the tender X-ray region (2-5 keV) was developed on beamline BL27SU at SPring-8, in which high-precision pinholes optimized for the tender energy range were used to obtain diffraction intensity patterns with a low background, and a temperature stabilization system was developed to reduce the drift of the sample position. A ptychography measurement of a 200 nm thick tantalum test chart was performed at an incident X-ray energy of 2.500 keV, and the phase image of the test chart was successfully reconstructed with approximately 50 nm resolution. As an application to practical materials, a sulfur polymer material was measured in the range of 2.465 to 2.500 keV including the sulfur K absorption edge, and the phase and absorption images were successfully reconstructed and the nanoscale absorption/phase spectra were derived from images at multiple energies. In 3 GeV synchrotron radiation facilities with a low-emittance storage ring, the use of the present system will allow the visualization on the nanoscale of the chemical states of various light elements that play important roles in materials science, biology and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Abe
- Department of Metallurgy, Materials Science and Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 02, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Fusae Kaneko
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 2-1-1 Tsutsui, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0071, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ishiguro
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Togo Kudo
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takaki Hatsui
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamenori
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 2-1-1 Tsutsui, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0071, Japan
| | - Yukio Takahashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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13
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Marchesini S, Shapiro D, Maia FRNC. Introduction to the special issue on Ptychography: software and technical developments. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721002983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Kahnt M, Grote L, Brückner D, Seyrich M, Wittwer F, Koziej D, Schroer CG. Multi-slice ptychography enables high-resolution measurements in extended chemical reactors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1500. [PMID: 33452343 PMCID: PMC7810740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ptychographic X-ray microscopy is an ideal tool to observe chemical processes under in situ conditions. Chemical reactors, however, are often thicker than the depth of field, limiting the lateral spatial resolution in projection images. To overcome this limit and reach higher lateral spatial resolution, wave propagation within the sample environment has to be taken into account. Here, we demonstrate this effect recording a ptychographic projection of copper(I) oxide nanocubes grown on two sides of a polyimide foil. Reconstructing the nanocubes using the conventional ptychographic model shows the limitation in the achieved resolution due to the thickness of the foil. Whereas, utilizing a multi-slice approach unambiguously separates two sharper reconstructions of nanocubes on both sides of the foil. Moreover, we illustrate how ptychographic multi-slice reconstructions are crucial for high-quality imaging of chemical processes by ex situ studying copper(I) oxide nanocubes grown on the walls of a liquid cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Kahnt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany. .,MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, 224 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lukas Grote
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Building 600, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorota Koziej
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Building 600, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Ossig C, Strelow C, Flügge J, Kolditz A, Siebels J, Garrevoet J, Spiers K, Seyrich M, Brückner D, Pyrlik N, Hagemann J, Schropp A, Carron R, Falkenberg G, Mews A, Schroer CG, Kipp T, Stuckelberger ME. Four-Fold Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy Measurements of a Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Solar Cell. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14010228. [PMID: 33466442 PMCID: PMC7796438 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhomogeneities and defects often limit the overall performance of thin-film solar cells. Therefore, sophisticated microscopy approaches are sought to characterize performance and defects at the nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, the simultaneous assessment of composition, structure, and performance in four-fold multi-modality. Using scanning X-ray microscopy of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell, we measured the elemental distribution of the key absorber elements, the electrical and optical response, and the phase shift of the coherent X-rays with nanoscale resolution. We found structural features in the absorber layer—interpreted as voids—that correlate with poor electrical performance and point towards defects that limit the overall solar cell efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ossig
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Strelow
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (J.F.); (A.K.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Jan Flügge
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (J.F.); (A.K.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Andreas Kolditz
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (J.F.); (A.K.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Jan Siebels
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (J.F.); (A.K.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Kathryn Spiers
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Martin Seyrich
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Pyrlik
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hagemann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Romain Carron
- Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Alf Mews
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (J.F.); (A.K.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Christian G. Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kipp
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (J.F.); (A.K.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Michael E. Stuckelberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (C.O.); (J.G.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (J.H.); (A.S.); (G.F.); (C.G.S.)
- Correspondence:
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